Code-compliant seismic design should be essentially applied to realize the so-called emulative performance of precast concrete (PC) lateral force-resisting systems, and this study developed simple procedures to design precast industrial buildings with intermediate precast bearing wall systems considering both the effect of seismic and blast loads. Seismic design provisions specified in ACI 318 and ASCE 7 can be directly adopted, for which the so-called 1.5S y condition is addressed in PC wall-to-wall and wall-to-base connections. Various coupling options were considered and addressed in the seismic design of wall-to-wall connections for the longitudinal and transverse design directions to secure optimized performance and better economic feasibility. On the other hand, two possible methods were adopted in blast analysis: 1) Equivalent static analysis (ESA) based on the simplified graphic method and 2) Incremental dynamic time-history analysis (IDTHA). The ESA is physically austere to use in practice for a typical industrial PC-bearing wall system. Still, it showed an overestimating trend in terms of the lateral deformation. The coupling action between precast wall segments appears to be inevitably required due to substantially large blast loads compared to seismic loads with increasing blast risk levels. Even with the coupled-precast shear walls, the design outcome obtained from the ESA method might not be entirely satisfactory to the drift criteria presented by the ASCE Blast Design Manual. This drawback can be overcome by addressing the IDTHA method, where all the design criteria were fully satisfied with precast shear walls’ non-coupling and group-coupling strength, where each individual or grouped shear fence was designed to possess 1.5S y for the seismic design.

Recently, there has been an increasing demand for independent suspension systems in commercial vehicles, and various researches related to this trend are currently underway. In this study, as part of an effort to localize the independent suspension system for commercial vehicles, a preceding study was conducted to convert the existing forging process into a casting process. The structural stability of the developed product was evaluated by performing stress analysis on both forging and casting materials. In order to compensate for the low yield characteristics of the casting material, design improvements were made to lower the maximum stress level based on numerical simulations.Additionally, Lightweight design was performed, capitalizing on the inherent design flexibility offered by casting products. As a result, it was confirmed that the developed product exhibited similar stress characteristics level to the existing product, along with a weight reduction of approximately 5%.

With the development of drone technology, drones are being used in various industries. In general, drones use lithium-based battery pack, which is sensitive to external impact and temperature characteristics. Therefore, in order to prevent this problem, a battery case for protecting the battery from the outside is used. Usually, carbon fiber is used as case material, carbon fiber is expensive and has disadvantages of being difficult to manufacture. In this study, a battery case was fabricated to minimize the influence of external impact and temperature by using expanded polypropylene material, and also the battery efficiency test was performed using fabricated case. After basic design for battery case was conducted, a system capable of maintaining temperature was constructed by attaching a surface heating element inside the case, and the effect of maintaining temperature according to the presence or absence of the case was confirmed. Using manufactured prototype case, flight tests were carried out to check the battery voltage level according to the presence or absence of the case and to analyze the effect of improving the battery efficiency for the flight time of the drone.

Interferon-tau (IFNT) is known as a major conceptus protein that signals the process of maternal recognition of pregnancy in ruminants. Also, multiple interferon genes exist in cattle, However, molecular mechanisms of these bovine IFNT (bIFNT) genes whose expressions are limited have not been characterized. We and others have observed that expression levels of bovine subtype IFNT genes in the tissues of ruminants; thus, bIFNT1 and other new type I (bIFNTc1/c2/c3) gene co-exist during the early stages of conceptus development and non-trophoblast cells. Its genes transcription could be regulated through CDX2 and ETS2 and JUN and/or cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CREBBP) expression, a transcription factor implicated in the control of cell differentiation in the trophectoderm. Bovine ear-derived fibroblast cells, were co-transfected with luciferase reporter constructs carrying upstream (positions -1000 to +51) regions of bIFNT1 and other new type I gene and various transcription factor expression plasmids. Compared to each - 1kb-bIFNT1/ c1/c2/c3-Luc increased when this constructs were co-transfected with CDX2, ETS2, JUN and/or CREBBP. Also, Its genes was had very effect on activity by CDX2, either alone or with the other transcription factors, markedly increased luciferase activity. However, the degree of transcriptional activation of the bIFNTc1 gene was not similar to that bIFNT1/c2/c3 gene by expression plasmid. Furthermore, Sequence analyses also revealed that the expression levels of bIFNT1/c2/c3 gene mRNAs expression were highest on day 17, 20 and 22 trophoblast and, Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK), Bovine ear-derived fibroblast (EF), and endometrium (Endo) non-trophoblast cells. But, bIFNTc1 mRNA had not same expression level, bIFNTc1 lowest levels than those of IFNT1/c2/c3 gene in both trophoblast and non-trophoblast cells. These results demonstrate that bovine subtype bIFNT genes display differential, in the trophoblast and non-trophoblast cells.

