In the present study, we examined if deep uterine artificial insemination (DUAI) can improve the pregnancy rate of artificial insemination (AI) using epididymal spermatozoa (ES) in Hanwoo cattle. The estrus cycles of 88 Hanwoo cows were synchronized, and 17 cows were artificially inseminated using the DUAI method with ES, 20 cows were artificially inseminated via the uterine body (BUAI) method with ES, and as a control, 51 cows were inseminated by using the BUAI method with ejaculated spermatozoa from 1 proven bull after frozen thawing. The pregnancy rate of the DUAI method (58.8%) was higher than that of the BUAI method (25.0%, p = 0.0498). The motility of ES was examined immediately after thawing and after 3 and 6 h of incubation. The rapid progressive sperm motility of the control group was significantly higher than that of the ES group immediately after thawing and after 3 and 6 h of incubation (p < 0.05). The straight line velocity and average path velocity of the ES group after 6 h of incubation were significantly lower than those in the control group (p < 0.05). The linearity and amplitude of lateral head of ES were lower than those at 6 h (p < 0.05). The flagellar beat cross frequency and hyperactivation of ES were lower than the control spermatozoa immediately after thawing and at 3 h (p < 0.05). These motility parameters suggested that ES had a low motility and fertilization ability compared to the control spermatozoa. After frozen-thawing and 3 h of incubation, the percentage of live spermatozoa with intact acrosomes in the ES was significantly lower than that in ejaculated spermatozoa (p < 0.05). Our findings suggested that the DUAI method can overcome the low pregnancy rate of ES, despite the low motility, viability, and fertilization ability of ES.

This study investigated the effects of π-ray treated feeds on the growth performance, carcass composition, internal organ weight, and sensory evaluation of broilers. One hundred and eighty broiler chicks were used as experimental animals. These were divided into four treatment groups according to the π-ray treated feed supplement level: 0% (control) 1%, 3%, and 5%. The π-ray treated feeds did not significantly affect on the body weight gain (2,484–2,602 g), feed intake (4,747–4,944 g), and feed efficiency (1.90–1.98) in broilers (p>0.05). Also, carcass protein (20.2–20.4%) and fat (4.6–4.9%) contents were not affected. The lengths (178.0, 182.7, 198.0, and 190.3 cm) and weights (38.4, 41.2, 44.2, and 38.9 g/kg of body weight) of the small intestine were slightly but not significantly higher in the π-ray treatments than in the control. Further, there were no overall effect of the π-ray treatment on the abdominal fat pad (2.3, 2.1, 2.1, and 1.8%), and cecum (6.7, 4.0, 5.6, and 6.0 g/kg of body weight) and gizzard (16.8, 15.2, 18.0, and 16.6 g/kg of body weight) weights of the broilers in the present study (p>0.05). The stickiness (2.25, 4.25, 4.50, and 4.38) and flavor (2.44, 4.25, 4.31, and 4.38) of cooked breast meat were higher in the π-ray treatments than in the control (p<0.01). This study also found that, in humans, eating cooked breast meat of broilers that were fed π-ray treated feeds had a positive effect on the blood circulation in the capillaries. Thus, the findings of this study suggest that dietary π-ray treatment has a positive effect on the sensory evaluation of broilers, without any negative effect on their body weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency, and that the consumption of these broilers is beneficial for humans on their blood circulation.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of mountain grazing on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Thirty two Hanwoo steers were randomly assigned. Control were fed concentrate + forage until 30 month of age. Treatment1 were fed concentrate + forage after mountain grazing from 8 to 13 months. Treatment2 and 3 were fed concentrate + forage after mountain grazing from 8 to 17 months. Hanwoo steers on Treatment 1 and 2 were slaughtered at the same age (30 months) as the control, and Hanwoo steers on Treatment 3 were slaughtered at 31 months. The average daily gain (ADG) were higher in the control than in the other treatments during the growing period (p<0.05). Carcass back fat thickness was thicker in the TRT 3 and marbling score was higher in the TRT 1 than in the other treatments; however, the differences were not statistically significant. There was no difference in the meat composition and shear force of the longissimus muscle according to the mountain grazing. However, the yellowness (b) of fat colors were significantly lower in the control than in the TRT 1 and TRT 2 (p<0.05). The effect of grazing on fatty acid composition was not constant. In conclusion, mountain grazing could reduce meat color without affecting the growth and meat quality of Hanwoo steers, and further research on the quality, yield and intake of grassland would be needed.

