Subcutaneous emphysema is a rare but serious side effect of dental and oral surgery procedures. The condition is characterized by air being forced underneath the tissue, leading to swelling, crepitus on palpation, and with potential to spread along the fascial planes to the periorbital, mediastinal, pericardial, and/or thoracic spaces. A wide range of causes have been documented for the origin of subcutaneous emphysema during dental treatment including: crown preparations, other operative procedures, endodontic therapy, extractions, as well as oral surgery procedures. The patient was a 58-year-old woman who presented to the Seoul Saint mary’s hospital emergency department with a chief complaint of facial edema, dyspnea and chest discomfort after periodontal treatment using an air-flow equipment in local dental clinic. During treatment in the emergency department, oxygen therapy and intravenous injection of steroid and anti-histamine was done. it was noted that the patient had pain and swelling on left lower molar region, pus discharging on same site. Severe edema was observed on periorbital region to neck with heatness. An audible crepitus sound was heard during palpation on facial area. Neck CT scan and antibiotic therapy was done, as symptom suggesting dental abscess is observed. 3 hours after injection of antibiotics, the patient’s symptom was relieved, but she felt chest discomfort continuously. CT scan with constrast depicted confluent and extensive soft tissue emphysematous changes involving face and deep neck spaces and pneumomediastinum. The patient was refered to thoracic surgery department, oxygen therapy was decided continuously. After 10 hours, patient’s chief complaint was resolved, and discharged. After 1 week, all symptom was disappear and follow-up neck CT scan finding was disappearance of edema and pnuemomediastinum. We report a case of cervical subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum occurring after periodontal treatment using an air-flow equipment and case on the diagnosis and treatment of subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum, along with a review of the literature.

Interferon induced transmembrane protein-1 (Ifitm-1) has been reported to have an important role in primordial germ cell formation, and it has expressed in female reproductive organ. In the present study, Ifitm-1 gene expression was identified in testes and all part of epididymis using western immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. Interestingly, Ifitm-1 expression was observed on the head of spermatozoa. To investigate the role of Ifitm-1 gene expression in behavior of spermatozoa after acrosome reaction, fresh sperm was incubated with calcium ionophore to induce acrosome reaction, whereas the expression of Ifitm-1 was not altered after the acrosome reaction. Then to identify the effect of Ifitm-1 in sperm motility and other seminal parameters, different concentration of Ifitm-1 antibody was incubated with spermatozoa, and seminal parameters were assessed using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA). Interestingly, motility, progressive, and VAP were increased in the sperm with Ifitm-1 antibody treated compared to rabbit serum, however other parameters such as straightness were not changed. In order to identify the functional significance of Ifitm-1 in fertilization, capacitated spermatozoa were pre-incubated with anti- Ifitm-1 antibody and subsequently examined the ability to adhere to mouse oocytes. However, any defection or alteration in sperm-egg fusion was not found, Ifitm-1 antibody treated or non-treated spermatozoa showed a normal penetration. Although the precise role of Ifitm-1 in sperm motility and following fertilization need to be elucidated, this study suggests that the activation of Ifitm-1 on the sperm may enhance the motility of spermatozoa in mice.

To evaluate the outcome, clinical efficacy and safety of endometrial heat balloons therapy by Thermachoice® for the treatment of heavy menstruation. From June 2004 to December 2014, a total of 120 women who visited to Chosun University Hospital had their charts and telephones reviewed for demographics, procedure data, clinical history, and follow up. The mean age was 43.5±4.7 years old. A decrease in days per cycle (7.5±2.1 vs 5.6±2.4 days, p<0.001), and in pads per day (9.1±2.5 vs 5.5±3.4 pads/d, p<0.001) and an increase in hematocrit (%, mean±SD) (7.1±0.6)/ hemoglobin (g/dL, mean±SD) (7.1±0.6 / 28.7±2.3 vs 11.5±1.4 / 35.9±4.1, p<0.001) and an improvement in self-reported quality of life scores (limitation of life: 7.4±2.3 vs 2.4±1.5, p<0.0001, discomfort score: 1.8±1.4 vs 0.7±1.2, p<0.001) were observed after endometrial heat balloons therapy. No major complications or deaths were found. Assessment of the level of satisfaction showed that 86% of patients were satisfied with the procedure. The prognostic factors of endometrial heat balloons therapy were age, parity, uterine pressure and depth, position. But age and uterine pressure had no significant difference statistically. Endometrial heat balloons therapy by Thermachoice® is a safe and efficient method to treat of heavy menstruation. It reduces the menstrual flow, improves the quality of life, and remarkably satisfies patients with a desire to preserve a uterus

High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment of uterine myoma is a non-invasive procedure that uses high intensity, focused ultrasound to heat and destroy the tissue of uterine myoma. The history of using therapeutic ultrasound dates back to the early 20th century, and since, the technique has been continuously improved to an extent that the breadth of its clinical applications, both diagnostic and therapeutic, justify the integral role it plays in medicine today. HIFU treatment requires that ultrasound beams be focused on targeted uterine myoma. Due to significant energy dissipation at the focus, temperatures within tissues increase to more than 65℃, and destroy diseased tissue. This technology can achieve precise "ablation" of myoma tissue, and because it destroys diseased tissue non-invasively, it is also known as "Non-invasive HIFU surgery". Development of this technology significantly broadened the range of treatment options for patients suffering from uterine myoma. Furthermore, in contrast to surgery, HIFU requires only a short period of hospitalization and has a low complication rate. Today, HIFU is being used more frequently to treat adenomyosis, but its increased use has led to the reporting of more complications. Here, the authors report a case of uterine perforation after HIFU ablation for adenomyosis.

To evaluate the outcome, clinical efficacy and safety of endometrial radiofrequency cauterization for the treatment of hypermenorrhea. From January 2011 to March 2015, a total of 195 women who visited to Chosun University Hospital had their charts and telephones reviewed for demographics, procedure data, clinical history, and follow up. The mean age was 43.3±5.9 years old. A decrease in days per cycle (7.9±2.8vs 5.4±2.3 days, p<0.001), and in pads per day (10.1±2.7 vs 5.9±3.8 pads/day, p<0.001) and an increase in hemoglobin (g/dL, mean±SD) / hematocrit (%, mean± SD) (7.4±0.5 / 29.5± 2.7 vs 11.7±1.3 / 36.1±4.2, p<0.001) and an improvement in self-reported quality of life scores (limitation of life: 8.1±2.2 vs 2.9±1.7, p<0.0001, discomfort score: 2.1±1.5 vs 0.9±1.5, p<0.001) were observed after endometrial radiofrequency cauterization. Assessment of the level of satisfaction showed that 83.6% of patients were satisfied with the procedure. No major complications were found. The prognostic factors of endometrial radiofrequency cauterization were age, parity, uterine depth, and cauterization time. But age and cauterization time had no significant difference statistically. Endometrial radiofrequency cauterization is a safe and efficient method to treat of hypermenorrhea. It reduces the menstrual flow, improves the quality of life, and remarkably satisfies patients with a desire to preserve a uterus.