‘조생흑찰’은 작물과학원 영남농업연구소(현 국립식량과학원 기능성작물부)에서 2004년도에 육성한 조생 흑자색 찰벼 품종으로 주요특성과 수량성을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 남부평야지 평균 출수기는 8월 3일로 조생종이며 간장은 65 cm정도이고 현미외관은 흑자색인 찰벼 품종이다. 2. 불시 출수율이 일반 조생종 품종과 비슷한 수준이며, 위조는 강한 편이고 성숙기의 엽노화가 느린 편이며, 내냉성은 ‘흑남벼’와 비슷한 정도의 내냉성을 가지고 있으며 수발아는

This study was carried out to confirm the effects of climate change to growth, yield and quality of rice by the global warming. By the study of Korea Meteorology Administration, the temperature of Korea increased 0.95℃ during last 34 years and the width of temperature increase be on an increasing trend gradually. As temperature increases, rice is faced with critical change such as growth duration shortening, heading acceleration, yield decrease and quality deterioration. So, we studied the rice growth and yield change by the temperature increase. To confirm the effects of temperature increase, rice cultivars such as early maturing Unkwangbyeo, medium maturing Hwayoungbyeo and late maturing Nampyeongbyeo were transplanted on 1, 15, 30 of June inner transparent vinyl house which was treated by different temperature. The increased mean temperature were 1.4℃～3.5℃, respectively, compared to outer field. The growth duration from transplanting to heading were shortened by the temperature increase. In June 1 transplanting, especially the growth duration of early maturing Unkwangbyeo was shortened greatly by temperature increase. As temperature increases, rice yield decreased in most cases. In 1.4℃ temperature increase, rice yield of June 15 transplanting were higher than those of other transplanting, but in 2.1℃ or more temperature increase, the rice yield of June 30 transplanting were similar or more than those of other transplanting.

To select rice cultivars adaptable to low fertilization in puddled soil drill seeding, 20 rice cultivars were tested in Iksan. The seedling stand ratio of Kwanganbyeo, Junganbyeo, Saegyehwabyeo, Pyeonganbyeo were higher than 80%, but those of Hwalangbyeo, Hoanbyeo were lower than 60%. The tiller number per m2 was 4% smaller in low fertilization compared to conventional fertilization level. In low fertilization, the decrease rate of tiller number per m2 were less than 1～2% in Ansanbyeo, Juan 1, Geumanbyeo and Hoanbyeo, but more than 6～9% in Junganbyeo, Hwaanbyeo, Daesanbyeo and Saegyehwabyeo. Harvest index was 2.8% higher in low fertilization compared to conventional fertilization level. Nonganbyeo, Hopumbyeo, Dongjin 2 and Saegyehwabyeo showed high harvest index, but Gwanganbyeo, Geumanbyeo and Hwalangbyeo showed low harvest index. In low fertilization, milled rice protein content were lower than 6.0% in 14 rice cultivars including Juanbyeo and Kwanganbyeo, but 6.1～6.4% in other rice cultivars. Rice yield decreased 6% in low fertilization compared to conventional fertilization. Rice yield decrease were smaller as 2～3% in Hoanbyeo, Juanbyeo, Kwanganbyeo, Chengdambyeo, Geumanbyeo and Donganbyeo, but bigger as 7～8% in Nonganbyeo, Nonghobyeo. Dongjin 2, Saegyehwabyeo and Ansanbyeo. Owing to 2.4% increase of head rice ratio in low fertilization compared to conventional fertilization, head rice yield decreased 4% in low fertilization. Cultivating rice in puddled soil drill seeding with low fertilization, the rice cultivars such as Kwanganbyeo, Hopumbyeo, Pyeonganbyeo and Dong 2 showed lower than 6.0% milled rice protein content and more than 470㎏/10a milled rice yield.