Variance of conceptus interferon tau (IFNT), produced by the embryonic trophectoderm, is known as a major conceptus protein that signals the process of maternal recognition of pregnancy in ruminants, essential for the maintenance of early pregnancy. Similar to other IFN genes such as IFNA and IFNB, multiple IFNT genes are present. However, some kinds of IFNT genes actively transcribed and regulated in bovine conceptuses have not been well characterized. In this study, during the course of bovine IFNT gene transcription through the use of next generation sequencer SOLiD3, revealed that among 38 IFN genes registered, only two transcripts, IFNT1 and IFNTc1, were found in conceptuses during early pregnancy. Also, to identify a transcription factor(s) involved in the regulation of IFNT genes, mRNAs for various known transcription factors were investigated by real-time PCR in conceptus tissues, respectively. Furthermore, compared to the IFNT genes, IFNT1 and IFNTc1 had same active levels, which were previously shown to correlate with the appearance of effective antiviral activity. However, the expression levels of these Luc activities differed. Bovine ear fibroblast (EF) cells were cotransfected with luciferase reporter constructs carrying upstream (–631 to -51) promoter regions of IFNT1 or IFNTc1 and various transcription factor expression plasmids, CDX2, AP1(JUN), ETS2 and/or cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CREBBP). CDX2, either alone with the other 2 transcription factors, was found to increase luciferase activity approximately 14- and 11-folds, respectively. The degree of transcriptional activation of the IFNTc1 gene was not similar to that IFNT1 gene by AP1, ETS2 or/and CREBBP, expression plasmid. These results suggest that two isoforms of bovine conceptus IFNT genes are regulated differently in conceptuses during early pregnancy.

Multiple interferon tau (IFNT) genes exist in bovine. An antiluteolytic substance secreted by the bovine conceptus and primarily responsible for maternal recognition of pregnancy is bovine trophoblast protein 1 (bIFNT1), a new type I interferon tau (IFNT) genes. The objectives of this research were to investigate whether multiple, distinct gene encode bIFNT1 and other type I bIFNT gene in the bovine genome and to examine expression of bIFNT1 and other bIFNTc1 mRNAs during conceptus development. These transcrips could be regulated through caudalrelatedhomeobox-2 (CDX2) and ETS2 and/or AP1 (JUN) expression, a transcription factor implicated in the control of cell differentiation in the trophectoderm. The presence of mRNAs encoded by bIFNT1 and type I bIFNTc1 genes were examined quantitatively via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of total cellular RNA (tcRNA) extracted from on day 17, 20 and 22 bovine conceptuses. The expression level of bIFNT1 was higher on day 17 transcripts were gradually weakly detectable on day 20 and 22. However, the other bIFNTc1 gene examined transcripts was highly expressed on day 20 and transcripts were weakly detectable on day 17 and 22 bovine conceptuses. Furthermore, human choriocarcinoma JEG3 was co-transfected with an -1kb-bIFNT1/c1-Luc constructs and several transcription factor expression plasmids. Compared to each -1kb-bIFNT1/c1-Luc increased when this constructs were co-transfected with, ETS2, AP1(JUN), CREBBP and/or CDX2. Also, bIFNTc1 gene was had very effect on activity by alone ETS2, and AP1 (JUN) expression factors in choriocarcinoma JEG3 cell. However, bIFNT1 gene expression of the upstream region was not identified. We demonstrated that the activities of bIFN genes are regulated by differential, tissue-specific and developmental competence during pregnancy.

