As water resources are limited and legal regulations are strengthened, there is a growing need to reuse residuals in WTP(Water Treatment Plant). In this study, membrane filtration system was constructed and its operation method was studied for water quality stabilization and reuse of WTP residuals. The operation parameters were stable for 1 year and 6 months. Membrane fouling was identified as particulate pollution (activated carbon) and inorganic pollution (manganese). The membrane system was operated steadily with raw water of high concentration SS(Suspended solid) containing activated carbon because membrane fouling was reduced by the effect of End-Free type. In the case of inorganic contamination, dissolved manganese eluted by chemicals and acted as a membrane fouling source, and the operating conditions for minimizing membrane fouling were confirmed by newly developing application methods and types of cleaning chemicals. Based on the results, design parameters for reducing manganese membrane fouling were derived.

본 연구에서는 그래핀 함량에 따른 고분자 나노섬유의 물리적 특성 변화에 대해 연구하였다. 전기방사법으로 GO PAN 나노섬유 복합체 막을 제조하였으며, 접촉각⋅SEM⋅인장강도에 관한 실험을 진행하였다. GO+계면활성제를 이용 하여 나노섬유에 존재하는 GO의 함량을 증가시켰다. 제조한 나노섬유의 경우 기존의 나노섬유보다 강한 기계적 강도를 나타내었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 수처리 분리막의 연구 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구에서는 전기방사법을 이용해 다양한 고분자에 nanofiller인 clay를 복합시켜 나노섬유 복합막을 제조하였다. 나노섬유에 clay를 첨가함으로써 일반적인 나노섬유가 가지는 취약한 물리적 특성을 증가시키고 수처리 막으로의 활용 가능성을 확인하였다. 또한 고분자의 친⋅소수성에 따라 발생하는 고분자와 clay간의 interaction을 고찰해보았다. 따라서 본 연구에서 나타난 결과를 통해 clay를 활용한 나노섬유 복합막의 제조 및 나노섬유의 특성 보완 연구의 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

In this paper, we compared the efficiencies of national R&D investments between NT (Nanotechnology) areas in terms of papers, patents, and commercializations, and found ways to improve the efficiencies of national R&D investments for each NT area. This is in response to huge R&D investments government has made recently in NT areas.Here, we collected data on investments, papers, patents, and commercializations for the R&D projects in NT areas through National Science & Technology Information Service. Based on the data, we analyzed the investment and performances (papers, patents, and commercializations) for each NT area, calculated the efficiency for each NT area, and compared the efficiencies between NT areas. Next, using cluster analysis, we identified several NT areas with similar characteristics in terms of paper efficiency, patent efficiency and commercialization efficiency. Finally, we derived implications for the efficiency enhancement for each grouping.The cluster analysis showed that there could be two groups, one being low in terms of technological outcome (papers and patents) efficiencies and high in terms of commercialization efficiencies, while the other being high in terms of technological outcome (papers and patents) efficiencies and low in terms of commercialization efficiencies. Therefore, the strategy for one group calls for support for technology transfer or technology introduction from other R&D performers and grant of guidance for improving R&D performers’ commercialization ability to other R&D performers while the strategy for the other group calls for R&D support for transfer of technology to other R&D performers, activation of technology transfer and support for commercialization of R&D performers.

본 연구에서는 clay를 고분자와 복합하여 전기방사법을 이용해 나노섬유 복합막을 제조하였다. 다양한 친·소수성 고분자에 균일하게 clay를 nanofiller로 첨가함으로서 일반적으로 나노섬유 자체가 보여주는 취약한 물리적 기계적 특성을 증가시켜 수처리 막으로의 활용 가능성을 확인하였다. 그리고 고분자와 clay간의 interaction이 제조된 복합막들의 특성에 어떤 영향을 나타내는지 고찰해보았다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 nanofiller를 활용한 다양한 나노섬유 복합막의 제조 및 나노섬유의 물리적 특성을 보완 하는 연구의 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이라 생각된다.

