재배토성이 감초 생육 및 품질에 미치는 영향을 구명코자 2009년부터 2년간 시험을 수행한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 재배년생별 생육중 경엽은 1년생, 포복경 2년생, 근은 2년생에서 양호한 경향을 보였으며, 토성에 따라서 경엽중은 사양토에서 무거웠고, 초장, 분지수, 경태는 사질식양토에서 우수하였다. 2. 포복경의 길이, 수, 무게 등 생육은 사질식양토 >사양토 >양질사토 순으로 좋았다. 3. 주근과 지근의 생육은 양질사토에서 길었으며, 주근경, 지근경은 사양토에서 굵었다. 지근수는 사질식양토에서 다소 많았다. 4. 근 수량은 주근, 지근 등에서 사양토 >사질식양토 >양질사토 순으로 많으며, 1년생과 2년생 근 상품 수량은 사양토에서 양질사토 204 kg/10a 대비 57%, 2년생은 71% 각각 증수하였다. 5. 글리시리진(glycyrrhizinic acid)의 함량은 1년생은 사질식 양토에서 1.62%, 2년생은 사양토에서 1.58%로 가장 높았다.

본 연구에서는 준 회분식 교반조를 사용하여 polybutene (PB)와 polyisobutylene (PIB)고분자를 용해한 벤젠 용액을 연속상, 물을 불연속상으로 구성한 w/o 에멀션액막에 CO2을 흡수시켜 흡수속도를 측정하였다. 점탄성을 나타내는 Deborah 수를 사용하여 점탄성 비뉴튼액체에서 구한 부피물질전달계수 (kLa)를 고찰하고, 수용액에 첨가한 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol(AMP)와 CO2의 반응 메카니즘을 해석하였다.

In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant activity and protective effects against oxidative DNA damage of the ethyl acetate fraction from the callus of Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai (ECA). Callus of A. distichum was induced on MS medium containing NAA (1 ㎎/L) and 2,4-D (1 ㎎/L), and a sufficient amount was obtained for the extraction by subculture. Acteoside was analyzed and quantified (0.39 ㎎/g callus) from ECA using the high-performance liquid chromatographyphotodiode array detector method. ECA showed very high antioxidative activity as revealed by DPPH and ABTS scavenging assays. The IC50 values were 12.4 and 6.8 ㎍/㎖, respectively. ECA showed protective effects against oxidative DNA damage evaluated by using ψX-174 RF I plasmid DNA. It also inhibited DNA damage by suppressing the oxidative stress-induced protein and mRNA levels of γ-H2AX and p53 in NIH/3T3 cells. In conclusion, ECA protects against oxidative DNA damage through its powerful antioxidant activity.

In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effects of Abeliophyllum distichum (A. distichum) leaves that were prepared via air-drying. Fresh and air-dried A. distichum leaves were examined via 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging assay and measurements of the reducing power. The suppression effects on inflammation of the leaves were analyzed by a western blot and RT-PCR on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. As a result, the antioxidant activity of the fresh leaves was found to be more effective than that of the air-dried leaves. Also, the fresh leaves were more effective in suppressing the protein and mRNA levels of iNOS and COX-2 than the air-dried leaves, thereby indicating the better anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, the contents of phenolic compounds and acteoside were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the acteoside content decreased with the use of the air-drying method, while there was no change in the content of phenolic compounds. Therefore, this study indicated that fresh A. distichum leaves potential antioxidant and suppression activities of various factors that are involved in the production of NO, which were found to be better than those of air-dried A. distichum leaves. These biological activities were also found to be independent of the content of phonolic compounds and were assumed to be directly or indirectly related to the content of acteoside.