Interferon tau (IFNT), produced by the mononuclear trophectoderm, signals the process of maternal recognition of pregnancy in ruminants, but its expression in vivo is not well characterized. Objectives of this study were to determine IFNT gene isoforms expressed in the bovine uterus, and to identify differences in promoter sequences of IFNT genes that differ in their expression. Through the RNA-seq analysis of bovine conceptuses on days 17, 20 and 22 (day 0 = day of estrus), the expression of only two IFNT transcripts, IFNT1 and IFNTc1, were found, which were indeed classified into the IFNT gene clade. IFNT mRNAs were highest on day 17, and then decreased on days 20, and 22, which were also supported by the results of quantitative RT-PCR. Bovine ear-derived fibroblast (EF) cells were then cotransfected with luciferase reporter constructs carrying 5‘-upstream (positions -1000 to +51) regions of IFNT1 or IFNTc1 and various transcription factor expression plasmids. CDX2, either alone or with other Ap-1, ETS2 and/or CREBBP transcription factors, was found to increase luciferase activity approximately 10 and 18 fold more than twice of those cotransfected with bIFNT1, c1-Luc construct. Furthermore, The degree of transcriptional activation by a combination of the AP1, ETS2, CREBBP and/or CDX2 expression vectors was similar to that of CDX2 along plasmid. However, expression patterns of these Luc activity differented. Whereas bIFNTc1-Luc showed lowest antivity had than bIFNT1-Luc reports. Although, lowest antivity had of the bIFNTc1 –Luc report, cotransfected with the bIFNTc1-Luc construct and AP1(JUN) or/and ETS2 expression plasmid, Luc activity was enhanced approximately 2 and 4-fold more than the bIFNT1-Luc. Furthermore, along CDX2 expression factor had high effect on activity of bIFNT1-Luc reporter than the c1 gene in EF cells. These results suggest that two forms of IFNT genes are expressed in utero and their transcriptional regulations differ.

Multiple interferon tau (IFNT) genes exist in bovine. An antiluteolytic substance secreted by the bovine conceptus and primarily responsible for maternal recognition of pregnancy is bovine trophoblast protein 1 (bIFNT1), one of new type I interferon tau (IFNT) genes. The objectives of this research were to investigate whether multiple, distinct gene encode bIFNT1 and other type I bIFNT gene in the bovine genome or not and to examine the expression of bIFNT1 and other bIFNTc1 mRNAs during conceptus development. The transcription of these genes could be regulated through caudal-related homeobox-2 (CDX2) and ETS2 and/or AP1(JUN) expression, a transcription factor implicated in the control of cell differentiation in the trophectoderm. The presence of mRNAs encoded by bIFNT1 and type I bIFNTc1 genes were examined quantitatively via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of total cellular RNA (tcRNA) extracted from on the days 17, 20 and 22 bovine conceptuses. bIFNT1 was highly expressed on the day 17 and transcripts were gradually and weakly detectable on the days 20 and 22. However, the other bIFNTc1 gene examined transcripts was highly expressed on the day 20 and transcripts were weakly detectable on the days 17 and 22 bovine conceptuses. Furthermore, human choriocarcinoma JEG3 was co-transfected with an -1kb-bIFNT1/c1-Luc constructs and several transcription factor expression plasmids. Compared to each -1kb-bIFNT1/c1-Luc increased when this constructs were co-transfected with, ETS2, AP1(JUN), CREBBP and/or CDX2. Also, bIFNTc1 gene was had higher effect on activity by alone ETS2, and AP1(JUN) expression factors in choriocarcinoma JEG3 cell. However, bIFNT1 gene expression of the upstream region was not idented. These results demonstrate that these genes display differential, tissue-specific expression and developmental regulation during pregnancy.