본 연구는 사양체계 및 TMR의 NDF 수준이 번식용 젖소 육성우의 혈중 대사물질 농도 변화에 미치는 영향을 검토하고, 에너지, 단백질, 지질 및 간 기능 관련 지표 대사물질의 농도를 토대로 영양 상태를 관리하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위해 수행되었다. 공시동물은 번식용 젖소 육성우 50두를 공시하였으며, 시험구 배치는 사양체계에 따라 TMR 처리구(TMR) 및 배합사료 + 혼합 조사료 처리구(CON)의 2처리로 하였으며, TMR의 NDF 수준에 따라 53% 이상(T1), 50 ∼ 53%(T2) 및 50% 이하(T3)로 3처리 하였다. 혈중 GLU 농도는 사양체계에 영향을 받지 않았지만, NDF 수준이 감소될수록 유의적으로 증가하였다(p<0.05). 사양체계가 혈중 단백질 관련 대사물질 농도에 미치는 영향은 없었으며, NDF 수준이 낮아질수록 혈중 ALB 농도가 증가되는 결과를 보였다(p<0.05). 혈중 CHOL 농도는 TMR 보다 CON 처리구에서 높았으며 (p<0.05), NDF 수준이 낮을수록 증가되는 결과가 나타났다. 혈중 지질 농도는 TMR 보다 CON에서 높았으며, NDF 수준이 낮아질수록 높게 나타났다. 혈중 ALT 농도는 T3구가 T1 및 T2구에 비해 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 따라서 본 연구의 결과에서 사양체계 및 TMR의 NDF 수준은 번식용 젖소 육성우의 혈중 대사물질 농도 변화에 영향을 미칠 수 있지만, 사료섭취량 및 영양성분 수준을 고려할 필요가 있을 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 반추동물용 섬유질배합사료(TMR) 제조업체 의 사료안전관리 인식 및 사료 중 위해인자 오염도를 조사 하기 위해 138개소 TMR 제조시설을 대상으로 약 10개월 동안 설문조사를 실시하였다. 조사표는 총 17개 문항으로 구성하였으며, 얻어진 자료는 기술통계분석, 교차분석 및 신뢰도 검정을 통해 분석하였다. TMR 제조시설의 평균 일 일 생산능력은 81.38톤 이었다. 평균 개업연도는 2004년 및 종사인원은 13.7명이었고, 유통경로는 직접거래가 80.4%로 가장 많았다. 사료안전관리 시스템 도입은 사료안전관리의 제도적 여건이 조성된 후 도입이 필요하다는 인식이 주를 이루었으며, 사료안전관리 시스템 구축을 위해서는 사료안 전정보 제공 및 공유가 가장 필요한 조건으로 나타났다. 사료안전성 및 위해물질 관리에 가장 취약한 분야는 곰팡 이 독소인 것으로 조사되었으며, 사료 제조과정에서 가장 위험한 위해인자는 쇠, 파편, 흙 등과 같은 이물질로 나타 났다. 사료 중 위험인자 오염도 조사에서 카드뮴, 비소 및 셀레늄은 허용기준치를 초과한 제품이 일부 조사되었고, 오크라톡신류 및 아플라톡신류는 허용범위내로 조사되었 다. 잔류농약, BSE, 푸모니신 및 살모넬라는 검출되지 않았 으며, 멜라민 및 비단백태질소화합물은 각각 11.35ppm 및 5%로 최댓값을 나타냈다. 규모별 TMR 제조시설의 사료 내 위해인자 오염도는 규모별로 차이가 많았으며, 같은 규 모 내에서도 제조시설에 따라 위해인자의 검출량이 다르 게 나타났다. 또한 소규모에 비해 중규모 및 대규모에서 위해인자 검출량이 더 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 따라서 본 조사결과 TMR 제조시설의 사료안전관리 시스템을 구축하 기 위해서는 사료안전에 대한 정보제공 및 공유가 정책적 으로 제도화되어야 하고, 사료 내 발생하는 곰팡이 독소방 지 및 이물질 제거를 위한 사료관리법의 강화와 원료 공급 처에서 이물질을 제거할 수 있는 장치 도입을 의무화할 필 요가 있다고 판단된다.

The feed value of Astragalus membranaceus leaves and straws was amended by fermentation using effective microorganisms, such as molasses (T1), Rhodobacter capsulatus (T2), Bacillus subtilis (T3), Lactobacillus acidophilus (T4), or Saccharomyces cerevisiae (T5), with no supplements in the control (C). The crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents in the fermentation-treated A. membranaceus leaves decreased, whereas nitrogen free extract (NFE) content increased significantly. A decrease in the amounts of CP (except in T3), EE, CF, NDF, and ADF in the A. membranaceus straws treated with effective microorganisms was observed compared with that for the C and T1 (p<0.05). The NFE content of the straws increased with all treatments, except T1. Fermentation treatment subtly altered the fatty acid composition of A. membranaceus leaves and straws. In contrast, the calcium and vitamin E contents in A. membranaceus leaves and straws were increased after fermentation treatment (p<0.05). However, T3 yielded higher saponin content in straws compared to that by any of the other treatments (p<0.05). The effect of fermentation with microorganisms, maintained the low pH up to 48 h (p<0.05), whereas it was random for the straws. Therefore, the data suggest that fermentation treatment with microorganisms can improve digestion rate and have a positive effect on physiologically active substances and feed value.