The influence of triploidization on histological characteristics of retina, trunk kidney, liver and midgut tissue, and cell cycle of tail fin and gill tissue in far eastern catfish, Silurus asotus were analyzed. In the infertile triploid fish, the nucleus and/or cell size of secondary proximal tubule cells of trunk kidney, hepatocyte and midgut epithelium are much larger than those of the corresponding cells in the diploid fish (P<0.05). However, triploid tissue showed fewer number of outer nuclear layer in retina and nuclei in secondary proximal tubule of trunk kidney than those for diploid tissue. The mean percentages of the Gl-, the S- and the G2+M-phase fractions were 92.5%, 3.2% and 4.3% in tail fin tissue of diploid, and 93.4%, 2.6% and 4.0% in those of triploid, respectively. There were no significant differences in the percentages of each cell cycle fraction between diploid and triploid. The mean percentages of each phase fractions were 75.1%, 11.1% and 13.8% in gill tissue of diploid and 85.2%, 8.9% and 5.9% in those of triploid, respectively. The differences of cell cycle between tail fin tissue and gill tissue were statistically significant in diploid and triploid (P<0.05). Also, the differences between diploid and triploid were statistically significant in tail fin tissue and gill tissue (P<0.05). Cyclin D1 and cyclin E expressions were not significantly difference between gill tissue and tail fin tissue, and protein expressions of induced triploid were higher than those of diploid. Results from this study suggest that some characteristics in the triploid exhibiting larger cell and nucleus size with fewer number of cell than diploid can be used as an indicator in the identification of triploidization and ploidy level in far eastern catfish.

The influence of triploidization on histological characteristics of retina, trunk kidney, liver and midgut tissue, and cell cycle of tail fin and gill tissue in far eastern catfish, Silurus asotus were analyzed. In the infertile triploid fish, the nucleus and/or cell size of secondary proximal tubule cells of trunk kidney, hepatocyte and midgut epithelium are much larger than those of the corresponding cells in the diploid fish (P<0.05). However, triploid tissue showed fewer number of outer nuclear layer in retina and nuclei in secondary proximal tubule of trunk kidney than those for diploid tissue. The mean percentages of the Gl-, the S- and the G2+M-phase fractions were 92.5%, 3.2% and 4.3% in tail fin tissue of diploid, and 93.4%, 2.6% and 4.0% in those of triploid, respectively. There were no significant differences in the percentages of each cell cycle fraction between diploid and triploid. The mean percentages of each phase fractions were 75.1%, 11.1% and 13.8% in gill tissue of diploid and 85.2%, 8.9% and 5.9% in those of triploid, respectively. The differences of cell cycle between tail fin tissue and gill tissue were statistically significant in diploid and triploid (P<0.05). Also, the differences between diploid and triploid were statistically significant in tail fin tissue and gill tissue (P<0.05). Cyclin D1 and cyclin E expressions were not significantly difference between gill tissue and tail fin tissue, and protein expressions of induced triploid were higher than those of diploid. Results from this study suggest that some characteristics in the triploid exhibiting larger cell and nucleus size with fewer number of cell than diploid can be used as an indicator in the identification of triploidization and ploidy level in far eastern catfish.

A new lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) variety ‘Sunny Red Butter’ that belongs to butter-head type has transverse broad elliptical leaf with red color. Crossbreeding of ‘Oriana’ and ‘Cardinale’ was made to obtain seeds of the F1 generation. Subsequent generations were selected using in pedigree methods until 2011, resulting in ‘Sunny Red Butter’. The new variety ‘Sunny Red Butter’ is brown in seeds and the upper part of the leaf is light red and glossy. The leaf stalk is white. It can be harvested from 30 days after planting. The average harvested leaf number is 51 leaves per plant. The average weight is 556.5g per plant, which is 44% higher than a control lettuce variety ‘Germania’. It showed that 30.9 tons/ha production was made in spring, summer, and autumn cultivations for 3 years in 6 areas (Daegwanryeong, Gyeonggi, Chungbuk, Jeonbuk, Gyeongnam, and Jeju) than the control variety ‘Germania’. The shelf-life of ‘Sunny Red Butter’ was 4 weeks for storage at 4℃. Anthocyanin amount (10.3 mg/100g) of ‘Sunny Red Butter’ was lower than that of ‘Germania’. BSL (latucin+8-deoxylactucin+lactucopicrin) amount of ‘Sunny Red Butter’, the bitter ingredients was 26.1 μg/g and higher than BSL amount of ‘Germania’. Leaf hardness of ‘Sunny Red Butter’ was 1,554 kg/cm 2 , which was thicker than ‘Germania’. ‘Sunny Red Butter’ showed better taste (more crispy and sweeter) than ‘Germania’. The new variety ‘Sunny Red Butter’ can be used as lettuce productions during spring and autumn in most area and in summer in highland of Korea.

