The purpose of this study is to present a caddie education program that can improve the performance of golf caddies in China by comparing and analyzing the golf caddie education programs in South Korea and China. Caddie education programs were collected from 4 golf clubs, 3 professional caddie education institutions and 8 public institutions in South Korea and 6 golf clubs and 2 professional caddie education institutions in China. The following results were obtained. Although the caddie training in China is conducted over more time and term than in South Korea, it is necessary to have an education program considering golf expertise and quality of customer service. Therefore, the caddie education program in China is composed of golf related education(golf etiquette, golf practice skill), caddie duty training(safety management, customer service and image making), and training for caddie(fitness management, injury prevention, skin care, and cost-saving etc.). In the future, the Chinese golf club industry will has a potential to develop. In order to provide a consistent and systematic education, manual training on caddie education and training on caddie master to manage caddies should be conducted.

목적 : 청각자극(Auditory stimulus)이 동반된 상태에서 근시안과 근시성 난시안의 굴절교정이 가독성과 암기력에 영향을 미치는지에 대해 확인해보고자 하였다. 방법 : 대상자는 건강한 성인 중 구면굴절력이 -1.00 D 이상의 근시안 31명(평균 연령: 22.16±1.32세)과 원 주굴절력이 -1.00 D 이상의 근시성 난시안 29명(평균 연령: 23.04±1.40세), 총 60명으로 평균 등가구면굴절력은 -4.56±2.49 D이었다. 굴절상태는 시험안경테(TLS-AF, Topcon, Japan)로 완전 교정한 상태, 차폐한 상태 및 구면굴절력과 원주굴절력을 각각 -1.00 D 만큼 저교정한 상태로 조정하고, 이 상태에서 각각 4.5 m의 거리에 규칙성이 없는 일련의 단음절 시표를 보여주면서 시표의 글자와 동일하게 녹음된 음성을 일정한 속도로 들려준 상 태에서 피검사자가 암기한 음절의 개수를 암기력으로 측정하였다. 결과 : 근시안을 대상으로 완전교정, 구면굴절력 -1.00 D 저교정 및 양안 차폐 상태에서 암기력은 각각 15음절 중 6.03±1.87개, 3.30±1.42개, 3.70±1.79개, 난시안을 대상으로 완전교정, 구면굴절력 -1.00 D 저교정 및 양안 차폐상태에서 암기력은 6.11±1.76개, 3.81±1.21개, 4.48±2.05개로 근시안과 근시성 난시안에서 모두 저교정 상태에서의 암기력은 완전교정상태보다 저하되었고 차폐상태와 유사하였다. 암기력은 근시도 및 난시도에 따라 차이가 없었다. 또한 근시성 난시안에서 구면굴절력과 원주굴절력을 각각 저교정 상태에서의 암기력은 차이가 없었다. 결론 : 근시안 및 근시성 난시안의 굴절이상이 저교정된 경우 암기력이 유의하게 저하되었다. 따라서 암기력을 필요로 하는 작업을 효율적으로 수행하기 위해서는 정확한 시력교정이 필요하다고 생각한다.

