In canine, oocytes are ovulated at the GV (germinal vesicle) stage and they have to fulfill maturation phase before reaching metaphase II stage. The efficiency of in vitro maturation is still very low. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of in vitro maturation on nuclear changes of immature canine oocytes recovered from different reproductive stages ovaries and different culture conditions. The oocytes were cultured in TCM-199 with supplement at 5% and for 72 h. The nuclear maturation of canine oocytes was evaluated with Hoechst 33342 stain under fluorescence microscope (Fig. 1). The results of this study detected differences in in vitro maturation rate between oocytes recovered from follicle status and non-follicle status ovaries. However, these differences were not significant as indicated in Table 1 and Fig. 2. In regard to the effect of culture condition with supplements, we did not found significant differences compared with control group (Table 2, Table 3). One of the reasons for this data could be the conditions that ovaries were exposed during slaughtering process or the long distant transportation of the ovaries. Although these data have not shown clearly significant differences results compared with control, furthermore the different reproductive status ovaries was beneficial for maturation of oocytes in vitro and can be a basic part of knowledge to improve in vitro maturation of canine oocytes.

The objective of this study was to compare of different isolation method of mouse preantral follicles, and to examine in vitro development of mouse preantral follicles isolated by different method. Preantral follicles were mechanically or enzymatically extracted from mouse ovaries. Mechanical isolation method used fine gauge needles and enzymatic method of isolating follicles used collagenase. The recovered preantral follicles were cultured for 10 days in alpha-minimal essential medium (-MEM) + 5% FBS + Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium (ITS) + 100 mIU/ml FSH. The collected primary follicles by enzymatic treatment were higher than mechanical method. Others stage preantral follicle by mechanical isolation were higher than enzymatic method. After 10 days of culture, no statistical differences were shown in survival rates of preantral follicle among the 2 culture groups. The metaphase II rates of the oocytes were significantly higher (p<0.05) in mechanical method (17.8%) than in enzymatic method (5.1%). These results suggest that the isolation method of choice depends on the target stage preantral follicles and mechanical isolation is an optimal method of preantral folliclesin a culture of mouse preantral follicle.

The isolation of preantral follicles from the ovaries of bovine was performed under mechanical and enzymatic methods. A significant increase in the total number of follicles retrieved was detected when tissue chopper was used. Micro-dissection could supply good quality, larger sized follicles (400 to ) but with the lowest yield (). The isolated preantral and early antral follicles were cultured for 14 days. Follicles isolated by the mechanical method had a greater growth during a culture period than follicles collected enzymatically. Morphologically normal bovine oocytes from early antral follicles after 14 days culture were 59.6% after culture and after 24 h of maturation culture, 12.9% of in vitro-grown oocytes reached the second metaphase. In conclusion, this study showed that mechanical method can be used effectively to isolate intact preantral follicles from bovine ovaries.

This study investigated the developmental ability and gene expression of somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos using ear skin fibroblast cells derived from miniature pig. When miniature pig (m) and landrace pig (p) were used as donor cells, there were no differences in cleavage (79.2 vs. 78.2%) and blastocyst rates (27.4 vs. 29.7%). However, mNT blastocysts showed significantly higher apoptosis rate than that of pNT blastocysts (6.1 vs. 1.7%) (p<0.05). The number of nuclei in pNT blastosysts was significantly higher than that of mNT (35.8 vs. 29.3) (p<0.05). Blastocysts were analyzed using Realtime RT-PCR to determine the expression of Bax-, Bcl-xl, H19, IGF2, IGF2r and Xist. Bax- was higher in mNT blastocyst than pNT blastocyst (p<0.05). There was no difference in Bcl-xl between two NT groups. Bax-/Bcl-xl was, however, significantly higher in mNT blastocyst compared to pNT. The expression of imprinting genes were aberrant in blastocysts derived from NT compared to in vivo blastocysts. H19 and IGF2r were significantly lower in mNT blastocysts (p<0.05). The expression of IGF2 and Xist was similar in two NT groups. However, imprinting genes were expressed aberrantly in mNT compared to pNT blastocysts. The present results suggest that the NT between donor cells derived from miniature pig and recipient oocytes derived from crossbred pig might affect reprogramming of donor cell, resulting in high apoptosis and aberrant expression patterns of imprinting genes.

The purposes of this study were to (a) measuring attitude and satisfaction of Yonsei university students towards contracted vs. rented university foodservices, (b) determine university students' overall satisfaction & perception regarding the factors improved towards university foodservice and (c) provide recommendation on marketing strategies for university foodservices. Questionnaires were hand delivered to 600 Yonsei University students by designated coordinators. A total of 549 questionnaires were usable; resulting in an 93% response rate. The survey was conducted between October 12 to October 18, 1995. Statistical data analysis was completed using the SAS Programs for descriptive analysis, T-test, χ2-test, ANOVA, Factor Analysis and Stepwise Multiple Regression. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. Performance mean score for contracted foodservice management in terms of food, menu, price, hygiene, facilities was higher than for rented foodservice management. 2. The average satisfaction score for contracted foodservice management in terms of price was lower than for rented foodservice management. There was no gap between contracted foodservice management and rented foodservice management in overall satisfaction score and price satisfaction score. 3. Perception regarding the factors improved of thirteen factors to be improved except operating hours, waiting time, price, food quantity were perceived as better by students. 4. Perception regarding the factors improved have correlation with foodservice qualify attribute's performance. 5. According to multiple regression analysis, 92.05% of the variance in respondents' satisfaction score could be explained by procedure after meal, purchasing procedure, operating hours, availability of breakfast, waiting time, atmosphere, price, facilities, service endeavor to survey satisfaction in foodservice, availability of kitchen and wall space, portion size, taste of food, change of cafeteria name, the number of seats, and variety of menu.

