The recent study of Chae et al. (2017) found a one-to-one correspondence between plasma blobs out owing along a ray formed after a coronal mass ejection (CME) and small X-ray ares. In the present work, we have examined the spatial conguration and the eruption process of the ares that are associated with the blobs by analyzing EUV images and magnetograms taken by the SDO/AIA and HMI. We found that the main are and the successive small ares took place in a quadrupolar magnetic conguration characterized by predominant magnetic elds of positive polarity, two minor magnetic fragments of negative polarity, and a curved polarity inversion line between them, which suggests that the formation process of the blobs may be similar to that of the parent CME. We also found that the successive ares resulted in a gradual change of the quadrupolar magnetic conguration, and the relevant migration of aring kernels. The three-dimensional geometry and the property of the current sheet, that is often supposed to be embedded in an observed post-CME ray, seem to keep changing because of mutual feedback between the successive ares and the temporal change of the magnetic eld conguration. Our results suggest that the observed post-CME rays may not re ect the characteristics of the current sheet responsible for the impulsive phase of the are.

The primary objective of the present study is the characterization of the hybrids of dikaryon-monokaryon(di-mono) and monokaryon-monokaryon(mono-mono) crosses in mushroom breeding. We employed this technique for developing develop superior species from Pleurotus spp. varieties with 56 Di-mono intraspecific hybrids of 14 combinations and 85 mono-mono intraspecific hybrids of 7 combinations between six Pleurotus ostreatus varieties and one Pleurotus florida variety. In this study, the results of analysis on hybridization rate, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA patterns, and colors and yields of fruit-bodies, are presented as follows. In di-mono crosses, hybrids between Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus florida showed 100% of crossability as seen in those between Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus ostreatus indicating that nuclei and mitochondria of a dikaryon migrated to a recipient of monokaryon. The mitochondrial DNA patterns of the hybrid strain were composed of 75% dikaryon donors and 25% monokaryon recipient. The crossability between mono-mono crossing ranges between 50 and 93.75%. 82.4% of the hybrid strain showed mitochondrial DNA patterns predominated by either parent, while the remaining 17.6% had recombinant or half-and-half combined patterns of both parents.

The primary objective of the present study is the characterization of the somatic hybrids of dikaryon-monokaryon (di-mono) crosses in mushroom breeding. We employed this technique for developing superior strain from Pleurotus ostreatus strains with 56 intraspecific hybrids of 14 combinations between six Pleurotus ostreatus strains and one Pleurotus florida strain. In this study, the results of analysis on hybridization rate, nuclear DNA patterns, and colors and morphology of fruit-bodies, are presented as follows. In di-mono crosses, somatic hybrids among Pleurotus strains showed 100% of crossability as seen in those among Pleurotus strains indicating that nuclei of a dikaryon migrated to a recipient. 89.3% of the somatic hybrids among Pleurotus strains were similar to the donor dikaryons, and 10.7% had combined DNA patterns of both parents. In the 14.3% di-mono cross between P. ostreatus and P. florida, the nuclear DNA patterns of the all hybrid strain showed the same or similar patterns compared to the donor dikaryons. 75.0% of the hybrid between P. ostreatus and P. ostreatus were similar to the donor dikaryons; 10.7% had combined DNA patterns of both parents. 82.2% of fruiting body morphology of the hybrids among Pleurotus strains were similar to the dikaryons, and 17.8% had combined DNA patterns of both parents. All hybrid strains between dikaryon P. florida and monokaryon P. ostreatus showed the fruiting body whose colors were similar to those of the dikaryon, while the hybrids between dikaryon P. ostreatus and monokaryon P. florida were all showed combined colors of both parents but are more similar to the dikaryon. Therefore, the fruiting body color of P. florida tends to be generally dominant. The present study was able to find out and suggest superior hybrid strains by identifying the nuclear DNA patterns of hybrids between Pleurotus strains as well as the characteristics of their fruiting bodies. This study expects that the advantages of the di-mono crossing are needs to be fully utilized in mushroom breeding and it is better to develop superior strains of Pleurotus strains.

Flexible transparent conducting films (TCFs) were fabricated by dip-coating single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) onto a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film. The amount of coated SWCNTs was controlled simply by dipping number. Because the performance of SWCNT-based TCFs is influenced by both electrical conductance and optical transmittance, we evaluated the film performance by introducing a film property factor using both the number of interconnected SWCNT bundles at intersection points, and the coverage of SWCNTs on the PET substrate, in field emission scanning electron microscopic images. The microscopic film property factor was in an excellent agreement with the macroscopic one determined from electrical conductance and optical transmittance measurements, especially for a small number of dippings. Therefore, the most crucial factor governing the performance of the SWCNT-based TCFs is a SWCNT-network structure with a large number of intersection points for a minimum amount of deposited SWCNTs.

This study was conducted to develop superior hybrids of Pleurotus ostreatus with di-mono and mono-monoka-ryon crosses. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR) was used to compare its mitochondrial DNA profiles of hybrids using specific primers designed from microsatellite markers of Pleurotus salmoneo-stramineus. A total of fifty-six dikaryon-monokaryon hybrids were sampled for RAPD-PCR experiments and the results show that twenty-four hybrids were dikaryon and thirty-one hybrids were monokaryon. Interestingly, one hybrid was an intermediate form with the DNA profiles that are different from those of its parents. The DNA profiles from eighty-eight monokaryon-monokaryon hybrids were also analyzed by RAPD-PCR. The results of mitochondria DNA profiles show that seventy-one hybrids are the same to one of their parents, but seventeen hybrids show DNA profiles of both parents.

