In order to get stabilized pure retinol in skin care cosmetics, developing the three layered matrix bead capsules were studied. This study relates to make a cosmetic composition using the three layered matrix capsule that could increase the stability of the active ingredient. A primary encapsulation, vitamin A (pure retinol) of active ingredient was perfectly capsulated into water-in-oil (Water-in-Oil: W/O) emulsion vesicle using PEG-10 dimethicone copolyol emulsifier. A secondary encapsulation of multiple emulsion of the water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion blending W/O emulsion using sucrose distearate of surfactant was developed using homogenizing emulsifying system. Pure retinol of active ingredient was stably capsulized to inside the W/O/W-multiple emulsion in order to load the triple matrix capsulation. By coating it with a polymer matrix base, encapsulated in the triple layered type, which were developed bead encapsulation of 2~10mm uniformly size. To show beautifully appearance capsulated bead type, these finish particles in this triple matrix layer were developed as a gold, green, dark brown, silver and blue color were encapsulated in the bead types. Structural particle certification of triple matrix layer was observed through SEM analysis. Stability of pure retinol was remained stable more than 99.7% for 30 days at 42°C incubating conditions compared with non-capsule. This technology was applied in different formulations such as various sizes and colors that by applying the skin care cosmetics. In the future, this technology to encapsulate an unstable active ingredient, we expect to be expanded this application in the food and drug as a time delivery system.

This study is to develop the double capsulation technology in order to increase the conservativeness and stability of unstable materials such as vitamins, polyphenols, natural active ingredients. And also, best way of triple matrix capsulation using natural polymers were detail described. As the first capsulation with w/o/w (water-in-oil-in-water) emulsifying system, our study group was especially made to soft and moisture cream using 5wt% of sucrose ester emulsifier as first capsulation. Nutrient agents are squalane, camellia oil. Triple matrix capsulation was formed with the best stabilized bead type capsules when it blended of chitosan, algin, sodium-potassium alginate. The bead diameter size was about 2.0~4.5mm (mean diameter: 3.2mm). Activity of lactobacillus containing cream for depending on various pH variations showed that alkalinity (pH=10.8±0.5) condition was higher than acidity (pH=4.2±0.2) and neutrality (pH=7.1±0.3) conditions. After a month, it also was certified to the activity of lactobacillus in incubated at 37±1°C in culture medium. As application of food industry, we developed the containing lactobacillus capsule and 7 colored kinds of double and triple matrix capsulation in yogurt cream and active ingredients. As for above mentioned those results, one of tool to stabilize the living lactobacillus, doubled matrix capsulation greatly be expected to contribute to food industry. Furthermore, it can be expected to apply the drug delivery system (DDS) to active ingredients of stabilizing technologies at drug, pharmaceutical division and cosmetic industry, etc.

본 연구는 벼 무논직파 재배시 잡초성벼 발생 경감기술을 구명하고자 폿트시험으로 잡초성벼 방제 약제를 선발한 후 선발된 약제를 포장시험으로 처리하여 잡초성벼 제초효과를 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 약제 처리후 담수기간별 잡초성벼 방제가를 보면 butachlor는 담수 10일부터 방제가가 100%이었으며 pretilachlor는 15일에 효과가 있었다. 2. 제초제 처리후 담수기간별 벼 입모율을 보면 10일후 벼파종시에는 약해가 다소 있어서 입모율이 떨어졌으나 15일후에는 butachlor는 83%, pretilachlor는 95%이었다. 3. 잡초성벼 엽기별 제초제 처리효과는 0 ~ 1엽기는 87 ~100%이었으나 2엽기에는 9 ~ 12%이었다. 잡초성벼의 포장방제가는 pretilachlor 기준량에서 90%, 배량에서 99%이었으며, 약해는 pretilachlor 배량에서 1 정도였다. 4. 벼의 입모율은 처리간 비슷하였으나 간장 및 수장은 제초제 처리에서 크고 길었다. 수량구성요소는 제초제 처리효과가 인정되었으며, 쌀 수량은 무처리 287 kg/10 a에 비해 pretilachlor 기준량에서 54%, 배량에서 55% 많았다.