본 연구에서는 Hummer`s method를 개선하여 GO를 합성하였다. 전기방사법으로 GO + PAN 나노섬유 복합체 막을 제조하였으며, 표면특성· 인장강도· Flux 및 단백질 제거에 관한 실험을 진행하였다. 또한 GO+계면활성제, rGO로 PAN 나노섬유 복합체 막을 제작하였으며, 물리적 강도 측정 및 염 제거 실험에 활용하였다. GO나 rGO를 함유한 PAN 복합체 분리막의 경우 기계적 특성뿐만 아니라 단백질 및 염 제거에 효과적인 특성을 보여주었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 폐수 속의 유기물질 제거에 효과적인 분리막 연구 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Recently, nanotechnology has grown as one of the leading science technology along with other converging technologies such as biology, information, medicine etc., bringing the continuous investment of the government in nano-related field. However, it is difficult to measure and evaluate the performance of the national research and development programs because of the multidimensional character of the expected outcomes. This study aims to measuring efficiency of the national nanotechnology research and development programs using DEA model. The decision making units are nine nano-related ministries including the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning. The input variables are total expenditure, number of the programs and average expenditure per program. The output variables are science, technology and economic indicator, and the combination of these outputs are respectively measured as seven different DEA cases. The Ministry of Science, ICT and Future was the first efficient ministry in total technical efficiency. Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs and the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety were efficient in pure technical efficiency, when the Ministry of Commerce Industry and Energy took the first in the scale efficiency. The program efficiency was affected by organizational characteristics such as the institution’s scale, the concentration of the research paper or the patent, technology transfer or the commercialization. The result of this study could be utilized in development of the policy in the nanotechnology and the related field. Furthermore, it could be applied for the modification of expenditure management or the adjustment of the research and development programs’ input and output scale for each ministry.

Despite the expectation that small green spaces provide high cooling effects, making air temperatures drop such effect in urban areas has been less explored in comparison to larger parks and urban forests. These knowledge gap has required advanced techniques to record spatial and temporal data and analysis small green spaces cooling effects. A temperature-sensing unit with ventilated double cylinder shelter (TVC) meets the needs and is known as an advanced device to record temperature data more accurately using a T-type thermocouple with a ventilator. This device also can be useful to develop guidance to describe thermal environment with a finer scale and an experimental research design for identifying air temperature data with spatial analysis using TVC. However, how we would conduct transect survey with this device and make a thermal map based on the collected data is not well known. The purpose of the study was to find out the usage of TVCs in collecting air temperature data and was to produce a thermal map of the study site and analyze temperature mitigation effect of each green space. The processes to create a thermal map required complicating, endeavoring and time-consuming works as well as skills to use computer programs for space drawing and spatial analysis. The overview of all the processed to get a thermal map should be helpful for researchers and students. Collected air temperature data and recorded time of them were downloaded, converted to Excel file (XLS) and ready to be analyzed through ArcGIS 9. In the mean time, recorded transect routes were drawn on the site map as polylines and made into spatial points through AutoCAD 2007. The routes consisted of five routes classified into the lawn, the rain garden, the residence, the prairie, and the forest. Separately, each route was drawn because it should reflect its spatial and temporal specification as for when the measurement was conducted. The spatial points of each route created by AutoCAD were converted to shape files (*.shp) and added fields of air temperature and time data in their attribute tables through ArcGIS. This work was done in each measurement hour and day. To create a thermal map, were shape files of each measurement time and the boundary of the site required. IDW (Inverse Distance Weighted) in ArcGIS was analyzed for each measurement hour (10h, 13h, 16h and 19h (20h)). In each analysis, the spatial points of measured air temperature were calculated to get an isotherm distribution for the measurement hour which we call a thermal map. The thermal maps show the air temperature distribution at 10h, 13h, 16h, and 20h. They also can show how land covers have an impact on the change of air temperature on their point and the surrounding areas. The air temperature of the prairie raises up in the morning (21℃) and continues to be cool during the day and after sunset. Meanwhile, the lawn starts at lower air temperature and goes to hotter. The residence is kept lower in its air temperature by big trees. The rain garden and the forest seem to have more time to discuss on why they are not sure their cooling effects.