This study was conducted to select suitable rice cultivars for high-quality rice production in silage barley-rice double cropping in Honam plain area by National Institute of Crop Science from 2008 to 2009. Heading dates of all tested cultivars were before the safe heading limit(Aug. 31). Rice yield was superior in "Keunseom", "Hanareum", "Hanmaeum", "Onnuri", "Hopum", "Juan 1", "Dongjin 1", and was little in "Daepyeong", "Hwasin", "Malgeumi", "Chilbo", "Nampyeong", "Hopyeong". Protein content was high in "Hanareum", "Keunseom", "Chilbo", "Nampyeong", and was low in "Hanmaeum", "Dami", "Sindongjin", "Pyeongan", "Samgwang". And head rice ratio was high in "Malgeumi", "Hwanggeumnuri", "Samgwang", and was low in "Keunseom", "Hanareum", "Dami", "Hanmaeum", "Hwasin". In consideration of all the factors, in conclusion, proper cultivars for silage barley-rice double cropping are "Onnuri", "Hwanggeumnuri", "Hopum", "Dongjin 1", "Juan 1".

This study was conducted to investigate the variation of rice quality and the effect of labor-saving by using slow-releasing fertilizer when doing direct drill seeding on flooded paddy surface by large scale direct drill seeding machine in Honam plain area. The results obtained by changing the amount of slow-releasing fertilizer in 2008, 2009 are as follows. Considering rice growth, head rice yield and rice quality, the optimum amount of slow-releasing fertilizer was 7kg/10a, when doing direct drill seeding on flooded paddy surface in southern plain area of Korea. When using slow-releasing fertilizer 7kg/10a, the protein content became lower, and head rice ratio became higher than that of conventional nitrogen split application method as basal fertilization, top dressing at tillering stage, fertilization at panicle initiation stage.

This study was conducted to examine the appropriate transplanting date of the top-quality rice variety, Unkwangbyeo, in Honam plain area. The results obtained from 2006 to 2007 in Iksan are as follows. The number of panicle per m2 increased as the transplanting date became late and the number of grain per m2 was the highest in the plot of which the transplanting date was June 15. Percent ripened grain increased as the transplanting date became late until June 15, however, it decreased in the plot of which the transplanting date was June 30. Imperfect grain increased as the transplanting date became early due to the occurrence of immature rice and cracked rice. Protein content increased as the transplanting date became late, but didn't show statistical significance. Toyo texture increased as the transplanting date became late. Rice yield and the head rice yield increased as the transplanting date became late until June 15, however, they decreased in the plot of which the transplanting date was June 30. Even though the rice price was high in early transplanting cultivation, gross profit was the highest in June 15 transplanting since the rice yield increased as the transplanting date became late until June 15. Considering the yield, rice quality and profit, the most appropriate transplanting date of Unkwangbyeo in Honam plain area is the middle of June.

This study was carried out to investigate the proper interval of water exchange according to nitrogen fertilizer level at medium saline soil which are 0.3 or more soil salinity in southwestern reclaimed saline land. The nitrogen fertilizer level were 14, 17, 20kg per 10a, and the interval of water exchange were every 3, 6, 9 days after transplanting. The summarized experimental results are as follows. The salinity were maintained as low when the interval of water exchange were every 3 or 6 days after transplanting, but salinity was highest at rooting stage, and decreased from that, so salinity were about 0.3 at panicle initiation stage or ripening stage when the interval of water exchange was every 9 days after transplanting. The rice yield were 537-552kg/10a when the interval of water exchange was every 3 days with 17-20kg/10a nitrogen fertilizer level, and 519-533kg/10a when the interval of water exchange was every 6 days with 17-20kg/10a nitrogen fertilizer level, but decreased outstandingly in the other treatments. Considering the yield and salt injury at medium saline soil at southwestern reclaimed saline land, proper nitrogen fertilizer level was 17-20kg/10a when the interval of water exchange were every 3 or 6 days after transplanting.

This study was carried out to investigate the optimum application time of basal fertilization in direct-seeded rice on flooded paddy surface at medium saline soil in southwestern reclaimed saline area which is Munpo series and have 0.3 or more soil salinity. The nitrogen fertilizer level were 14, 17, 20kg per 10a, and the basal fertilization were applied before sowing, 10, 20, 30 days after sowing along with topdressing at tillering stage, respectively. The summarized experimental results are as follows. Seedling stand was proper when basal fertilization was applied before sowing, but lower than appropriate seedling stand when basal fertilization were applied 10, 20, 30 days after sowing along with topdressing at tillering stage. The rice yield were 509-541kg/10a when 14-20kg/10a basal fertilization was applied before sowing, and 368-481kg/10a when basal fertilization were applied 10, 20, 30 days after sowing along with topdressing at tillering stage. Considering the yield and salt injury at medium saline soil in southwestern reclaimed saline area, the application of basal fertilization before sowing was superior for improving seedling stand, and 14-20kg/10a fertilization rate was allowable.

