Bioindication or biomonitoring can be considered a type of applied ecology. Its primary goal is to use organisms living within natural communities to monitor the impact of disturbance and to use this knowledge in the management of the ecological system. An indicator taxon is one that is of narrow amplitude with respect to one or more environmental factors. When the species is present, it indicates the presence of certain environmental parameters. It Introduces the categories of indicators and introduces representative indicator insect species(e.g., butterflies, Carabid species).

환경부 지정 보호지역인 특정도서는 현재 249개소로 이들을 대상으로 지형․경관, 지질, 식생, 동･식물상 및 해안무척 추동물, 해조류 분류군 대상으로 1차 특정도서기본계획(‘05~’14) 이후 2차 특정기본계획(‘15~’24)에 따라 매년 10~15개 씩 정밀조사가 수행되고 있다. 특정도서의 곤충조사는 2006~2008년 3년간 39개 도서를 제외하고 전무하였다. 특정도서 의 지정사유 중 자연경관․지질의 우수성이 가장 높고 식생이 우수가 다음으로 높아 시간이 지남에 따라 식생과 관련된 해충 및 외래종의 기착지로도 이용될 수 있는 특성을 가지고 있어 2015년부터 곤충에 대한 조사가 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구는 2016년 인천광역시 옹진군 일대 소초지도, 신도, 어평도, 항도, 뭉퉁도, 서만도, 할미염 7개 특정도서에 대한 곤충상 및 군집분석 결과와 각 도서별 과거 2007년 보고된 곤충상을 비교한 결과를 보고하는 바이다.

Attelabids of subfamily Apoderinae mainly distribute over the tropical region or concentrate on the Manchuria subregion, and they are sparsely distribute in other parts of Palaearctic region. Four Tribes are known in the world and three 13 in Apoderini, Tribes, 2 in Clitostylini and 6 in Hoplapoderini, is reported in Korea. Among them, six species material was unable to be examined Korea. This study provided cradle structure and illustrations of the subfamily Apoderinae from Korea

The Chrysomelid species of the genus Morphosphaera, M. japonica Hornstedt, 1788 is reported for the first time from South Korea. The genus Morphosphaera Baly, 1861, within subfamily Galerucinae, contains eighteen species, and is distributed Palearctic region. In the present study we report on the genus Morphosphaera Baly, 1861 from Korea for the first time, based on M. japonica Hornstedt, 1788. We provide the habitus photographs, illustrations of diagnostic features and a key to the genus in S. Korea.

This study investigated the Texture Profile Analysis and Sensory characteristics analysis of 6 different Pork Meat-substituted Soybean Curd (PMSC) products with different gluten-fiber (GF) contentst. PMSC types were PMSC-GF 5%, PMSC-GF 10%, PMSC-GF 15%, PMSC-GF 20%, PMSC-GF 25%, and PMSC-GF 30%. The lightness (ΔL value) of cooked PMSC was decreased, whereas the redness (Δa value) and yellowness (Δb value) of cooked PMSC was not changed. Texturometer (TA XT Plus, England) was used for objective test and hardness, springiness, cohesiveness and chewiness of sensory characteristics were measured. PMSC with GF 5% to 15% were characterized high hardness score but PMSC with GF 20% to 30% were not significantly different. PMSC-GF 30% was the highest score in springiness and PMSC-GF 5% was the lowest. PMSC-GF 25% and 30% were high cohesiveness score but was not significantly different (p<0.05). Fourteen sensory descriptors were developed to evaluate the sensory characteristics of PMSC. The sensory characteristics of PMSC were sweetness, saltiness, springiness, hardness, chewiness, meat flavor, odor, loose particle and so on. Six different PMSC showed no significant difference in the attributes of loose particle. But PMSC-GF 5% and PMSC-GF 10% showed significant difference in the attributes of hardness. PMSC-GF 25% and PMSC-GF 30% showed no significant difference in the attributes of hardness. PMSC-GF 30% was the highest springiness score and PMSC-GF 5%, PMSC-GF 10% and PMSC-GF 15% showed no significant difference in the attributes of springiness. Overall consumer acceptance was surveyed. PMSC-GF 5%, PMSC-GF 10% and PMSC-GF 15% showed no significant difference in the attributes of color. PMSC-GF 25% and PMSC-GF 30% was the highest in the attributes of springiness and high moistureness, taste acceptance and overall acceptance. PMSC-GF 5%, PMSC-GF 10% and PMSC-GF 15% showed no significant difference in overall consumer preference but PMSC-GF 25% and PMSCGF 30% showed significant difference. Consequently it is indicated that texture of cooked PMSC-GF 25% and PMSC-GF 30% is very important sensory characteristics.

