In this study, a pilot-scale (3 m3/day) membrane distillation (MD) process was operated to treat digestate produced from anaerobic digestion of livestock wastewater. In order to evaluate the performance and energy cost of MD process, it was compared with the pilot scale (10 m3/day) reverse osmosis (RO) process, expected competitive process, under same feed condition. As results, MD process shows stable permeate flux (average 10.1 L/m2/hr) until 150 hours, whereas permeate flux of RO process was decreased from 5.3 to 1.5 L/m2/hr within 24 hours. In the case of removal of COD, TN, and TP, MD process shows a high removal rate (98.7, 93.7, and 99% respectively) stably until 150 hours. However, in the case of RO process, removal rate was decreased from 91.6 to 69.5% in COD and from 93.7 to 76.0% in TP during 100 hours of operation. Removal rate of TN in RO process was fluctuated in the range of 34.5-62.9% (average 44.6%) during the operation. As a result of energy cost analysis, MD process using waste heat for heating the feed shows 18% lower cost compare with RO process. Thus, overall efficiency of the MD process is higher then that of the RO process in terms of permeate flux, removal rate of salts, and operating cost (in the case of using waste heat) in treating the anaerobic digestate of livestock wastewater.

In this study, a fluorescent silica nano particle is used as the surrogate for challenging test of membrane surface integrity. The particles are functionalized by a fluorescent dying agent so that as an ultraviolet light is imposed a bright fluorescent image from the particles can be taken. If a membrane surface is damaged and has a compromised part larger than the size of surrogate the fluorescent particles would pass through and contained in the permeate. An operator can directly notice whether the membrane surface is damaged or not by detecting a fluorescent image taken from the permeate. Additionally, the size of compromised part is estimated through analysing the fluorescent image in which we surmise the mass of particles included in the permeate by calculating an average RGB value of the image. The pilot scale experiments showed that this method could be applied successfully to determine if a membrane surface had a damaged parts regardless of the test condition. In the testing on the actual damaged area of 4.712 mm2, the lowest error of estimating the damaged area was –1.32% with the surrogate concentration of 80 mg/L, flux of 40 L/m2/hr for 25 minutes of detection. A further study is still going on to increase the lowest detection limit and thus decrease the error of estimation.

In this study, we applied a membrane distillation process to investigate a feasibility of treating a wastewater with high concentration of organic matters including nitrogen and phosphorus. The laboratory scale experiment was performed by using a hydrophobic PVDF membrane with the pore size of 0.22 μm and porosity of 75%. The installation was direct contact type where the temperature difference between a feed and permeate side was controlled to have a range from 20 to 60°C. We observed a flux variation and a concentration changes of COD, PO4 3-－P, NH4 + -N and conductivity of feed side as well as permeate side with various temperature differences (20 to 60°C), cross flow velocities (0.09 to 0.27 m/s) through the module, and pH (6.6 to 12.0) of the feed that has the initial concentration of COD about 1,000 mg/L, total nitrogen 390 mg/L, total phosphorus 10 mg/L, conductivity of 7,000 μs/cm. The results showed that the average flux was ranged from 4 to 40 L/m2/hr which was almost similar with the flux of NaCl and deionized water used as a feed solution. The lowest flux was obtained at the operating condition with the temperature difference of 20°C and cross flow velocity of 0.09 m/s while the highest one was measured with 60°C and 0.27 m/s. Above 99% of COD and PO4 3- -P in the feed could be rejected regardless of an operating condition. However, the removal rate of ammonium nitrogen was varied from 64 to 99% depending on the pH of feed solution.

In this study, a novel method was proposed to test the integrity of water treatment system specifically equipped with membrane filtration process. We applied the silica particles coated with a fluorescent agent (rhodamine B isothiocyanate) as a surrogate to detect a membrane process integrity and evaluate the reliability of effluent quality in the system. Additionally, a series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of the method through the laboratory scale experiment. The laboratory scale experiments showed that the feasibility of application of proposed method to detect a breach or damaged part on the membrane surface. However, the sensitivity on predicting the area of a breach was significantly influenced by the testing conditions such as a concentration of surrogate, filtration flux, and detection time. The lowest error of predicting the area of breach was 3.5 % at the testing condition of surrogate concentration of 80 mg/L injected with flux of 20 L/m2/hr for 10 minutes of detection time for the breach having the actual area of 7.069 mm2. However, the error of estimation was increased at the small breach with area less than 0.785 mm2. A future study will be conducted to estimate a damaged area with more accuracy and precision.