The objective of this study was to determine the mRNA expression patterns of several putative imprinted genes in in vivo and in vitro fertilized, parthenogenetic, and cloned porcine preimplantation embryos. Both maternally (Dlk1, IGF2, Peg1/Mest and Ndn) and paternally (IGF2r, H19 and Xist) imprinted genes were selected. We have used reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to investigate gene expression patterns in the porcine embryos. IGF2 transcripts were detected in the most of embryos. In nuclear transfer (NT), Peg1/MEST transcripts showed fluctuating pattern. Dlk1 was only expressed partially from the morula and blastocyst stage of NT embryos. Ndn gene expression was started somewhat early for in vivo embryos. However, the expressions of maternally imprinted genes were similar in all types of blastocysts (NT, in vivo and in vitro fertilized, and parthenogenetic embryos). The IGF2R gene expression level was somewhat irregular and varied among samples. However, for the majority samples of all types of embryos, IGF2R expression was diminished after one- to two-cell stages and reappeared at the morulae or blastocyst stage embryos. H19 gene was only expressed early in parthenogenetic and in vivo embryos. For NT embryos, H19 was only expressed in blastocysts. Xist expression was detected in all blastocysts with the earliest being in vivo 8-cell stage embryos and the last one being NT blastocysts. These putative imprinted genes appeared to have stage specific expression patterns with a fluctuating pattern for some genes (Peg/Mest, IGF2r, H19). These results suggest that stage specific presence of imprinted genes can affect the embryo implantation and fetal development.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are toxic agents that may be involved in various neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies indicate that ROS can act as modulators of neuronal activity, and are critically involved in persistent pain primarily through spinal mechanisms. In the present study, whole cell patch clamp recordings were carried out to investigate the effects of tert-buthyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH), an ROS, on neuronal excitability and the mechanisms underlying changes of membrane excitability. In current clamp condition, application of t-BuOOH caused a reversible membrane depolarization and firing activity in substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons. When slices were pretreated with phenyl-N-tert-buthylnitrone (PBN) and ascorbate, ROS scavengers, t-BuOOH failed to induce membrane depolarization. However, isoascorbate did not prevent t-BuOOH-induced depolarization, suggesting that the site of ROS action is intracellular. The t-BuOOH-induced depolarization was not blocked by pretreatment with dithiothreitol (DTT), a sulfhydryl-reducing agent. The membrane-impermeant thiol oxidant 5,5-dithiobis 2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) failed to induce membrane depolarization, suggesting that the changes of neuronal excitability by t-BuOOH are not caused by the modification of extrathiol group. The t-BuOOH-induced depolarization was suppressed by the phospholipase C (PLC) blocker U-73122 and inositol triphosphate (IP₃)receptor antagonist 2-aminoethoxydiphenylbolate (APB), and after depletion of intracellular Cα²+ pool by thapsigargin. These data suggest that ROS generated by peripheral nerve injury can induce central sensitization in spinal cord, and t-BuOOH-induced depolarization may be regulated by intracellular Cα²+ store mainly via PLC-IP₃pathway.

The superficial dorsal horn, particularly substantia gelatinosa (SG) in the spinal cord, receives inputs from small-diameter primary afferents that predominantly convey noxious sensation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are toxic agents that may be involved in various neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies indicate that ROS are also involved in persistent pain through a spinal mechanism. In the present study, whole cell patch clamp recordings were carried out on SG neurons in spinal cord slice of young rats to investigate the effects of hydrogen peroxide on neuronal excitability and excitatory synaptic transmission. In current clamp condition, tert-buthyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH), an ROS donor, depolarized membrane potential of SG neurons and increased the neuronal firing frequencies evoked by depolarizing current pulses. When slices were pretreated with phenyl-N-tert-buthylnitrone (PBN) or ascorbate, ROS scavengers, t-BuOOH did not induce hyperexcitability. In voltage clamp condition, t-BuOOH increased the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs), and monosynaptically evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs) by electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral dorsal root. These data suggest that ROS generated by peripheral nerve injury can modulate the excitability of the SG neurons via pre- and postsynaptic actions.

A ball-shape alumina arc-tube for low-wattage lamp was developed by the PIM process. An ultra high purity translucentgrade alumina powder was used. In injection molding process, a hot-runner type mold was developed. The translucent-grade alumina powder was extremely sensitive to contamination so that the injection molding condition and atmosphere control in the furnace should be taken care of with extreme caution. Contamination sources were pinpointed with EPMA. The arc-tube was molded in half and two halves were bonded in the middle by a new bonding technique at room temperature developed in this study.