The Chrysomelid species of the genus Xanthogaleruca, X. aenescens Fairmaire, 1878 is reportd for the first time from South Korea. The genus Xanthogaleruca Laboissiére, 1934, within subfamily Galerucinae, contains only nine species, and is distributed Palearctic region (Beenen, 2010), but one adventive species, X. luteola (Müller, 1766), is widespread throughout much of Canada, North Africa and the United States. Also known as the elm leaf beetle, it feed on Ulmus (Ulmaceae). In the present study we report on the genus Xanthogaleruca Laboissiére, 1934 from Korea for the first time, based on X. aenescens Fairmaire, 1878. We provide the habitus photographs, illustrations of diagnostic features and a key to the genus in S. Korea.

2010년부터 2011년까지 미얀마 예진 지역의 과수원에서 methyl eugenol trap을 이용하여 과수원 해충인 과실파리에 대한 발생빈도와 피해정도에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 망고, 구아바, 대추나무를 대상으로 과실파리의 발생 정도를 알아보고 아울러 강수량, 온도, 습도, 일조시간 등 발생과 기후적요인과의 상호관계 등을 분석하였다. 그 결과 회귀분석에서 강수, 최저온도 그리고 상대습도는 과실파리의 발생에 긍정적인 영 향을 주었고 반면에 일조량은 발생을 억제하는 요인으로 작용하였다. 그리고 Bactrocera arecae, B. carambolae, B. correcta, B. dorsalis, B. kandiensis, B. latilineola, B. malaysiensis, B. neocognata, B. raiensis, B. verbascifoliae와 Carpomya vesuvina 등, 모두 11종의 과실파리가 조사되 었고, 그 중 B. correcta와 B. dorsalis가 29.3%와 28.6%로 많은 개체수를 나타내었다. 구아바가 가장 피해가 심했고(59±15.4), 다음은 망고였으 며(35.5±12.1), 반면에 대추에서 가장 낮은 비율을 보였다(18.5±7.9).

This study to figure out the diversity patterns and community structures of ground beetle of the Gyebang Mountain newly is incorporated into Odaesan National Park, Korea. A total of 47 species belonging to 20 genera of 12 subfamilies were identified from 483 collected ground beetles. Species richness was high in Pterostichinae (18 species, 39%), Carabinae (8 species, 18%), Harpalinae (7 species, 15%), Lebiinae (3 species, 7%), Bembidiinae and Nebriinae (2 species, 5%) and others (1 species, 2%). Twenty-three species were brachypterous and 24 species were macropterous. The dominant species was Synuchus nitidus (19.05%) and a subdominant species was Eucarabus cartereti cartereti (14.49%). Dominance, species diversity, species richness, and species evenness index were 0.56, 3.00, 3.85 and 0.70, respectively. Also, Acoptolabrus mirabilissimus ssp. 1 is discovered in the Mt. Gyebang area for the first time.

This study to figure out the diversity patterns, community structures, and seasonality of ground beetle assemblages in ecosystem and landscape conservation areas around the Wangpi-cheon area, Korea. A total of 38 species belonging to 20 genera of 8 subfamilies were identified from 2,486 collected ground beetles. Species richness was high in Pterostichinae (16 species, 42.11%), Carabinae (8 species, 21.05%), Harpalinae (5 species, 13.16%), Callistinae (3 species, 7.89%), Nebriinae (3 species, 7.89%) and others (1 species, 2.63%). The dominant species were Synuchus cycloderus(41.2%) and Aulonocarabus seishinensis seishinensis (13.4%) and their seasonal activities according to the sites were different. According to non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), ground beetles and ecological grades could be divided into two distinct groups: St. 1, St. 2, St. 3 group and St. 4 group. Some species such as Pterostichus orientalis, P. vicinus and P. bellator bellator were particularly abundant at St. 4. Also, Acoptolabrus mirabilissimus ssp. 1 is discovered in the Wangpi-cheon area for the first time.

The present study was carried out to revise the species of Chlaeniini in Carabidae from South Korea, using both classic taxonomy and molecular analysis. Another aim is to decide the taxonomic position of Chlaenius micans Fabricius of which subgeneric status in the genus has been in question. As a part of the results, Chlaenius spathulifer Bates, 1873 was newly recognized to Korean insect fauna. With this new addition Korean Chlaeniini contains now in total 34 species and two genera. Molecular analyses using CO1 sequences of representative species for six subgenera in Chlaenius were conducted to determine the position of C. micans. The result of the analyses suggested that C. micans did not belong to the subgenus Achlaenius where C. micans had been doubtfully positioned despite distinct morphological differences from the other four species of the variicornis-group (C. sericimicans, C. variicornis, C. kurosawai and C. ocreatus) in the subgenus. This study provids a key to species, photos of adult habitus, photos of male genitalia and redescriptions of 28 Korean species in Chlaeniini.

