본 논문은 존 밀턴의 󰡔실낙원󰡕에 담긴 서사시의 전통을 영웅적 줄거리와 영웅적 자질을 중심으로 분석하고, 이를 통해 진정한 영웅은 누구인지를 고찰하는 것을 목표로 한다. 호머의 그리스 영웅 아킬레우스와 오디세우스는 신의 계보를 가진 용맹한 군인이자 존경할 만한 지도자로서, 과오에도 불구하고 힘과 충성심으로 칭송을 받는다. 버질의 로마 영웅 아이네아스는 강력한 지도자이자 영광스러운 전사로, 신들의 명령을 이행하여 용맹한 나라의 토대를 구축한다. 비록 이니아스가 디도를 절망에 빠뜨린 채 떠나도, 그는 잊을 수 없는 의무에 대한 헌신으로 여전히 존경을 받는다. 밀턴의 󰡔실낙원󰡕에 나타난 영국 서사시의 영웅적 자질은 그리스-로마 서사시의 영웅적 자질과는 근본적으로 다르다. 저항이 아닌 복종, 자만이 아닌 겸손, 영웅적 죽음 이후의 영광스러운 부활을 통해 󰡔실낙원󰡕은 기독교적 영웅의 자질을 드러낸다. 사탄은 그리스-로마의 영웅을 답습하는 거짓 영웅이지만, 하나님은 예지하지만 허락하고 배신에도 불구하고 희생하며, 부활하여 구원함으로써 진정한 영웅으로 부상한다. 이러한 새로운 영웅적 자질로 인해 󰡔실낙원󰡕은 왕정복고 시기의 사회정치적 소용돌이 속에서 영국의 기독교 서사시라는 새로운 전통으로 자리매김하게 된다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze fish communities in the Wonju stream located in Wonju-si in Gangwon-do, and to evaluate the health of the stream through past and present changes. We performed investigations four times from May 2015 to September 2016. In the survey, 5,201 individuals which belonged to 27 species and 9 families were collected. Zacco platypus was the dominant species and Pungtungia herziwas the subdominant species. Eight Korean endemic species (Acanthorhodeus gracilis, Zacco koreanus, Coreoleuciscus splendidus, Squalidus gracilis majimae, Microphysogobio yaluensis, Iksookimia koreensis, Koreocobitis rotundicaudata, Coreoperca herzi) were observed and showed a ratio of 16.54%. The fish community of dominance (0.72±0.10), diversity (1.37±0.32), evenness (0.61±0.13), and richness (1.70±0.23) were evaluated. According to our analysis of tolerance guilds, the total individual number of intermediate species was higher than the sensitive and tolerant species. As a result of the trophic guild analysis,the omnivore and insectivore species were relatively high. The value of the qualitative habitat evaluation index (QHEI) in the wonju stream was averaged 121.2 (±23.4), indicating a suboptimal condition. Stream health showed that the fish assessment index (FAI) value was an A to C grade in the Wonju stream. A correlation coefficient analysis with FAI and various factors was analysed statistically, and had a high correlation in QHEI, with the omnivore species, insectivore species, intermediate species, sensitive species, dominance, diversity, evenness, and richness.

The pollen grain is a unique tricellular structure suitable for the delivery of the sperm cells to the ovule. All nutrients required for microspore and pollen cell growth are derived by passage through the anther locule and secretion by the tapetum lining. During later stages the tapetum degenerates but contributes to produce pigments, waxes, lipids and proteins which form the pollen coat and function in signaling between male (pollen) and female (pistil) tissues. The development of both normal pollen and tapetum is necessary for the fertilization processes in rice and would be exploited for the induction of male-sterility which is very useful to improve economic value of crops. We aredeveloping new approaches using a conditional male-sterility for the F1 hybrid seed production in rice. The conventional three parental systems for F1 hybrid seed production requirethe following three lines: male-sterile line, maintainer line, and restorer line. In this system, a critical requirement is to maintain the male-sterile inbred lines. Here we suggest molecular approaches, in which the engineered male-sterile plants are generated by regulating endogenous hormonal balance through the loss-of-function of genes. We can expect the male-sterility can be restored by exogenous applications of hormones such as gibberellin or jasmonic acid. Based on two parental systems, we will address the answer onfollowing question: how can we maintain a male-sterile line producing 100% male-sterile progenies without a maintainer? This work was supported by grants from Crop Functional Genomics Center of the 21C Frontier Program (CG1517), RepublicKorea.