호남평야지의 보리 또는 밀 이모작 재배지에서 벼 무논점파안전재배를 위한 파종시기를 알아보고자 5월 25일, 6월 5일,6월 15일, 및 6월 25일에 4회 파종하여 입모수, 생육 및 수량등을 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다.1. 입모수는 전 파종기에서 모두 적정 입모수를 확보하였으나 파종기간에는 파종기가 늦어짐에 따라 적어지는 경향이었다. 2. 출수기는 조생종인 운광벼는 6월 25일 파종에서 8월 29일 출수하였고, 중만생종인 동진2호는 6월 15일 파종에서 8월27일에 출수하여 호남평야지 안전출수한계기(8월 31일) 이내에 출수하였으며, 중만생종인 동진2호를 6월 25일에 파종하는경우에는 출수만한기(9월 3일) 이내에 출수하였다.3. m2당 수수는 파종기간에는 6월 15일 파종까지는 큰 차이를 보이지 않다가 6월 25일 파종에서 크게 줄어들었고, 수당립수는 파종기가 늦어짐에 따라 계속해서 감소되는 경향을 보였다.4. 수량 및 완전미 비율은 파종기가 늦어짐에 따라 감소하였으며, 특히 6월 25일 파종에서는 현저하게 저하되었다.5. 단백질함량은 조생종인 운광벼는 파종기에 따른 차이를보이지 않았으나, 중만생종인 동진2호는 파종기가 빠를수록 낮은 경향을 보였다.이상의 결과로 보아 호남평야지(전북통) 보리 또는 밀 등 맥후작으로 벼 무논점파를 재배하는 경우 입모 정도, 출수기, 수량 등을 고려하여 볼 때 조생종인 운광벼는 6월 25일까지, 중만생종인 동진2호는 6월 15일 이내에 파종하는 것이 안전할것으로 사료된다.

Cats form social groups in which individuals recognize each other, and the cohesiveness of the group is maintained by a variety of amicable behaviors. We are aimed to provide the available knowledges about the prevention and correction methods for the behavior problems in cats through literature review. As the results, The behavior problems of cats may occur between group members and between group members and non-group members. Within the domestic environment, the behavior problems of cats may become a problem when it is directed at house-mates or humans. Differential diagnosis and treatment of various problems of the behavior problems of cats are discussed.

청보리와 밀을 재배한 후 벼 이앙시기를 6월 10일 및 6월 25일로 달리하여 포트육묘의 재배적인 효과를 검토하고자 친농 품종을 공시하여 수행한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 이앙시기별 생육상황을 보면 경직경은 두 시기 모두 관행재배보다 포트재배가 굵었으며, 초장 및 유효경비율도 같은 경향이었으나, LAI, 완전미비율 및 단백질함량은 이앙시기간 차이가 인정되었다. 간장, 수장 및 등숙비율은 두 시기 모두 관행재배보다 포트재배에서 컸으나, 수수는 관행재배가 포트재배 보다 많았고, 천립중은 비슷한 경향이었다. 백미수량은 6월 10일 이앙에서는 관행재배보다 포트재배가 544 kg/10a, 6월 25일 이앙에서 513 kg/10a로 관행재배보다 각각 4%로 증수하였다. 수량과 수량구성요소와의 상관관계를 보면 두 시기 모두 관행재배는 수수 및 등숙비율에서, 포트재배는 1수립수에서 정의 상관이 인정되었다. 또한 기여도를 보면 두 시기 모두 관행재배는 수수 및 천립중이, 포트재배는 1수립수 및 수수의 기여도가 높았다. 주간과 분얼간 분포도는 두 시기 모두 관행재배는1차, 주간, 2차 분얼 순이었고, 포트재배는 1차 분얼이 많았으나 주간이나 2차 분얼은 비슷하였다.

We investigated the effects of cadmium exposure and various stress on the transcription of heat shock protein 70 and 82 (HSP70 and HSP82) from Pardosa astrigera wolf spider. To do this, P. astrigera HSP70 and HSP82 genes were cloned and its full-length sequence determined. Female spiders were long-term exposed to cadmium or to polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) for 2, 4 and 6 weeks and short-term exposed to endosulfan by dietary uptake. Female spiders were also exposed to various temperatures. HSP82 did not show a clear tendency of transcription induction following exposure to cadmium. On the contrary, HSP70 transcription gradually increased during the exposure to 2, 20 and 40 mM of cadmium for 2, 4 and 6 weeks. Transcript level of HSP70 was not significantly changed by endosulfan and PCB exposure. In the short-term (3 hr) temperature exposure, an increased expression of HSP70 was observed under the heat shock to 30°C and then slightly decreased at 35°C. However, induction of HSP70 transcription was not observed during the long-term (7 days) temperature exposure. Taken together, HSP70 gene appears to be up-regulated by cadmium in a time-dependent manner but little affected by other potential contaminants. Analysis of HSP70 transcript levels in P. astrigera collected from various fields revealed that levels of cadmium concentration were well correlated with HSP70 transcript levels (r2 = 0.76). Taken together, it was suggested that transcript level of HSP70 could be useful as a biomarker for the long-term cadmium exposure of P. astrigera.

