This experiment was carried out to find suitable sample type for the more accurate prediction and non-destructive way in the application of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) technique for estimation the protein, total amino acids, and total isoflavone of soybean by comparing three different sample types, single seed, whole seeds, and milled seeds powder. The coefficient of determination in calibration (R2 ) and coefficient of determination in cross-validation (1-VR) for three components analyzed using NIRS revealed that milled powder sample type yielded the highest, followed by single seed, and the whole seeds as the lowest. The coefficient of determination in calibration for single seed was moderately low(R2 0.70-0.84), while the calibration equation developed with NIRS data scanned with whole seeds showed the lowest accuracy and reliability compared with other sample groups. The scatter plot for NIRS data versus the reference data of whole seeds showed the widest data cloud, in contrary with the milled powder type which showed flatter data cloud. By comparison of NIRS results for total isoflavone, total amino acids, and protein of soybean seeds with three sample types, the powder sample could be estimated for the most accurate prediction. However, based from the results, the use of single bean samples, without grinding the seeds and in consideration with NIRS application for more nondestructive and faster prediction, is proven to be a promising strategy for soybean component estimation using NIRS.

Aphids are generally considered as a major pest of corn. Thus, yield losses due to aphid infection can be considerable. Rhopalosiphum padi - the birdcherry oct aphid seems to be prevalent aphid species on maize in Korea. Aphid resistance of 91 Fls was assessed at two locations in Korea. In studies of combining ability for aphid resistance to different locations, GCA mean square was 4.48 times grater than that of SCA mean square. Thus, additive gene action was more important than that of non-additive gene action to aphid resistance. In two locations, inbreds 2, 4, 5 and 10 had negative GCA effects for aphid resistance.