Since the membrane distillation (MD) has attached to anaerobic fermentation (AF) process, all suspended solid contents including acetogenic and methanogenic microorganism can be retained inside the system to expect the more effective degradation of organic matter under operational parameters of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and solid retention time (SRT). In this study, we only focused to monitor the carbohydrate and protein parameters inside the single AF compared to the AF coupled with MD. Synthetic high-strength wastewater was used as a substrate by using the composition of 99 g glucose/L, 34 g/l NH4HCO3, 60 g yeast extract/L, 3 g KH2PO4/L, and K2HPO4 g K2HPO4/L. HRT was 20 days with feed flowrate of 0.3 L/d. The steady state of single AF and the AF coupled with MD were monitored for 60 days and 30 days, respectively. The configuration of AF coupled with MD used the circulation rate of 1.5 L/min, cross flow velocity of 0.014 m/s, and temperature difference of 30℃. pH changed from 7.6 in the single AF to 8.2 in the AF coupled with MD. The wastewater quality was analyzed everyday according to total carbohydrate, soluble carbohydrate, total protein, and soluble protein in the influent and effluent of both reactors. The average removal of total and soluble carbohydrate in the single AF were 98.4% and 97%, respectively. The average removal of total carbohydrate in the AF coupled with MD was 98% (in the effluent AF) and the average rejection was 97.8% (in the effluent MD as permeate). The average removal of soluble carbohydrate in the AF coupled with MD was 95% (in the effluent AF) and the average rejection was 97.5% (in the effluent MD as permeate). For the single AF, the average increased of total protein was 86% while the average removal of soluble protein was 42%. The average total protein in the AF coupled with MD increased to 75.6% in AF and the average rejection was 99.7% in the effluent MD. Furthermore, the average soluble protein in the AF coupled with MD increased to 87.7% in AF and the average rejection was 97% in the effluent MD. After attaching MD to AF, the hydrolysis microbial biomass changed by reducing the concentration of total protein and increasing the concentration of soluble protein in the AF process. This effect warrants further investigation which associated with changes in the microbiology in the microbiology or physicochemical aspects.

최근 미세조류를 에너지원으로 활용하는 기술이 많은 관심을 받으면서 미세조류 고액분리 기술에 대한 연구가 진행 중이다. 미세조류 분리 기술에는 미세조류의 밀도차를 이용하여 분리하는 방법인 원심 분리법, 중력･응집 침전법, 부유선별법과 막 여과법이 있다. 그 중 막 여과법은 다른 공정에 비해 거의 모든 미세조류를 여과 할 뿐만 아니라 가장 간단한 구조로 초기비용이 적게 발생한다는 장점이 있다. 그러나 고밀도의 미세조류는 막오염(fouling)을 야기한다는 단점이 있다. 막 오염(fouling)은 처리수의 투과 수량을 감소시킬 뿐만 아니라 2차 적인 수질오염을 야기시킬 수 있다. 이에 따라 온도가 높은 유입수와 상대적으로 온도가 낮은 처리수의 온도차이로부터 발생하는 증기압 차이를 사용하는 막 증발법을 이용하고자 하였다. 막 증발법은 압력을 구동력으로 사용하는 일반적인 분리막 공정에 비해 온도차를 구동력으로 사용하기 때문에 유입수 중 입자성 물질의 막 표면으로의 물리적인 이송(convection)이 없으므로 막 오염(fouling)이 상대적으로 적게 발생한다는 장점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 선행연구에서 도출한 공정인자를 이용하여 미세조류를 고액 분리에 따른 투과 성능 및 막 세정 효과를 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 세정 주기와 세정 방법이 막 회복 및 제거율에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 한다.