Pluripotency and self-renewal capacity of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are retained by hESCs related genes as OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG. These genes are shown high expression level in diverse cancer cells and have potential role in the carcinogenesis. On the contrary to this, several genes which are up-regulated in the differentiated hESCs are involved to suppress the carcinogenesis or proliferation of cells. We discovered several genes in immortalized lung fibroblast (WI-38 VA13) by suppression subtractive hybridization. Among them, we focused chromosome 6 open reading frame 62 (C6orf62) which is uncharacterized, mapped to 6p22.3 and generated to Hepatitis B virus X-transactivated proteins (HBVx-transactivated proteins, XTP). Aim of this study was to characterize C6orf62 through analyzing of expression pattern in various cell lines. Expression of C6orf62 was significantly up- regulated in diverse normal cell lines than cancer cell lines. And C6orf62 was up-regulated in differentiated hESCs (endothelial cells, neural cells) compared to those of undifferentiated hESCs. Also, C6orf62 in WI-38 cells was highly up-regulated during G1/S transition of the cell cycle. Taken together, C6orf62 is shown expression pattern similar to differentiated hESCs-associated genes which down-regulated in cancer cells. Therefore, we assume that C6orf62 may participate to suppress the proliferation and to induce differentiation through regulating the cell cycle.

Human embryonic stem (ES) cells retain the capacity for self‐renewal, are pluripotent and differentiate into the three embryonic germ layer cells. The regulatory transcription factors Oct4, Nanog and Sox2 play an important role in maintaining the pluripotency of human ES cells. The aim of this research was to identify unknown genes upregulated in human ES cells along with Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2. This study characterizes an unknown gene, named chromosome 1 open reading frame 31 (C1orf31) mapping to chromosome 1q42.2. The product of C1orf31 is the hypothetical protein LOC388753 having a cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIb (COX6b) motif. In order to compare expression levels of C1orf‐ 31 in human ES cells, human embryoid body cells, vascular angiogenic progenitor cells (VAPCs), cord‐blood endothelial progenitor cells (CB‐EPCs) and somatic cell lines, we performed RT‐PCR analysis. Interestingly, C1orf31 was highly expressed in human ES cells, cancer cell lines and SV40‐immortalized cells. It has a similar expression pattern to the Oct4 gene in human ES cells and cancer cells. Also, the expression level of C1orf31 was shown to be upregulated in the S phase and early G2 phase of synchronized HeLa cells, leading us to purpose that it may be involved in the S/G2 transition process. For these reasons, we assume that C1orf31 may play a role in on differentiation of human ES cells and carcinogenesis.

The HMG box containing protein (HBP) has a high mobility group domain and involved in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of tissues. We screened HBP2 in glioblastoma using Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH) and isolated human spermatogonial stem cell‐like cells (hSSC‐like cells) derived from patients of nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). Expression of HBP2 was analyzed by RT‐PCR in undifferentiated stem cells (human Embryonic Stem Cells, hSSC‐like cells 2P) and spontaneous differentiated stem cells (hSSC‐like cells 4P). It was overexpressed in hESC and hSSC‐like cells 2P but not in hSSC‐like cells 4P. Also, the expression level of HBP2 was downregulated in colon tumor tissues compared to normal tissues. Specifically in synchronized WI‐38 cells, HBP2 was highly upregulated until the G1 phase of the cell cycle and gradually decreased during the S phase. Our results suggest that HBP2 was downregulated during the spontaneous differentiation of hSSC‐like cells. HBP2 was differently expressed in colon tissues and was related to G1‐progression in WI‐38 cells. It may play a role in the maintenance of an undifferentiated hSSC‐like cell state and transits from G1 to S in WI‐38 cells. This research was important that it identified a biomarker for an undifferentiated state of hSSC‐like cells and characterized its involvement to arrest during cell cycle in colon cancer.

The endogenous retrovirus-like elements (HERVs) found on several human chromosomes are somehow involved in gene regulation, especially during the transcription level. HERV-H, located on chromosome Xp22, may regulate gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) in connection with diverse diseases. By suppression subtractive hybridization screen on SV40-immortalized lung fibroblast (WI-38 VA-13), we discovered that expression of HERV-HX2, a clustered HERV-H sequence on chromosome X, was upregulated in immortalized lung cells, compared to that of normal cells. Expression of HERV-HX2 was then analyzed in various cell lines, including normal somatic cells, cancer cells, SV40-immortalized cells, and undifferentiated and differentiated human embryonic stem cells. Expression of HERV-HX2 was specifically upregulated in continuously-dividing cells, such as cancer cells and SV40-immortalized cells. Especially, HERV-HX2 in HeLa cells was highly upregulated during the S phase of the cell cycle. Similar results were obtained in hES cells, in which undifferentiated cells expressed more HERV-HX2 mRNA than differentiated hES cells, including neural precursor and endothelial progenitor cells. Taken together, our results suggest that HERV-HX2 is upregulated in cancer cells and undifferentiated hES cells, whereas downregulated as differentiation progress. Therefore, we assume that HERV-HX2 may playa role on proliferation of cancer cells as well as differentiation of hES cells in the transcriptional level.