This purpose of this study was to develop a functional muffin by adding yam powder in the shape of a muffin as a partial surrogate for wheat flour. The yam has been found to be effective for liver and kidney function, as well as the digestion of protein, since it produces glucuronic acid in the body. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the optimal mixing conditions of yam muffins by adjusting the amounts yam powder, butter, and sugar. The mixing conditions for the yam muffins included 3 categories: yam powder (X1), sugar (X2), and butter (X3) by Central Composite Design (CCD) which was optimized by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The effects of the three variable additions on muffin quality were examined via physical and chemical experiments, such as the analysis of texture (hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess), coloration (lightness, redness, yellowness), and height. Lastly, we performed a sensory test, which revealed significant findings for gumminess, color, appearance, flavor, softness (p〈0.05), redness, and overall quality (p〈0.01). Consequently, the optimal mixing rate which best satisfied the sensory items were 34.35g of yam powder, 80.15 g of sugar, and 80.55 g of butter.

Historical villages are a highly valuable historical and cultural resource to directly/indirectly recognize and experience unique traditional culture in our daily lives. There are eight historical villages worldwide designated by UNESCO's ICOMOS. Preserving and passing these historical villages down to future generations is one of the key imperatives. Such natural disasters as earthquake, heavy snow and damage from storm and flood are potential risk factors of historical villages. Manmade disasters like theft also pose a risk to historical villages. But, it is fire that poses highest risk to historical villages particularly when folk structures in the villages are built by accessible wood, silver grass and straw. Hahoe Village and Yangdong Village in Korea have straw-roofed houses and Shirakawa-go in Japan has silver grass-roofed houses. Combustion characteristics of these roof materials need to be identified in order to enhance fire safety in historical villages. This study used cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1) to measure combustion characteristics of straw in Korea and silver grass in Japan. It also analyzed Time to Ignition (TTI), Effective Heat of Combustion(EHC), Heat Release Rate(HRR), Total Heat Release(THR), Mass Loss Rate(MLR) and temperature and time of natural ignition. Database on combustion characteristics of straw and silver grass will be used to predict fire property of buildings and structures in historical villages.

In this paper we examine a total of 16 dipolarization events that were observed by THEMIS spacecraft in space close togeosynchronous orbit, r < ~ 7 RE. For the identified events, we examine the characteristics of the plasma flows and associatedbubbles as defined based on pV5/3, where p is the plasma pressure and V the volume of unit magnetic flux. First, we find thatthe flow speed in the near-geosynchronous region is very low, mostly within a few tens of km/s, except for a very few events forwhich the flow can rise up to ~200 km/s but only very near the dipolarization onset time. Second, the bubble parameter, pV5/3,decreases by a much smaller factor after the dipolarization onset than for the events in the farther out tail region. We suggestthat the magnetic dipolarization in the near-geosynchronous region generates or is associated with only very weak plasmabubbles. Such bubbles in the near-geosynchronous region would penetrate earthward only by a small distance before theystop at an equilibrium position or drift around the Earth.