Livestock production costs are heavily influenced by the cost of feed, The use of domestically grown forages is more desirable for livestock feed production. As part of this study, triticale, which is an extremely palatable and easily cultivable crop in Korea, was used to produce low moisture silage bales with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and then stored for different periods. We examined the nutrient content of silage, such as crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), as well as their organic acids, including lactic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, at different storage periods. The nutrient content of silages, such as crude protein, ADF, and NDF, did not change significantly throughout storage periods. Organic acid data indicated that lactic acid concentrations increased with increasing moisture contents and storage periods up to nine months. However, further extending storage to 12 months resulted in a reduction in the lactic acid content of all silages as well as an increase in their pH. Based on the present results, it suggested that the production of low moisture silage with the LAB may be able to preserve and maintain its quality without altering its nutritional composition. Also, the lactate content of the silage remained significant for at least nine months.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of addition of lactic acid bacteria inoculants on quality of rye silage harvested at early heading stage. The nutritive values in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculated group showed similar results to control. The pH of rye silage in LAB inoculation significantly decreased as compared to control (P<0.05). In addition, the content of lactic acid in LAB inoculation significantly increased (P<0.05), but the content of acetic acid in LAB treatments decreased. In addition, lactic acid bacterial counts in LAB inoculation significantly increased as compared to control (P<0.05). Therefore, we suggest that rye silage could be improved by LAB inoculation.

The present study was carried out to explore the potential effect of shading degrees on yields and nutritive values of forage in forest-grassland. This experiment was conducted this study under different natural shading at National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan province in Korea, for 2 years (from 2015 to 2016). This experiment was consisted of four different shading degrees, such as full sunlight (control, 10% below), 25% of shading, 35% of shading, 50% of shading. Pasture species used in this study were orchardgrass ‘Kodiwin’, perenial ryegrass ‘Linn’, tall fescue ‘Purumi’, kentuky bluegrass ‘Kenblue’, and white clover ‘Ladino’. Botanical composition of orchardgrass was higher than that of perenial ryegrass, tall fescue and kentuky bluegrass. Dry matter (DM) yields of forage decreased as increasing shading degrees. DM yields of forage significantly decreased as increasing shading degrees and lots of cutting times under increasing shading degrees decreased DM yields of forage. The content of crude protein increased as increasing shading degrees and the contents of acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), the activity of total digestible nutrient (TDN) and in-vitro digestibility (IVD), and relative feed value (RFV) were similar in control and different shading. This study suggests that orchardgrass is major component for forest-grassland and establishment of orchardgrass can be improved by increasing shading degrees.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of microbial inoculation as additive consisting of novel lactic acid bacteria on quality and fermentation characterization of Miscanthus sinnensis silages.The contents of crude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber in treatments of additive of lactic acid bacteria (ALAB) inoculation had similar to control. pH of Miscanthus sinnensis (MS) silage in treatments of ALAB inoculation significantly decreased as compared to control (p<0.05). The content of lactic acid in in treatments of ALAB inoculation significantly increased (p<0.05), but the content of acetic acid in treatments of ALAB inoculation decreased. In addition, number of lactic acid bacteria in treatments of ALAB inoculation significantly increased as compared to control (p<0.05). Therefor, we suggest that MS silage improved by inoculation of additive consisting of novel lactic acid bacteria.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of application levels of fertilizer and sowing methods on yields and nutritive values of Italian ryegrass (IRG) in early spring. Five fertilizer levels were used: Treatment 1, 100-80-80 kg/ha; Treatment 2, 120-100-100 kg/ha; Treatment 3, 140-120-120 kg/ha; Treatment 4, 160-140-140 kg/ha; Treatment 5, 140-120-120 kg/ha of N-P2O5-K2O with silicate fertilizer 200 kg/ha. Dry matter (DM) yield was 8,330 kg/ha in Treatment 5, 7,686 kg/ha in Treatment 4, and 7,347 kg/ha in Treatment 3. There was no significant difference in total digestible nutrients (TDN) content. The content of crude protein was the highest in Treatment 5. Dry matter ratio was the lowest in Treatment 5. In Treatment 3, DM yield was 7,347 kg/ha, when total amounts of fertilizers were applied at one time. However, DM yield was 7,405 kg/ha, when 50% of pre-planting fertilizer and 50% of supplementary fertilizer were applied at different time. There was no significant difference between total application and split application of fertilizers. However, DM yield was 9,469 kg/ha in application treatment with 100 kg/ha of additional urea at three to four leaf stages of IRG. Regarding DM yield by sowing methods of IRG, the following order was found: drill seeding (8,176 kg/ha) > rotary-broadcast seeding-stamping (7,957 kg/ha) > rotary-broadcast seeding (7,810 kg/ha) > broadcast seeding (7,347 kg/ha) > broadcast seeding-rotary (7,034 kg/ha). DM yield (59.57%) was the lowest in broadcast seedingrotary. Crude protein content was the highest with rotary work but the lowest with broadcast seeding.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of mathematical transformation on near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) calibrations for the prediction of chemical composition and fermentation parameters in corn silage. Corn silage samples (n=407) were collected from cattle farms and feed companies in Korea between 2014 and 2015. Samples of silage were scanned at 1 nm intervals over the wavelength range of 680~2,500 nm. The optical data were recorded as log 1/Reflectance (log 1/R) and scanned in intact fresh condition. The spectral data were regressed against a range of chemical parameters using partial least squares (PLS) multivariate analysis in conjunction with several spectral math treatments to reduce the effect of extraneous noise. The optimum calibrations were selected based on the highest coefficients of determination in cross validation (R2 cv) and the lowest standard error of cross validation (SECV). Results of this study revealed that the NIRS method could be used to predict chemical constituents accurately (correlation coefficient of cross validation, R2 cv, ranging from 0.77 to 0.91). The best mathematical treatment for moisture and crude protein (CP) was first-order derivatives (1, 16, 16, and 1, 4, 4), whereas the best mathematical treatment for neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was 2, 16, 16. The calibration models for fermentation parameters had lower predictive accuracy than chemical constituents. However, pH and lactic acids were predicted with considerable accuracy (R2 cv 0.74 to 0.77). The best mathematical treatment for them was 1, 8, 8 and 2, 16, 16, respectively. Results of this experiment demonstrate that it is possible to use NIRS method to predict the chemical composition and fermentation quality of fresh corn silages as a routine analysis method for feeding value evaluation to give advice to farmers.