The genus Sphaeroderma Baly, comprising over 165 species, is distributed mainly in Palaeotropical superregion and a few species are also known from Neotropical region. Seventy-four species in Palearctic region. In Korea a total of 5 species were known by Lee & An (2001), An (2011). In this paper, we report Sphaeroderma seriatum Baly for the first time in the Korean fauna. We provide the habitus photographs, illustrations of diagnostic features and a key to the genus in Korea. Up to now 6 species of Sphaeroderma have been recorded from the Korea, including the present species.

Subgenus Achlaenius Manldl, 1992 belonging to the genus Chlaenius Bonelli (1810) of the carabid tribe Chlaeniini. This subgenus was characterized by strong densely pubescent of pronotum and elytra. This subgenus was recorded five species in Korea and Paleoarctic region : Chlaenius micans Fabricius, 1792, C. ocreatus Bates, 1873, C. sericimicans Chaudior, 1876, C. variicornis Morawitz, 1863 and C. kurosawai Kasahara, 1986. However, subgenus Achlaenius was rarely studied in Korea until now because of similar morphological patterns and difficult identification with allied species. As the results, totally four speciesof this subgenus from Korea were reviewed photos of adult and genitalia in male, key to the species of subgenus Achlaenius from Korea

Cicinela chinensis (Coleoptera : Cicindelidae) is usually distributed from Asian countries; Korea, Vietnam, China and Japan. In larval stage, they make hole on ground and eat small insects that pass over the hole, adult also predator on other small insects and they can move fast. They have regional morphological variation, usually variations were showed in elytral pattern and body colors. There are four subspecies, Cicindela chinensis chinensis, Cicindela chinensis flammifera, Cicindela chinensis japonica and Cicindela chinensis okinawana in Cicindela chinensis all of the world. Because of a lot of variation in elytra pattern and body color, identification of Cicindela chinensis is difficult. Therefore to know the distinct differences, comparison analysis by DNA sequence in COI gene was examined. In this paper COI comparison analysis of Cicindela chienesis from different location was examined. Also COI comparison analysis of species with different elytra pattern and body color collected in same location was done. Although they have different color pattern is same region, the result of COI sequence was same. Otherwise, although they have same color pattern in other regions, the result of COI sequence was different.

Being a country with diverse geophysical features and climate, Myanmar scores as one of the richest biological reservoirs in Asia. Myanmar has a rich diversity of flora and fauna, about 68 swallow tail butterflies represent 12% of the world total making it the fifth richest country in the world. Myanmar has a lot of protected areas such as national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and botanical gardens. Among them best to be observed for insects collection are Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park in Sagaing region, Popa Mountain National Park in Mandalay, Mount Victoria National Park and Nat Ma Taung in Chin state. Forest and vegetation types, wildlife, location and access to these parks were presented.

Myanmar is located in the south-east Asia peninsular and it is flanked by five neighboring states: Bangladesh, India, China, Laos and Thailand. It is located 10~22 degree north latitude, to 92~101 degrees east longitude. Myanmar has a tropical climate with three seasons in Myanmar. Hot season (March through April), rainy season (May through October) and the cool season (November through February). The coastal regions can get very hot and humid, especially before the rainy season. Myanmar has a monsoon season from May to October when there are heavy rains and often flooding. The investigation was carried out during the dry season(2013) in Nat Ma Taung National Park and Popa Mountain Park. Popa Mountain Park is located in Kyawpadaung Township, Myinchan district, Mandaly Division. The area is 49.63 square miles. Its coordinates are 29°31'60" N and 27°43'60" E. Nat Ma Taung National Park, Myanmar treasure is in Mindut District of Chin State and its area of 279 square miles. It is the third highest mountain in Myanmar with the height of 10,500 feet. Its coordinates are 21°14'00" N and 93°54'00" E. As the result, butterflies(Lepidoptera) collected in the two regions were about 60 species of 7 familys. Collecting dates, expedition activities, photo of main specimen and information of Myanmar were provided.

Myanmar is located in the Southeastern region of Asia. It lies between latitudes 9° and 29°N, and longitudes 92° and 102°E. The bordering countries are China on the northern side, Thailand and Laos on the eastern region, Bangladesh on the western side and India on the northwestern region. Myanmar has a total area of 678,500 square kilometers (262,000 sq mi). The rainy season exists primarily during the months between June and September. Whiledry season stays during the months between December and April. Northern regions of the country are the coolest, with average temperatures of 21 ℃ (70 ℉). Coastal and delta regions have an average temperature of 32 ℃ (86.9 ℉). This expedition was conducted four times for three years. Among them we explored three area including Popa Mountain, Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park and Nat Ma Taung National Park[Popa Mountain(8.7~8.17, 2011; 7.24~8.3 2012; 2.18~2.28 2013), Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park(2.2~2.9, 2012) and Nat Ma Taung National Park(2.18~2.28 2013)]. Collecting methods was sweeping net, lignt trap, burket trap, pitfall trap with other method, and collected especially mainly Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. As the result, totally about 30 families in Coleoptera and 7 families in Lepidoptera were collected, among them Carabidae and Nymphalidae was revealed most diversity species. Main collect specimens, expedition activities and collections data etc. were provided herein.