In this study, we investigated the characteristics of CCK-producing cells and mucus-secreting goblet cells with respect to stomach fish and stomachless fish of the Gobiidae in order to provide a basis for understanding the digestive physiology. Hairychin goby (Sagamia geneionema), which is stomachless fish, the numbers of mucus-secreting goblet cells is highest in the posterior intestine portion (P<0.05), while CCK-producing cells are scattered throughout the intestine. Gluttonous goby (Chasmichthys gulosus), which is stomach fish, mucus-secreting goblet cells are most abundant in the mid intestine portion (P<0.05), whereas CCK-producing cells are observed only in the anterior and mid intestine portion. Trident goby (Tridentiger obscurus) which is stomach fish, mucus-secreting goblet cells were most abundant in the mid intestine portion (P<0.05). CCK-producing cells are found in the anterior and mid intestine portion. Giurine goby, Rhinogobius giurinus which is also stomach fish, the largest number of mucus-secreting goblet cells showed in anterior intestine portion except for esophagus (P<0.05). CCK-producing cells are present only in the anterior and mid intestine portion. In S. geneionema, digestive action occurs in the posterior intestine portion to protect and functions to activate digestion. In contrast, in C. gulosus, T. obscurus and R. giurinus, their digestive action occurs in the anterior and mid intestine portion to protect and functions to activate digestion. Further studies of the modes of food ingestion by these fish, the contents of their digestive tracts, and the staining characteristics of the goblet cells need to be carried out.

Light characteristics are very specific in the aquatic environment. Fish vision and different light spectra perception are related to each species’ natural habit. Light is one of the main environmental conditions and can be easily manipulated in artificial rearing settings. Mucus-secreting goblet cells are the main regulators of digestion. In this study, we established whether the light spectrum (natural condition, full spectrum: green, 520 nm; red, 590 nm, and blue, 480 nm) influences growth performance and digestive activity related to mucus-secreting goblet cell activity in order to develop a good management protocol and optimal rearing system for nursery stage of Epinephelus akaara. For each light spectrum, fish (11.5 ± 0.2 g in mean initial body weight, 9.0 ± 0.1 cm mean initial total length) were reared 16 weeks under a flow-through system and fed commercial pellet diets twice daily. At the end of the experiment, the final body weights differed among the fish reared under different light spectra. The highest growth performance value and feed efficiency were observed in fish reared under the green light condition. Mucus-secreting goblet cell activity was significantly higher in the fish under green light condition than in the fish under the natural, red, and blue light conditions. Rearing of E. akaara under the green light condition had positive effects on fish growth performance and digestion. We recommend that the appropriate light spectrum for nursery stage of E. akaara is the green light condition from the perspective of growth performance and the synergistic effects of mucus-secreting goblet cells. However, longer light treatment periods are needed in future investigations to clarify the effects of light spectrum on each growing stage of E. akaara.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] protein is a high quality source for food and feed. But, antinutritional factors in the raw mature soybean are exist. Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) protein of mature soybean seed is a main antinutritional factor in soybean seed. The Le gene controls a lectin protein and Ti gene controls the KTI protein in soybean. Ti locus has been located on molecular linkage group A2 (chromosome 8) of soybean. The y9 type found in T135 is yellow at emergence, becoming greenish-yellow by maturity. Although this type is considered chlorophyll-deficient, it is fairly vigorous in growth. The objective of this research was to exam an agronomic traits of y9ti genotype selected from the breeding line. The seeds of y9ti genotype were planted in the field. Traits of maturity date, seed weight, and seed coat color were checked.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed is one of the major food sources for protein, oil, carbohydrates, isoflavones, and many other nutrients to humans and animals. Trans-resveratrol produced by plants is a polyphenol phytoalexin and displays a wide range of biological effects like as anti-cancer activities, cardio- protective properties, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, neuroprotective, antidiabetic and phytoestrogenic properties. Content of trans-resveratrol in soybean seed may depend on genotype and environment. Genotype with high trans-resveratrol content is valuable in breeding project. One hundred eighty three soybean genotypes were cultivated in the field. After harvesting, trans-resveratrol content was analyzed. Content (ug/g) of trans-resveratrol was from 0.199 to 5.447. Thirty genotypes with high trans-resveratrol content were selected.