The growth of Italian ryegrass (IRG) after wintering was very low in 2015 when IRG was broadcasted under growing rice in fall of 2014. To determine growth inhibitory factors of IRG, we examined the growth conditions of IRG in Nonsan region and meteorological conditions in Daejeon nearby Nonsan. Minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. 8th and 9th of 2015 after wintering of IRG were 8.8℃, 10.7 m/s and 12.4℃, 9.6m/s, respectively. Air temperature was suddenly dropped due to strong wind with snow showers, which had unfavorable effect on root growth of IRG exposed at the soil surface. The minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. 12th, 13th, and 14th of 2015 were 4.1℃, 11.6 m/s, － 5.6℃, 10.3 m/s, and －4.7℃, 7.5 m/s, respectively. The growth circumstance of IRG was not good because soil was dried due to drought continued from January. The minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. 26th, 27th, and 28th of 2015 were 1.8℃, 13.7 m/s, －3.5℃, 10.6 m/s, and 4.1℃, 6.8 m/s, respectively. The number of wilting of IRG was more than 59% until Mar. 3rd of 2015. IRG faced irreparable environment (low minimum temperatures and extreme instantaneous wind speeds) for 9 days from Mar. 4th to Mar. 12th of 2015. The main reason for the decrease of IRG productivity was collection delay of rice straw after rice harvest because there was continuous rain between Oct. and Nov. of 2014. For this reason, weakly grown IRG under rice straw was withered after wintering. IRG was withered by frost heaving, drought, and instantaneous wind speed in the spring. Furthermore, the root of IRG was damaged while growing in excess moisture in the surface of paddy soil during the winter season due to rain.