The genus Phyllotreta Chevrolat belonging to the subfamily Alticinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). One of the largest alticine genera with approximately 150 species in the Palearctic region and more than 250 species worldwide. In Korea a total of 6 species were known by Lee and An (2001). New species of Phyllotreta Chevrolat, 1837 are described: P. hamata Park sp. nov. from South Korea. The relationships of the new species with the actual species groups of Phyllotreta are discussed. Also, illustrations of diagnostic characteristics of the new species including male aedeagus and spermatheca are provided with a key to South Korean Phyllotreta species. Up to now 7 species of Phyllotreta have been recorded from the South Korea, including the present species.

Genus Chlaenius Bonelli, 1810 of the tribe Chlaeniini is a cosmopolitan group distributed in all zoogeographical region. General characteristics of Chlaenius are with pubescent or metallic luster on the pronotum and elytra, and antennal second segment shorter than third segment. Members of subgenus Ocybatus are similar to those of subgenera Lissauchenius and Chlaenioctenus in having a round yellow spot on each elytron, but it showed difference from them having apical segment of labial palpi strongly securiform. Subgenus Ocybatus Laferté-Sénectere, 1851 belonging to the genus Chlaenius were reported three species from Paleoarctic region: Chlaenius (Ocybatus) junceus Andrewes, 1923, Chlaenius (Ocybatus) spathulifer Bates, 1873, Chlaenius (Ocybatus) bioculatus Chaudoir, 1856, among them Chlaenius (Ocybatus) bioculatus Chaudoir, 1856 has been recorded in Korea. In here Chlaenius (Ocybatus) spathulifer Bates reported firstly from Korea. Description and photo of adult are provided.

Myanmar, which has a total area of 678,500 square kilometers (262,000 sq mi), is the largest country in mainland Southeast Asia, and the 40th-largest in the world. It lies between latitudes 9° and 29°N, and longitudes 92° and 102°E. Much of the country lies between the Tropic Of Cancer and the Equator. It lies in the monsoon region of Asia, with its coastal regions receiving over 5,000 mm (196.9 in) of rain annually. Northern regions of the country are the coolest, with average temperatures of 21 ℃ (70 ℉). Coastal and delta regions have an average temperature of 32 ℃ (86.9 ℉). This expedition was conducted two times in two years. First, collecting expeditions of insect were conducted in Popa resort, Myanmar from Aug. 7, 2011 to Aug. 17, 2011. Second, collecting expeditions of Insect were conducted in Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park (AK National Park), Myanmar from Feb. 2, 2012 to Feb. 9, 2012. As a Protected area of the Forest department, these areas were almost natural conservation field and limited to collection actions. Usually on day time, butterflies collected by sweeping net, like various plants, they shows high diversity. Some Papilionidae species are difficult to meet because they fly very high and fast, usually they visit to top of trees. Up to now, 60 species of 7 families were confirmed. Materials are expected more than 100 species belonging to 10 families but it was difficult to identification because of lack of references of this areas. Among them, with rare species, manifold butterflies are provided with photos, ecological notes and activities of Myanmar.

Myanmar, which has a total area of 678,500 square kilometers (262,000 sq mi), is the largest country in mainland Southeast Asia, and the 40th-largest in the world. It lies between latitudes 9° and 29°N, and longitudes 92° and 102°E. Much of the country lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator. It lies in the monsoon region of Asia, with its coastal regions receiving over 5,000 mm (196.6 in) of rain annually. Annual rainfall in the delta region is approximately 2,500 mm (98.4 in), while average annual rainfall in the Dry Zone, which is located in central Myanmar, is less than 1,000 mm (39.4 in). The average annual temperature is about 27℃(about 80℉). This expedition was conducted two times in two years (8.7~8.17, 2011; 2.2~2.9, 2012). As protected forest from government, these areas were almost natural conservation field. Pitfall trap, sweeping method, light trap and searching etc. were used to collect insect. As the result, totally about 30 families in Coleoptera was collected, among them Oodes species of Carabidae was highest number and species in Chrysomelidae, Cicindelodae, Scarabaeidae and Dynastidae etc., were collected. It was difficult to identification because of lack of references of this areas. Maybe lots of new or new recorded species will discover from Myanmar. Among Coleoptera species, with big sized beetles as the central figure, photos for species of dominant, rare, nominated species of new or new recorded were introduced, and also collecting sites and activities were presented.