Research to reduce urban temperatures and mitigate the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect has focused primarily on the role of large urban green spaces as cool islands (Oke, 2004;Park et al., 2017). However, the role of small green spaces (SGs) such as street trees and pocket parks has not been fully investigated. The purpose of this research is to assess the mitigating effect of SGs on micro-UHI through a comparative analysis of air temperatures of SGs and non-green spaces (NGs), that include building-shaded spaces (BS) and non-shaded, impervious, paved spaces (PS) completely exposed to sunlight. Six urban blocks were the study site and in a highly developed area, Jongnogu and Junggu, Seoul, 37°34′N 126°58′E, South Korea and also located in the same micro-climatic zone. They had SGs which were vegetation patches presented as distinct areas of tree cover. And they were mapped through aerial images analysis and field survey. The experiment was conducted across six urban blocks in a highly developed area in Seoul, South Korea during daytime in summer. Two researchers at each block simultaneously recorded air temperatures at 1.5 m above the ground level using mobile loggers at one-minute intervals for an hour. Measurements were repeated three times, and 1,296 temperature readings were collected in total and made 174 mean temperature data. ArcGIS was used to perform solar radiation analysis to highlight SGs, BSs, and PSs on a thermal map. The highest air temperatures and the lowest air temperatures of each block were extracted and classified. ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis H test utilizing SPSS statistics were used to verify the significant differences in mean air temperatures between SGs (TSG), PSs (TPS), and BSs (TBS). As a result, ΔTPS-B (the thermal effect of PSs on a block‘s air temperature) ranged from –1.38 ℃ to 2.28 ℃ with fifty-six points, ΔTBS-B (the thermal effect of BSs on a block’s air temperature) ranged from –2.38 ℃ to 2.38 ℃ with fifty-eight points and ΔTSG-B (the thermal effect of SGs on a block’s air temperature) ranged from –1.98 ℃ to 1.62 ℃ with sixty points. 68% (N = 41) of SGs were a negative number of ΔTSG-B while 50% of BSs shows a negative number. The result means that SGs contribute to reducing microscopic UHI than BSs which have much more shade area than SGs have. The results showed that SGs contributed to significantly reducing TBi up to 2.9 ℃ while BS reduced TBi up to 2.7 ℃. The highest TBi was on a PS. The air temperature difference between SGs and NGs over all the blocks ranged from 0.9 ℃ to 2.9 ℃. The air temperature difference between PS and SG was significant and ranged from 0.2 ℃ to 2.0 ℃, while the difference between BS and SG was significant and ranged from 0.1 ℃ to 1.2 ℃.

Urban green spaces can mitigate negative impacts of urban heat island effect by creating cooling buffer zones. These cooling areas improve micro-climatic conditions and human health. Green space is important to reducing urban air temperature maxima and variation. Thus, there is an expectation that small green spaces (SGs) provide high cooling effects and thus make air temperatures drop. Meanwhile, such an effect in urban areas has been under-explored and needs more detailed spatial and temporal data. The purpose of the study was to develop a measurement method to detect temperature of various SGs with TVC and find the effect of TVC on accuracy of measured air temperature data in comparison with other non ventilation devices. We updated the cad file of the study site through comparing it with Google Map and conducting field surveys on the site. Transect survey was required to build a measurement route. We toured the study site by walk repeatedly to get the optimistic route which would have enough data points. One of considered routes which were inside of the forest and could make us get significantly influencing data was not founded for no trails so excluded in our study. After the field survey, we observed the study routes through a digital camcorder (Gopro) and recorded them on the cad file of the site because these data points should include air temperature and time data in their attribute table. As for transect survey, a researcher walked through the defined routes and collected air temperature data with two TVCs every second and two Testo loggers covered by aluminum foil every minute at the height of 1.5m from the ground. Stationary survey was conducted with two TVCs in every second data collection and two Testo loggers covered by aluminum foil in every minute data collection on the resting area at the entrance of the site. One of TVCs and one of Testo loggers were set at the height of 0.5m while the others of TVCs and Testo loggers were at the height of 1.5m. On the stationary point, other microclimate variables such as wind velocity, wind direction and solar irradiance were also measured and recorded every minute. We repeated the measurement for one day or two days a month (November, 2016 ~ May, 2017) and four times a day. The measuring days were selected when they were clean and calm. As a result, air temperature from TVCs was entirely lower than that from Testo loggers on the stationary survey. This trend was shown during the day rather than after sunset. The difference of air temperature from between TVCs and Testo loggers ranged from 2 ℃ after sunset to 5 ℃ at 16h. At the height of 0.5m, a Testo logger's data showed much higher than a TVC's data. These results show that Testo loggers tend to be easily influenced by the change of solar radiation. Moreover, there was the ventilation effect at the stationary. So no ventilation could be the main reason why Testo loggers' data were high. However, TVCs' lower temperature explains how effectively these devices block the solar radiation and ventilate air inside the cylinder.