본 연구는 2014 / 2015년 동계 사료작물의 월동 후 생육 조사를 통하여 전국적인 작황을 파악함으로서 사료작물 생 육에 문제점이 있을시 근본 원인을 구명할 수 있는 기초자 료로 이용하거나 조사료의 연중 안정 생산, 공급에 도움을 주고자 수행하였다. 2015년도 전국 동계 사료작물의 월동 후 생육 상황은 전반적으로 저조하였는데, 월동률 분포에 따른 지역별 분포 상황을 살펴보면 월동률 80% 이상인 지 역이 66%, 월동률 79~50% 분포지역이 24.9%, 50%미만 지 역이 9.1%의 지역별 분포를 나타내어 전체적으로는 79%의 월동률을 나타냈다. 월동 후 월동률 및 피복률은 배수로가 설치된 논에서는 각각 83%와 80%로서 양호했으나 배수로 가 설치 안 된 습한 논에서는 각각 67%와 66%로 낮은 경 향을 나타냈다. 전국 동계작물 조사료 생산량은 강원, 충 북, 충남, 경남, 전남지역은 10~15%, 경기, 경북, 전북지역 은 약 30%의 수량감소가 예상되어 전국적으로 약 19%의 수량 감소가 예상되었다.

This study was conducted to assess the potential of using NIRS to accurately determine the chemical composition and fermentation parameters in fresh coarse sorghum and sudangrass silage. Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) has been increasingly used as a rapid and accurate method to analyze the quality of cereals and dried animal forage. However, silage analysis by NIRS has a limitation in analyzing dried and ground samples in farm-scale applications because the fermentative products are lost during the drying process. Fresh coarse silage samples were scanned at 1 nm intervals over the wavelength range of 680~2500 nm, and the optical data were obtained as log 1/Reflectance (log 1/R). The spectral data were regressed, using partial least squares (PLS) multivariate analysis in conjunction with first and second order derivatization, with a scatter correction procedure (standard normal variate and detrend (SNV&D)) to reduce the effect of extraneous noise. The optimum calibrations were selected on the basis of minimizing the standard error of cross validation (SECV). The results of this study showed that NIRS predicted the chemical constituents with a high degree of accuracy (i.e. the correlation coefficient of cross validation (R²cv) ranged from 0.86~0.96), except for crude ash which had an R² cv of 0.68. Comparison of the mathematical treatments for raw spectra showed that the second-order derivatization procedure produced the best result for all the treatments, except for neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The best mathematical treatment for moisture, acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP) and pH was 2,16,16 respectively while the best mathematical treatment for crude ash, lactic acid and total acid was 2,8,8 respectively. The calibrations of fermentation products produced poorer calibrations (RPD < 2.5) with acetic and butyric acid. The pH, lactic acid and total acids were predicted with considerable accuracy at R²cv 0.72~0.77. This study indicated that NIRS calibrations based on fresh coarse sorghum and sudangrass silage spectra have the capability of assessing the forage quality control

The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of addition of chlorella (CA) on the change of nutritive values, organic acids and microbes on mixture of whole crop barley and crimson clover (WCB-CC) silage. This study was conducted at the experimental field of National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan, Korea and consisted of three groups, such as control without CA, with 0.25% CA and with 0.5% CA. The contents of crude protein, total digestible nutrient, and in vitro dry matter digestibility of WCB-CC silage were increased by CA treatment (p<0.05). However, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber of WCB-CC silage were low compared to control (p<0.05). The pH of WCB-CC silage in CA treatment showed no significant difference, but the content of lactic acid and the number of lactic acid bacteria in CA treatment significantly increased as compared to control (p<0.05). These results suggest that the addition of CA could improve the quality of WCB-CC silage