Sophora japonica has been used for treatment of liver and blood-related diseases in herbology. We evaluated whitening activities of Sophorae Flos and Fructus. Sophorae Flos and Fructus were extracted with methanol (MeOH) and divided into petroleum ether, ethyl acetate(EtOAC) and water fraction. For whitening effect by western blot in B16 F10 cells, we analyzed it by investigating the effect of tyrosinase, TRP-l (tyrosinase-related protein 1), TRP-2 (tyrosinase-related protein 2) and MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor) protein expression. The protein expressions of tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2 and MITF in B16 F10 cells treated with Sophorae Flos and Fructus extract were reduced in a dose-dependant manner. Therefore, these results suggest that Sophorae Flos and Fructus have useful plant resource to be developed as functional cosmetic.

In this study, we produced the recombinant lunasin peptide using E. coli and P. pastoris, and evaluated biological activity of the recombinant lunasin peptide. Lunasin peptide was produced from E. coli transfected with pPGEX-lunasin expression vector and P. pastoris GS115 transfected with pPIC-lunasin expression vector. These recombinant lunasin peptides were similar to the synthetic lunasin peptide in the identification by LC-ESI-MS. In addition, the recombinant lunasin peptide from E. coli and P. pastoris was bound in the chromatin, and inhibited histone acetylation and the activity of histone acetyltransferase. These findings suggest that the production of the lunasin peptide using E. coli and P. pastoris will be useful for industrial utilization of lunasin peptide.

This study was designed to identify citizens’ awareness and satisfaction of Green Roof Projects (GRPs) in Changwon City, South Korea. Changwon City implemented a “Green Roof Promotion Planning” project according to the city’s codes and regulations from 2009 to 2011. The project introduced guidelines for ecological area rates and provided financial subsidies for the green roofing of private buildings. A citizens’ survey shows that 64.8 percent of respondents have a positive awareness of GRPs and think the projects’ priority should be on public buildings and commercial/office buildings. About 43.1 percent of green roof users were satisfied with green roofing in terms of housing improvement and energy saving. However, 34.6 percent of green roof users were not satisfied with regard to plant management. Educational level made a statistically meaningful difference in terms of the awareness of the project’s needs and participatory spirit. Statistics of the survey showed that citizens’ attitude of participation spirit was influenced by the increase in value of a building, green space expansion, and ecosystem conservation. However, their satisfaction was determined by housing improvements. The results of this survey call for a deliberate policy effort on the part of Changwon City to increase the projects’awareness, satisfaction, and participation

A new mandarin hybrid cultivar ‘Shinyegam’ was developed from a cross between ‘Kiyomi’ (Citrus unshiu × C. sinensis) and ‘Wilking’ (Citrus reticulata) at the Citrus Research Institute of the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science in 2012. The ‘Jegam na No. 33’, a first selection seedling from the fruits obtained in 2008 was finally named ‘Shinyegam’ after field evaluation trials at five locations in Jeju island, Korea from 2010 to 2012. The tree vigor was intermediate and the tree was spreading in nature, similar to that of the ‘Kiyomi’ cultivar. The fruits produced were compressed to oblate and globose in shape, were a deep orange in color, and moderately weighed at 130 g. ‘Shinyegam’ produces fruit that mature in late December, and has few seeds, which are mono-embryonic. The average seed number of a fruit varied depending on the pollinator citrus tree. Cultivation of ‘Shinyegam’ along with the other cultivars possessing high pollen fertility resulted in seed numbers that was more than 20, while in the absence of a pollinator species the seed number was around 5. The fruit contained soluble solids at 11 to 12 ° Bx and the acidity was approximately 1% at maturity. The rind thickness of approximately 2.5 mm ensures easy peeling. The flesh is very tender and juicy, with a pleasant, aromatic flavor similar to that of ‘Wilking’ but is comparatively weak. ‘Shinyegam’ is moderately resistant to the citrus scab disease and melanose, but susceptible to citrus canker. Owing to the high quality of fruit, good aroma, and cold hardness characteristics, this cultivar is expected to satisfy consumer acceptability in terms of the diversity of the cultivar in open-field cultivation.

