Childrena zenobia is very hopeful as an industrial insect for its beautiful color and long life span. This study was conducted to establish the mass rearing methods of C. zenobia to develop it as an industrial insect. C. zenobia appeared in the high mountains of about 1,000m above sea level at Pocheon and Gapyoung during high temperature season from July to August, and in the low mountains of about 400m above sea level at Yeoncheon on September. The first oviposition time after mating took 27.8±9.0 days and the number of eggs per female was 180. The life span of adult was 39.3±20.2 days in male and 59.0±18.7 days in female. The hatchability of F1 generation showed high rate over 80% at 20∼30℃, while the rate of F5 generation was very low under 5%. The proper food for rearing the larva was Viola papilionacea. The developmental period from 1st larva to adult was 63.6±5.1 days and the hatching time was 8.7±0.9 days at 20℃ and 48.0±3.3 days and the hatching time was 8.1±1.2 days at 25℃. These results seemed to be very suggestive that C. zenobia could be massively reared in the condition of indoor rearing room resulting in the utilization of it as an industrial insect for various regional festivals.

Baculum elongatum has a long, thin shape that resembles a twig, propagates by parthenogenesis, changes body color, and drops eggs, all of which suggests its potential in the commercial market, especially as an educational pet insect. This study was carried out to determine the best hatching environment and an alternative or artificial diet for rearing B. elongatum to be developed as a commercial and educational pet insect. Oviposition was performed by females without fertilization by the sperm of males. The oviposition period was 42.2 ± 22.7 days and the number of eggs per female was 109.5 ± 70.5 eggs. The hatch rate was 73.3% at 25°C and 66.7% after low temperature treatment (8°C for 60 days). In nature, B. elongatum overwinters as an egg, but it can be assumed from the results that cold temperatures were not required for hatching. The hatch rate was 98.2% in the treatment using floral foam, fermented sawdust, and leaves. Clover(Trifolium repens) was an excellent diet as it was similar to the host plant and could be used as an alternative diet. The rate of reaching adulthood for the insects was 66.7% on an artificial diet containing 25% acacia leaves. For sustainable mass rearing of nymphs or adults of B. elongatum, a natural diet could be used such as acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia), white oak (Quercus aliena), chestnut (Castanea crenata var. dulcis), and bush clover (Lespedeza bicolor), or an alternative diet such as clover or artificial diet. To rear nymphs and adults of B. elongatum, natural diet such as acacia, white oak, chestnut, or bush clover leaves, or an alternative diet such as clover or an artificial diet can be used.

Stick insect has several peculiarities like parthenogenesis, unique external features and dropping oviposition, so it is very hopeful to use for industrial insect. The oviposition was established by only female without fertilization with sperm of male which was not discovered during this study. The oviposition period was 37.3±14.9 days and the number of eggs per female was 41.5±16.5 eggs. The hatchability was 73.3% at 25℃and 66.7% after low temperature treatment(8℃, 60 days). The developmental periods and the length of egg were 100.9±4.2 days and 0.33±0.0cm, respectively, and the adult's life span was 49.7±16.0days. Differently other research which reported five nymph stage, the developmental stages of nymph showed five(62.9%) or six(37.1%) stages. The duration and the length of nymph increased according to the increase of nymph stage. Stick insect preferred the leaf of American locust, White oak, Chestnut, Bush clover in order but could be reared with food of the leaf of all these trees. Stick insects are herbivorus but made an attack each other when encountered in the small space. For sustaining mass rearing of stick insect, it is needed that the development of artificial diet and high density rearing method.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a major disease problem on wheat and barley around the world. F. graminearum produces trichothecenes mycotoxins such as nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone (ZEA). The objectives of this study were to survey the natural occurrence of FHB and mycotoxins of 32 Korean wheat cultivars grown in 2011-2012 seasons at the National institute of crop science, Iksan, Korea. There was great deal of rainfall and high humidity during flowering time in May 2011. FHB incidence was counted by Fusarium infected spikes per square meter. The samples of 32 wheat cultivar were collected. The grain and flour samples were to analysis for DON and NIV by gas chromatography and ZEA by high performance liquid chromatography. The result showed that the average of FHB incidence(%) per square meter in 2011 and 2012 were 4.2%, 0.5% respectively. There were significant cultivar differences for FHB incidence ranged from 0% to 24% in 2011. All of 32 wheat cultivars contained 9-2088 ng/g for NIV and ten wheat cultivars contained 5.7-8.5 ng/g for ZEA. In addition, DON concentration of Tapdong, Shinmichal1, and Hanbaek were 217, 35 and 683 ng/g respectively. However, the grain and flour sample harvested in 2012 showed that lower FHB incidence and NIV concentration. These results showed that the 32 wheat cultivars harvested in 2011 were heavily contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins (NIV, DON, ZEA).