We examined the effects of cadmium exposure and various temperature stress on the expression of Pardosa astrigera heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). To do this, P. astrigera HSP70 gene was cloned and its sequence determined. Female spiders collected from non-contaminated region were exposed to 40mM CdCl2 for 2, 4 and 6 weeks by dietary uptake. At the end of every 2, 4 and 6 weeks of exposure, a batch of 5 spiders was collected and total RNA was extracted from each batch of whole bodies. Female spiders were also exposed to different temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35℃) for 3h and RNA extracted likewise. Transcription profiles of HSP70 in response to cadmium and temperature were determined by quantitative real-time PCR using 18S rRNA as reference gene for data normalization. HSP70 transcription gradually increased during 2,4 and 6 weeks of exposure to cadmium. In particular, the expression level at 6-week exposure was 3.4-fold higher than that of untreated control. In the temperature response, an increased expression of HSP70 was also observed as temperature increased up to 30℃ and then slightly decreased at 35℃. The expression level at 30℃ was 2.3-fold higher than that of 25℃. Taken together, HSP70 gene appears to be up-regulated by general stress factors including cadmium exposure and temperature increase.

최근 팜열매 껍질(PKS) 등을 태워 전력을 생산하는 발전소가 크게 증가하고 있어 작년말 기준 국내 바이오누적설비량은 1618MW로 1년 사이 170MW가 증가했으며, 향후 정부로부터 발전사업 허가를 받아 2020년까지 완공될 대형 발전소만 1143MW에 달한다. 이에 따른 연료 사용량으로 인하여 PKS 연소재가 다량 발생되고 있으며, 이의 자원화가 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구는 산업부산물인 PKS 연소재와 도시 하수슬러지를 활용하여 멀칭용 조경재를 제조 개발하고자 하며, 연소재 30~35%, 하수슬러지 10~15%, 결합제 및 알칼리제를 혼합한 후 소성온도 700~1000℃에서 1시간 동안 반응 제조하여 화산석 대체 가능한 멀칭용 조경재 개발을 하고자 한다. 소성시킨 멀칭용 조경재 제조 후 성분분석을 해본 결과 Si 성분이 65.84%으로 가장 많이 함유되어 있는 물질로 나타났으며 조경재의 구조에 영향을 미치는 Al, Ca, Fe 등의 원소로 구성되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 주사전자현미경(SEM)분석을 한 결과 다공성이 발달된 구조가 형성되어 토양에 통기성을 높일 수 있는 구조로 발달되어져 있음을 확인할 수 있었으며, 적정 배합비 및 소성온도 등의 특성을 보다 연구하여 화산석과 유사한 조건의 특성을 함유한 멀칭용 조경재를 제조할 수 있었다. PKS 연소재와 슬러지의 혼합을 통한 멀칭용 조경재 개발로 폐자원을 활용한 자원순환의 가능성과 다양성을 높여줄 수 있을 것으로 사료되며, 이런 자원화 네트워크 통하여 사회적 및 환경적 요인에 따른 긍정적인 산업부산물의 다용도화가 가능하다.

