Honey bees are affected by a variety of factors, so they have to be thoroughly managed according to their lifestyle. The activity of the honey bee foragers represent an important parameter of the hive state. Here, the real-time and automatic monitoring system using dual infrared sensors was applied for counting the foraging activity of honey bees based on ICT. According to this study, this system is very accurate with a relative error of 3.98% / 4.43% compared to manual counting through video analysis. This system showed the scalability of the system through the internal and external temperature sensors connected through the main board and BLE module. Furthermore, the data measured through this system for one month were analyzed, the monthly average foraging activity and the number of lost foragers were measured (1.88% of outgoing bees), and at the same time, the foraging patterns according to the changes of temperature and time were analyzed. This study suggests that the development of apicultural, scientific and educational materials with more powerful real-time monitoring tools through expansion of a complex monitoring system and big data accumulation.

The true bug genus Paromius from Korea is revised taxonomically. It comprises the following three species: P. exiguus (Distant, 1883), P. jejunus (Distant, 1883) and P. gracilis (Rambur, 1839). Among them, P. jejunus (Distant, 1883) is recorded for the first time in Korea. The pest bug injurious to rice culture, known as P. exiguus (Distant,1883), has been recorded erroneously by the previous authors from Korea due to the misidentification, which is rectified here with the support of morphological evidence. All the species of this genus are classified with proper redescriptions, and an identification key to species is provided with illustrations.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a fatal disorder wherein patients suffer from sensory, motor, and cognitive loss. Currently, the identification and validation of biomarkers for diagnosing AD and other forms of dementia are increasingly important. Olfactory dysfunction is present in patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease or idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Alzheimer’s patients show neuropathological changes in areas of the brain central to the olfactory processing center, suggesting the theoretical importance and potential diagnostic utility of investigating functional changes in olfaction in these patients. However, the usefulness of olfactory screens to serve as informative indicators of Alzheimer’s is precluded by the lack of knowledge regarding neural and molecular mechanisms underlying olfactory dysfunction onto Alzheimer's diseases. To test these ultimate questions, we used molecular and electrophysiological recording techniques to find out the difference of olfactory responses and AD related protein expression patterns by using fly model, Drosophila melanogaster that over-expresses the human β -amyloid, tau protein. We postulated that such flies would present with progressive olfactory impairments compared with age-matched wild type control flies. In this study, our hypothesis is that there is a correlation between olfactory deficits and the spatial expression pattern of β-amyloid and tau protein deposition. Therefore, we demonstrate a specific concentration of lesions in central olfactory structures such as antenna and Maxillary palps. Our study indicates that deficits on olfactory identification may occur in AD, which will be valuable as an indicator of neuropathogenesis.

Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki와 aizawai의 내독소단백질을 알카리용액 또는 트립신, 곤충소화액 드응ㄹ 처리하여 전기영동한 후 단백질팬턴을 비교하였다. 두 균주의 주요 결정단백질은 130kd와 64kd의 단백질이었으며, 소화액이나 효소로 처리한 경우 공통적으로 62kd의 활성독소가 생성되었다. 그러나, aizawai는 kurstaki에 비해 현저히 적은 양의 62kd 단백질을 생성하였다. 흰불나방의 유충이 Bacillus thuringiensis 독소를 섭식하였을 때 지방체를 비롯한 몇 가지 조직에서 45kd의 스트레스 단백질이 유발되었는데 이 단백질은 열충격이나 저온 충격시에도 마찬가지로 생성되었다.

Background : Recently, some of the previous stuies reported that was useful technique on growth and yield of organically grown ginseng transplantation in a rain shelter greenhouse. This study was conducted to investigate the optimum method of greenhouse shading for ginseng(Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) cultivaton in the northern area of Ganwon, Korea. Methods and Results : We carried out to select optimal shade materials and light-penetrated ratio among polyethylene film with two-layered polyethylene net(PEF+PEN) and blue-white duplicated PE film(BWD-PEF) in the condition of greenhouse for ginseng cultivation. The order of light-penentrated ratio by shade meterials was PEN(75%)+PEF 〉 PEN(85%)+PEF 〉BWD-PEF(85%) 〉BWD-PEF(90%) and the order of air temperature was BWD-PEF(85%) 〉BWD-PEF(90%) 〉PEN+PEF(85%) 〉PEN+PEF(75%). The net photosynthetic rate was higher in PEN(75%)+PEF than other shading material treatments during growth season including summer high-temperature period. The root weight and yield were increased by 31.2~55.0% and 25.6~52.2%, respectively under PEN+PEF(75%) compared to other shading materials. Conclusion : We concluded that the PEN+PEF(75%) could be a good shading meterails of the greenhouse for organic 4-year-old ginseng cultivation in northern area of Gangwon, Korea.

Near-isogenic lines (NILs) carrying bacterial blight resistance genes (Xa4, xa5 and Xa21) were developed in japonica rice using Suweon345 as genetic background. NILs were selected by gene specific DNA markers and inoculation of K1 or K3a race. NILs conferring Xa4 were resistant to K1, K2, K3, and moderately resistant to K3a. NILs conferring xa5 were resistant to K1, K2, K3, and K3a. NILs having Xa21 were susceptible to K1, while resistant to K2, K3 and K3a. Target genes of NILs with the genetic background of Suweon345 were also confirmed by using eleven Philippines races and International Rice Bacterial Blight (IRBB) NILs carrying Xa4, xa5 and Xa21. All NILs had no significant difference from their recurrent parents in the major agronomic traits except for panicle length and brown rice 1,000 grain weight. Heading date of NILs ranged from Aug. 10 to Aug. 11, which was similar to that of recurrent parent, Suweon345. Culm length, number of grains per panicle and ratio of ripened grain of NILs were similar to those of Suweon345. Milled rice of NILs was ranged from 4.82 to 4.93MT/ha. These NILs will be useful for improving resistance to K3a race of bacterial blight pathogens in Korean japonica cultivars.

In order to breed the useful mutants in black raspberry, cultivated in Gochang-gun, leaf-petiol explants from shoot-proliferating culture was regenerated after irradiated with 30, 50 and 70 Gy gamma-ray. The LD50 dose of leaf-petiol explants was identified as 30Gy after two months. Morphological characteristics of the variants were observed such as stem variation, existence and nonexistence of spine, spine color, anthocyanin content, width of leaf, thick of leaf compared with donor cultivar. Of the 701 mutants, 14 lines with the useful mutant characters were selected and random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) was carried out to confirm mutation state at the molecular level with 20 primers. There are many bands be revealed only in mutants and disappear in mutants reversely. RAPD analysis revealed a high level of genetic diversity among Control and mutants. Compared to Control, No. 14 mutant showed the highest genetic diversity. Also, the co-dominant SSR markers have allowed the evaluation of heterozygosity. Valuable mutants obtained will be useful for developing new cultivars and studying gene function in molecular level.