The hematopoietic growth factor erythropoietin (EPO) is required for the maintenance, proliferation, and differentiation of the stem cells that produce erythrocytes. To analyse the biological activity of the recombinant human EPO (rec-hEPO), we have cloned the EPO cDNA and genomic DNA and produced rec-hEPO in the CHO cell lines. The growth and differentiation of EPO-dependent human leukemic cell line (F36E) were used to measure cytokine dependency and in vitro bioactivity of rec-hEPO. MIT assay values were increased by survival of F36E cells at 24h or 72h. The hematocrit and RBC values were increased by subcutaneous injection of 20 IU (in mice) and 100IU(in rats) rec-hEPO. Hematocrit values remarkably increased at 13.2% (in mice) and 12.2% (in rats). The pharmacokinetic behavior with injection of 6 IU of rec-hEPO remained detectable after 24 h in all mice tested. The highest peat appeared at 2h after injection. The long half-life of rec-hEPO is likely to confer clinical advantages by allowing less frequent dosing in patients treated for anemia. These data demonstratethat ree-hEPO produced in this study has a potent activity in vivo and in vitro. The results also suggest that biological activity of ree-hEPO could be remarkably enhanced by genetic engineering that affects the potential activity, including mutants with added oligosaccharide chain and designed to produce EPO-EPO fusion protein.

The study was intended to identify the effect of the rural development projects (comprehensive improvement of the seats of Eup and Myeon and regional unit comprehensive development projects) on the quality of life in rural areas against local residents living in areas subject to those projects by means of structural equation modeling based on covariance structure analysis. The result indicated that perception factors affecting the quality of life for residents in rural areas by the projects included ‘improvement in spatial environment’, ‘increase in vitality of rural areas’, and ‘promotion of community activities.’ It was also suggested that ‘improvement in spatial environment’ and ‘increase in vitality of rural areas’ have significantly positive effect on the quality of life for residents in rural areas while the former has relatively higher correlation. In comparison between comprehensive improvement of the seats of Eup and Myeon and regional unit comprehensive development projects, it was analyzed that all the perception factors of the comprehensive improvement of the seats of Eup and Myeon have effect on the quality of life for residents in rural areas indicating that comprehensive improvement of the seats of Eup and Myeon is more effective than regional unit comprehensive development projects in promoting the community activities. It means that existing rural development projects have been promoted to improve spatial environment rather than improving the quality of life for residents in rural areas. Thus, it is considered that the rural development projects in future should seek for a sense of community so that they can induce voluntary participation by local residents.

Road and maritime transport which connecting main cities in the world is already fully saturated, and the loss cost caused by recent high oil prices is getting bigger. Transportation by inland waterway is rising as an alternative method of them. Concerning this, the GI Waterway is on construction to connect the Yellow sea and Seoul. Nevertheless, there are no existing aids to navigation around the area and no studies have been carried out for them. As the construction progresses, installation of proper aids to navigation should be considered and profound studies need to be carried out. This study focused on introduction of the cases and the systems of other countries inland waterway aids to navigation and suggested a suitable navigation aids system along the inland waterways in Korea and a way of installation for that system.

본 연구에서는 지표흐름 습지의 수질관리를 위하여 습지 내 오염물질을 적절히 모의할 수 있는 연속교반탱크반응기(CSTR) 모델을 구축하였다. 이 모델은 4차 Runge-Kutta법을 사용하고, 실측치와 계산치의 차이를 최소화 하는 최적화 기법으로 해를 구하며, 미국 EPA 습지 데이터베이스에 수록된 자료중 수질 및 수리자료가 충분하며, 분석이 용이한 하나의 수생대를 갖는 습지를 선택하여, 수질항목중 관심도가 높은 BOD, TSS (Total Suspend

Gunsan-Janghang Harbor is located at the mouth of Gum River, on the central west coast of Korea The harbor and coastal boundaries are protected from the effects of the open ocean by natural coastal islands and shoals due to depositions from the river, and two breakwaters. The navigation channel commences at the gap formed by the outer breakwater and extends through a bay via a long channel formed by an isolated jetty. For better understanding and analysis of wave transformation process where a wide coastline changes appear due to on-going reclamation works, we applied the spectral wave model including wind effect to the related site, together with the energy balance models. This paper summarizes comparisons of coastal responses predicted by several numerical wave predictions obtained at the coastal waters near Gunsan-Janghang Harbor. Field and numerical model investigations were initially conducted for the original navigation channel management project. We hope to contribute from this study that coastal engineers are able to use safety the numerical models in the area of port and navigational channel design.