Background: Valeriana fauriei (Valerianaceae) has been used to as a traditional medicine to treat a variety of symptoms, including headache, insomnia, hypertension, and menstrual irregularity. However, the present study investigates the species' antioxidant activity and its inhibition of oxidative DNA damage, which have yet to be studied.Methods and Results:The antioxidant activity was assessed using radical scavenging assays with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and, 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and a reducing power assay. The total phenol content was also analyzed, and phenolic compounds were detected using HPLC/UV, whereas the inhibitory effect of Valeriana fauriei on oxidative DNA damage was measured using φ-174 RF I plasmid DNA cleavage assay. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity were 75.17 ± 3.55% and 95.83 ± 0.63%, repectively, and the reducing power was 93.14 ± 1.74 at 200 μg/ml. The total phenol content was 10.24 ± 0.04 ㎎/g, whereas chlorogenic acid, catechin, caffeic acid and epicatechin were identified using HPLC/UV, and the φ-174 RF I plasmid DNA cleavage assay indicated that V. fauriei provided protection against oxidative damage.Conclusions:The results of the present study suggest that V. fauriei has powerful antioxidant activity that can provide protective effects against the oxidative DNA damage caused by free radicals. The species, therefore, provides a valuable resource for the development of natural pharmaceutical to treat aging, cancer, and degenerative diseases.

Sexual dimorphism is the most conspicuous difference between the sexes. This study examines possible sexual dimorphism and the relative growth patterns of morphometric characteristics in the marine medaka, Oryzias dancena for their potential to help differentiate between males and females of this species. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters estimated by a non-linear regression method were L∞=30.2 mm, K=3.22/year, and τ0=-0.05. All 18 characteristics measured showed a difference between males and females from 70 days after hatching. Each of these characteristics were significantly different between sexes (ANCOVA, P<0.05), and the ratio of standard length between sexes showed that males were larger than females for all five morphometric measurements. Fin length measurements were taken for 21 distances of anal fin and 7 distances of dorsal fin between landmarks. There were all differences for all dorsal fin rays between the males and the females and there is significant difference in 70 days after their hatch when the sexual dimorphism is presented. The significant difference (P<0.05) in fin ray for male and female was more greatly seen as they grow. Male marine medaka showed more rapid growth than females, with longer length, dorsal fins and anal fins. Differences in these characteristics will be useful during experiments when it is necessary to differentiate between sexes of marine medaka.

The 12 cultivars of the Jeju native Citrus are considered to have originated from China. However, the origin of the cultivar ‘Byungkyool’ (Citrus platymamma Hort. ex Tanaka) is not clearly known. We performed PCR analysis by using three primer sets designed from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) to analyze the phylogenetic relationship between the traditional citrus cultivars and the Byungkyool cultivar. Sequence length of the nrDNA ITS1 region of JNCPCRI (Jeju Native Citrus platymamma Citrus Research Institute) cultivar was 247 bp, 8the ITS2 region was 228 bp and the total ITS region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) was 638 bp. Analysis of the genetic relationship based on the sequence analysis at the ITS region of the JNCPCRI cultivar revealed that the ITS1 region of the cultivar was genetically the same as that of the Byungkyool (JQ990189) cultivar, and the ITS2 region was genetically similar to the Binkyool (JQ990180), Hongkyool (JQ990178), Dangyooja (JQ990179), and Pyunkyool (JQ990181) cultivars. Moreover, the total ITS region in the 5.8S rDNA region was genetically similar to the Hongkyool (JQ990178) cultivar. In addition, the total ITS region of the JNCPCRI cultivar was the most closely related to the Cheongkyool (JQ990183) cultivar and has been reported to originate from the Binkyool (JQ990180) and Pyunkyool (JQ990181) cultivars. Although the JNCPCRI cultivar was morphologically the same as the Byungkyool (JQ990189) cultivar, the ITS region showed genetic heterogeneity. Taken together, we conclude that the genetic variation in the ITS region of JNCPCRI cultivar suggests that it was propagated through fertilization with the surrounding citrus cultivars.