Stem rust of wheat caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. Tritici is historically one of the most important diseases of crops worldwide. The objective of this study was to screen the growth habits and yield of wheat accessions in Korea winter condition. We collected ninety stem rust resistant germplasms from USDA-Grain and planted for the characteristics of growth and yield in 2013. We measured the growth characteristics such as the plant type, leaf color, heading date, stem length, spike length, awn length, number of spikelet, number of tiller, and 1,000 kernel weight (g). Early maturity is most important wheat breeding target in double cropping system such as Korea. Heading dates of ninety cultivars ranged from May 17 to June 7. The Keumkang control cultivar headed on May 23. Heading dates of seventeen accessions had as early as Keumkang control (May 23). The numbers of semi-erect and intermediate type for growth habit were 45 and 33 respectively. The 1000 kernel weights were also measured. Mean 1000 kernel weights ranged from 16.7g (Webster) to 41.8g (123 A1C2). The average of stem length was 100.2cm and Keumkang was 58.4cm. These results showed that A4849-60P-7P-1P (Chile), MG 31492 (Ethiopia), 1338.F.6.C.3.B (Kenya), 1203 A1C2 (Kenya), and II-90-20/3-1R-1M- 3R (Mexico) were best lines for agronomic characteristic such as early heading date and grain yield

Fusarium head blight (FHB), primarily caused by Fusarium graminearum is a major disease problem on wheat and barley around the world. The objectives of this study were to evaluate for FHB resistance under greenhouse and filed condition in 2012 and 2013. We screened for Type I resistance in the field using spray inoculation and for Type II resistance in the greenhouse using single floret inoculation. Sumai 3 and Ning7840 were used the FHB resistant check. Five hundred and twelve lines were evaluated for resistance to initial infection (type I) and to spread of symptoms within spike (type II). The inoculum was F. graminearum (GZ3639) prepared at a concentration of 1 X 105 macroconidai/ml with Tween 20. The field screening plots were inoculated twice and mist-irrigation was applied to facilitate FHB development. FHB severity was assessed visually 21 days and determined as the percentage of symptomatic spikelets from the total of all spikelets observed in 20 spikes. Both in the greenhouse and field test, we could observe five categories of FHB severity: resistant (R: 0-20%), moderately resistant (MR: 21-40%), moderate (M: 41-60%), moderately susceptible (MS: 61-80%), and susceptible (S: 81-100%). The results showed that seventy seven lines showed the R and MR category on FHB severity. In addition, nine lines showed similar FHB severity compared to Sumai 3 (13.3%).

ent-Kaurane- and ent-pimarane-type diterpenoids were isolated from the methanol extract of Siegesbeckia pubescens by column chromatography. Their structures were elucidated as ent-16α H,17-hydroxy-kau­ran-19-oic acid (1), ent-4,17-dihydroxy-16α -methyl-kau­ran-19-oic acid (2), ent-16β ,17-dihydroxy-kauran-19-oic acid (3), kirenol (4) and ent-16β ,17,18-trihydroxy-kauran­19-oic acid (5) by spectral analysis. The cytotoxicity of these compounds in Caki cells was assayed by a cell counting kit. Only one group treated with kirenol (4), an entpimarane-type diterpenoid, showed the inhibition of the cell growth in Caki cells.