The purposes of this study were to: (a) identify college students' patronage behaviors, (b) develop an instrument measuring the attitudes of University Students towards university foodservices management practices, (c) determine university students' attitude towards the four types of university foodservices, and (d) provide recommendations on marketing strategies for university foodservice. Questionnaires were hand delivered to 600 Yonsei University students by designated coordinators. A total of 549 questionnaires were usable; resulting in an 93.3% response rate. The survey was conducted between November 28 to December 4, 1995. Statistical data analysis was completed using the SAS Programs for descriptive analysis, T-test, χ2 test, ANOVA, Factor Analysis and Stepwise Multiple Regression. Most (88.3%) of students were patronizing university foodservices for lunch. Underground student foodservice (40.1%) and Restaurants outside the campus (33.7%) were primarily used for lunch and dinner respectively. Eighty six percent of university students had 1 to 2 meals per day at university foodservices. The reasons given by students for patronizing university foodservices were as follows: location, time, price, menu, taste. Most of the respondents were least satisfied with hygiene, taste, menu and atmosphere. Data indicated strong support for eight priori dimensions in terms of food, menu, atmosphere, hygiene, employee attitude, facilities and convenience. After the factor analysis, price, fast service and foodservice location attributes were rearranged, combined and created a new dimension called as 'access'. Three dimensions in terms of menu, hygiene, convenience were important to students although performance was perceived as poor through importance-performance analysis. Most of students were not satisfied with all four types of university foodservices. In terms of food quality and price which university foodservices offer, most of respondents were moderately satisfied. According to multiple regression analysis, 93.31% of the variance respondents' satisfaction score could be explained by food, menu, price, atmosphere, hygiene, employee attitude, facilities, and convenience dimensions.

강원 양양산과 중국산 헛개 나무 열매와의 활성 차이를 비교하기 위해 쥐 와 사람을 대상으로 생체 내 알콜 분해 속도에 대한동력학적 분석을 실시한 결과 양양산이 중국산에 비해 1-2 % 로 극히 적게나마 빠른 알콜 분해 속도를 보였으며 분획물 에서도 이와 유사한 경향을 보였다. 하지만 이 정도의 차이가 두 품종 간 알콜 분해 속도에 차이가 있다고 주장하기에는 유의성이 적어 일반적으로 두 생산지의 차이에 따른 알콜 분해 속도의 차이는 극히 미미한 것으로 나타났다. 두 추출물 모두 알콜만 섭취했을 경우보다 1-2 시간 정도 빠르게 알콜을 분해했으며 유용 성분이 농축된 분획물의 경우 조 추출물보다 1-2 시간 정도 빨라 분획물을 섭취한 경우 알콜만 섭취한 경우보다 약 2 배 정도 빠른 혈중 알콜 분해 속도를 보였다. ADH 와 ALDH 의 활성 증진에 대한 영향을 비교한 결과 조 추출물의 경우 중국산이 양양산 보다 약간 높은 효과를 보였으나 분획물에서는 그리 큰 차이가 없거나 양양산이 다소 높은 경향을 보였다. 특이한 것은 ADH 의 경우는 두 종의 분획물 모두 조추출물 경우 보다 50-60% 이상 활성 증진 효과가 두드러지게 나타났으나 ALDH 의 경우는 두 분획물 모두 활성 증진이 조추출물에 비해 10% 정도의 낮은 활성 증진 정도만 나타났다. 전체적으로 알콜만 섭취한 경우에 비해 헛개나무 열매 추출물을 동시에 섭취한 경우 ADH와 ALDH 효소의 활성이 약 30-60% 이상 증가하는 것이 확인되었으며 두 효소위 활성 촉진 정도가 공히 28-29% 정도를 유지해 ADH 와 ALDH 의 활성이 생체 내에서 균형을 이루고 있음이 입증되었다. 또한 헛개나무 추출물들은 ADH 보다는 ALDH 효소의 활성에 보다 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 숙취 원인 물질인 acetaldehyde 의 제거 에 효과적일 것이라는 평가가 가능하다. 이와 함께 간의 해독 작용 촉진 정도를 비교한 결과 중국산 헛개나무 추출물이 양양산 보다 상대적으로 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 0.6 g/L 이상의 농도에서는 효소 활성이 어느 정도 저해되는 현상을 보여 헛개나무 추출물이 간해독작용에 관여하는 효소와 competitive inhibition 관계에 있을 수 있다는 추론을 할 수 있다 . 하지만 두 종 모두 조 추출물과 분획물의 경우 120-300% 이상의 GST 효소 활성 증진 효과를 보여 생산지에 관계없이 간 기능 활성이 중요한 역할을 하고 있음이 입증되었다.