산업화의 영향으로 에너지 수요 증가에 따라 석탄수요의 증가 및 산업부산물인 재(Ash)의 발생량 또한 급증하는 추세이며, 재(Ash)의 재활용량은 지속적으로 증가하고 있으나 재활용에 의한 수익은 점차 감소하고 있어 재(Ash)의 재활용 부가가치가 점점 낮아지고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구는 산업부산물인 슬러지와 비산재 혼합에 따른 조경골재 생산을 하고자 하며, 하수슬러지 20~25%, 비산재 30~35%과 첨가제로서 물유리 및 알칼리제를 혼합한 후 소성온도 700~1000℃에서 1시간 동안 반응시켜 제조하여 화산석 대체의 조경골재 사용을 위한 가능성 연구를 하고자 한다. 소성시킨 멀칭용 조경재 제조 후 성분분석을 해본 결과 Si 성분이 20.77%으로 가장 많이 함유되어 있는 물질로 나타났으며 조경재의 구조에 영향을 미치는 Al, Ca, Fe 등의 원소로 구성되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 주사 전자현미경(SEM)분석을 한 결과 다공성이 발달된 구조가 형성되어 토양에 통기성을 높일 수 있는 구조로 발달되어져 있음을 확인할 수 있었으며, 적정 배합비 및 소성온도 등의 특성을 보다 연구하여 화산석과 유사한 조건의 특성을 함유한 멀칭용 조경재를 제조할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 슬러지와 비산재의 혼합을 통한 조경골재 제조에 따른 결론은 폐자원을 활용하여 다양한 분야에서의 재활용 가능성을 높여줄 수 있을 것으로 사료되며, 이에 따른 기업 간의 협력을 통해 자원화 네트워크를 구축할 수 있는 방법을 통한 산업부산물의 다용도화가 가능하다.

This experiment was carried out to determine the optimum planting density for rice pot seedling cultivation in wheat-rice double cropping system in Honam plain area. A mid-late maturing rice variety ‘Chinnong’ was raised in pot seedling tray and conventional tray for 30 days, and then transplanted on June 25 in 2012 and 2013. Four different planting densities (15.2, 18.9, 21.6, and 25.3 hills per m 2 ) in pot seedlings were applied as treatment. Conventional tray seedling was implicated as control at a single planting density of 27.8 hills per m 2 . In this experiment, the number of effective tillers was increased as planting density increasing, but stem diameter was decreased. Pot seedling showed higher stem diameter and effective tillers than the control. Heading dates of pot seedling plots were not significantly different between the planting densities but 2 days faster than the control. Culm length, number of panicles, panicle length, and ripening grain ratio were higher in pot seedling compared to the control, but 1000-grain weight showed no significant difference. Milled rice yields in pot seedlings ranged from 5.19 to 5.43 t ha -1 , and the highest yield was observed in 21.6 hills per m 2 . Head rice ratios in pot seedlings and the controls were not significantly different. Above results on planting density of rice pot seedling cultivation would be applicable to wheat-rice double cropping and also to late transplanting cultivation of rice single cropping.

In this study, to investigate the effects of herb aroma components, the BDI test was performed with the 124 students of the Youngdong University and the subjects whose score was 16 or higher were selected and allocated to the herb-extracted aroma-treated group and the non-treated group, 27 and 10 students for each group. The BDI and SDS tests were carried out at each stage (before and after the treatment, 10 days later and 30 days later). The result showed that the pre-treatment BDI test result was significantly different from all those of the post-treatment test, and the tests after 10 days and 30 days in the aroma-treated group. In the SDS test, the pre-treatment test result was significantly different from the results of the post-treatment test and the test after 10 days, while it was not significantly different from the result of the test after 30 days. Additionally, to verify whether the change within the group is larger than that by natural recovery or not, ANCOVA was performed with respect to the difference in the pre-treatment test score between the groups depending on whether the treatment was given or not, having the SDS pre-treatment score as the covariate, and the result showed that the post-treatment test scores were significantly different. Thus, it was verified that, if the SDS test score is considered as the depression indicator, the effect of aromatherapy was greater than the change by natural recovery. The difference in the post-treatment test score was analyzed depending on whether the treatment was given or not, having the BDI pre-treatment test score as the control variable, and the result showed that the post-treatment test scores were not significantly different. Based on such a theoretical verification, it is assumed that the nature-friendly treatment method using herb aroma components can be a great help in suppressing depression. Therefore, it is expected that herb aroma components can provide systematic therapeutic effect on the suppression of depression.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are an important group of organic contaminants present in sewage sludge, due to their persistence, toxic, bioaccumulative and long range transfer. These characters make themselves as Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs) in Long Range Transboundary Air Pollutions convention(LRTAP) of Europe. A method of the gas chromatographicmass spectrometric (GCMS) determination of PAHs present in sewage sludge was developed and applied to analyzed samples from five sewerage treatment plants (SWTPs), having different treatment types. PAHs were extracted from freeze-dried samples by toluene 16 hours in a soxhlet extraction system. The sludge extracts were cleaned-up by an activated silica gel column chromatography. The sum of the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency PAHs sewage sludge samples varied from 2.44 to 4.82 ㎍/ g. Concentration of emission carcinogen PAHs(PAHcarc), such as Benzo(a)anthracene, Benzo(b)fluoran- thene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Benzo(a)pyrene, Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene and Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene ranged from 0.62 to 1.03 ㎍/g. The total amount of PAHs emission from sewage sludge in Korea was calculated as a top-down approach. PAHs and ∑PAHcarc from sewage treatment plants had emitted to environment by several pathway. The highest amount of emission to the environment was remarked in the ocean dumping(PAHs and ∑PAHcarc emissions were 1155.95 kg/year and 5040.32 kg/year, respectively).