Membrane Bioreactor 공법(MBR process)은 기존 활성슬러지 공법에 분리막 공정을 적용하여 하수를 처리하는 고도하수처리공정이다. 분리막과 생물반응조를 결합해 생물반응조에서 하수가 처리되고 분리막에 의해 처리된 하수가 여과되어 과정이 이루어진다. MBR 공법의 장점으로 미생물 농도를 높게 유지해 처리 수질을 기존의 생물학적 처리장보다 향상 시킬 수 있고, 처리 수질을 향상시켜 처리수를 중수도로 이용가능하다. 하수를 재이용함으로써 현재 물 부족 상황에 대처하기 위한 방법 중 하수 재이용에 대한 현실적인 대안이 될 수 있다. 그러나 MBR 공정에서 분리막에 생기는 Fouling은 공정의 효율성을 떨어뜨리는 가장 큰 문제가 되고 있다. 현재 MBR 공정에서 발생하는 Fouling을 해결하기 위해 화학세정방법 및 계면활성제를 이용하고 있다. Rhamnolipid는 미생물로부터 생성되는 효소의 일종으로 화학적 계면활성제와 유사한 특성을 가진다. Rhamnolipid는 또한 생분해성으로 박테리아에 의해 무기물로 분해되어 환경에 대한 위해성과 독성이 거의 없으므로 환경복원에 유용하게 쓰일 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 MBR공정 운전에서 Rhamnolipid의 주입 방식과 투입량에 따른 분리막 세정 효과 및 막 오염 제어 가능성을 알아보았다.

무분별한 화석연료 사용으로 인한 고갈과, 이로 인해 발생하는 이산화탄소 증가로 지구 온난화가 진행되는 가운데, 대체에너지에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행 중이다. 2040년 발전 설비 비중 전망을 보았을 예측하였을 때 석유, 가스등 화석연료의 비중이 낮아지는 반면, 대체에너지 발전 설비 비중 전망은 증가하는 추세를 보였다. 대체 에너지 중 바이오매스인 조류가 주목을 받고 있다. 조류는 광합성을 할 때 이산화탄소를 고정하는데, 이로부터 바이오 연료를 추출할 수 있다. 과학 저널 네이처에서는 조류로 만든 바이오 연료를 ‘녹색 금’이라고 소개하였으며, 이는 전 세계 에너지 수요를 충족시킬 수 있다는 분석도 나왔다. 조류는 단위시간, 단위중량당 바이오연료 생산수율이 상대적으로 높은 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 조류는 배양과정에서 발생하는 비용이 크기 때문에 상업화되지는 못한 상황이다. 현재 많은 연구들로 인해 미세조류의 배양기법이나, 바이오연료 추출 기술은 크게 발달하였지만, 미세조류의 입자분리 및 수거에 대한 기술은 미미한 상태이다. 이러한 기술을 보완하기 위하여 막 증발법을 적용해 보았다. 막 증발법은 높은 온도의 유입수와 상대적으로 낮은 온도의 처리수의 온도차이로 인해 생기는 증기압 차이로 인하여, 유입수로부터 수증기가 소수성 표면의 다공성 분리막을 통과하여 유입수는 농축시키면서, 동시에 순수한 물을 추출하는 공정이다. 막 증발법은 다른 막분리 공정에 비해서 에너지의 수요가 적으며, 막 오염도 덜 발생하고, 거의 모든 염을 제거할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 조류농축에 대해 막 증발법 적용 및 처리수의 투과유속을 측정하여 가능성을 평가하였다.

A monitoring system for a field magnetometer was configured with assistance of a Raspberry Pi as a data logger. The suggested geomagnetic system uses a semi-real-time data transmission module. The system consists of two parts: a field-observation part and a data-center part. The field-observation part comprises a Raspberry Pi, magnetometer, LTE router, and power source, while the data center part takes samples at the site. The collected magnetometer data are then sent to the data center through the LTE router. The newly designed monitoring system was deployed and checked in Jeju-do island, and found to operate stably. The suggested system is promising in that it is simple and cost saving, providing at least physical insight and knowledge on the complex natural phenomena.

In this paper it is verified that the cavity of ground under box-culvert is closely related to the inspection grade of box-culvert. The field survey results of cavity exploration were compared to inspection grade of box-culvert. The test results show that the results of cavity exploration be a good index to predict inspection grade of box-culvert.

This study investigated the effect of various buried depth(0.8m, 1.0m, 1.2m) on the stress distribution of gas pipe. Numerical analysis and field tests were carried out with API 5L steel gas pipes. From the results, it can be suggested that field test results including compaction energy can represent the stress distribution of gas pipe more precisely.