In this study, plant regeneration through in vitro culture from plantlet stems of Yooja (C. junos Sieb.) and trifoliate orange (P. trifoliata Rafin.) was attempted to make mass-production system of virus-free plants having the same genotype with mother plant. In order to investigate physiological change depending on the developmental stage of plant regeneration, the changes of total protein, peroxidase and esterase activity and their isozyme patterns as well were examined in 1/2 MS medium. The results are as follows : 1. The MS medium for the optimal callus induction and shoot formation was utilized. The medium was supplemented either with 2,4-D and Kinetin or with BA and NAA. The optimal concentrations were the combination of 1.0mg/ 2,4-D +0.3mg/ Kinetin and 1.0mg BA +0.3mg NAA in callus induction and shoot formation, respectively. 2. For the plant regeneration from somatic embryos, 1/2 MS medium was used with supplements of growth regulators (free, 1.0mg/ IBA +1.0mg/ BA ,0.5mg/ IBA +0.5mg/ BA). Shooting and rooting were the best in the treatment of 0.5mg/ IBA and 0.5mg/ BA combination. 3. The total protein content has a tendency of increase with the developmental stage of embryo, but it was decreased at the plantlet. Also it was the highest at 8 and 6 weeks stage in C. junos Sieb. and P. trioliata Rafin, respectively. In the SDS-PAGE pattern of protein, C. junos Sieb. showed bands of 29.0 and 40kDa at 10 weeks. The 45,66 and 97.4 kDa bands at 10 weeks of culture were shown in P. trifoliata Rafin. 4. The highest esterase activity was shown at the 6 and 8 weeks of culture in C.junos Sieb. and P. trifoliata Rafin.., respectively. 5. Esterase isozyme patterns were shown difference according to the developmental stage. In C. junos Sieb. a new band was observed at pl 7.7 following 4 weeks culture. On the other hand, new bands in P. trifoliata Rafin. were observed at pl 7.5~6.5 following 4 and 6 weeks culture, respectively.

We compared microstructural features of the ordered cell and disordered leaves in Citrus junos Sieb. by electron microscopy. In the cell of the ordered leaves, many chloroplasts and large vacuoles were particularly observed. Also a lot of vessel, companion cell and big nucleus were presented in vascular bundle regions. The mitochondria and the other organelles were interspersed among the chloroplasts in a thin, peripheral layer of cytoplasm. The chloroplast possessed typical grana and intergranal lamellae, numerous starch grains and a few small osmophilic globules. Besides, microbodies were closely associated with the mitochondria and the chloroplast. The process of the formation of the secondary cell wall from primary cell wall was observed the vessel elements, the tonoplast wall and the secondary cell wall. It was observed that the oil sac with the unique perfume distributed the adjacent cell wall. In the cell of disordered leaves, the all of the organelles were thrust toward the cell wall due to the fusion of vacuoles in the cells. It was observed that a lot of the very small particles spreaded in the cytoplasm. The loss of unique perfume of the leaves was resulted in the destruction of the oil sac. Also, there was not observed grana, lamellae, starch and osmophillic globules in the chloroplast. The small distributed organelles was not observed but the elongation of the cell wall was proceed no longer. Therefore, the plasma membrane diverged from the cell wall. All of organelles in the cell had poor function and deformation. A massive vacuole was fulfilled in single cell and the vacuole contains a lot of large and small particles. The organelles were presented on the side of the cell wall according to the enlargement of vacuole and they were observed to be breakdown.