This study was carried out to develop rice growth model when cultivate early maturing rice cultivar, Unkwangbyeo, in Honam plain area. To confirm leaf emergence rate and variation of heading date, we transplanted 15 day and 30 day old seedling on May 1, May 15, May 31, June 15, June 30, respectively. The growth duration between transplanting and completion of leaf emergence on main culm were 50.1~78.3 days in 2007 and 47.5~74.7 days in 2008. Growth duration diminished gradually as transplanting time delayed, but the difference of growth duration by transplanting time were more bigger than that of seedling day. The emerged leaf number after transplanting on main culm were 8.9~10.9 in 2007 and 8.4~10.9, respectively. The emerged leaf number diminished as transplanting time delayed, but the difference of emerged leaf number by transplanting time were more bigger than that of seedling day. The cumulative temperature between transplanting and completion of leaf emergence on main culm were 1,281~1,650℃ in 2007 and 1216~1560℃ in 2008. The solar radiation between transplanting time and completion of leaf emergence on main culm were 709~1,245MJ/㎡ in 2007 and 722~1,220 MJ/㎡ in 2008. The sunshine hours between transplanting time and completion of leaf emergence on main culm 234~433 hours and 238~431 hours, respectively.

This study was carried out to attain the basic data which will be used in the selection of adaptable varieties in honam plain area for the production of high quality rice. 12 varieties including Unkwang, Hwayeoung and Nampyeong were tested in southern plain area, Iksan. The number of panicles per ㎡ was the highest in Hopyeong, the lowest in Sindongjin, and that of other varieties was around 350. The mean percentage of effective tillers was the highest in early maturing varieties, the lowest in Ilpum, Nampyeong and Junam, and that of other varieties was around 75%. The number of total seeds was the highest in Hopyeong which had the high number of panicle per ㎡ and in Dongjin 1 which had the high number of seeds per panicle. That of Hwayeong, Sindongjin and Odae was the lowest, respectively. Percent ripened grain of the early maturing varieties was lower than the medium maturing and medium-late maturing varieties showing 93% in Hwayeong, Ilmi and Samkwang which is the highest, and 83% in Unkwang which is the lowest. Head rice ratio was high in Nampyeong, Hwayeong and Ilmi, and low in early maturing varieties, Unkwang and Odae. Protein content was high in Odae, Hwayeong and Nampyeong, and low in Sindongjin, Samkwang and Pyeongan. The rice yield was high in Sindongjin, Unkwang, Ilmi and Dongjin 1 showing more than 500kg/10a, while the head rice yield was high in Nampyeong, Dongjin1 and Sindongjin, and low in Ilpum and Odae.

Hwangeumnodeul is a new japonica rice cultivar developed from a cross between Milyang165 and HR15151-B-21-3 at Honam Agricultural Research Institute (HARI), NICS, RDA, in 2007. This cultivar has short grains and about 139 days of growth duration from direct seeding to harvesting in the southern plain areas. Culm length of this cultivar is 78 cm and the number of spikelet per panicle is similar to that of the check cultivar, Nampyeongbyeo, while filled grain rate is lower than the check variety. This cultivar is moderately resistant to leaf blast, bacterial blight pathogens of K1, K2 and K3 and stripe virus but susceptible to major virus diseases and insect pests. Milled kernel of Hwanggeumnodeul is translucent with non-glutinous endosperm. This cultivar has about 5.7% and 18.6% of protein and amylose contents, respectively. Palatability of cooked rice of Hwanggeumnodeul is similar to Nampyeongbyeo. Its milling recovery and head rice were 75.6% and 90.0%, respectively. Hwanggeumnodeul yielded 5.69 and 5.61 MT/ha in milled rice at the under wet-direct and dry-direct seeding conditions, respectively which are 17% and 12% higher than the check variety, Juanbyeo. It yielded 5.86 MT/ha, 8% higher than Nampyeongbyeo at the standard fertilizer level of the ordinary transplanting cultivation. “wanggeumnodeul”would be adaptable for ordinary transplanting as well as direct seeding in the southern plain including Chungcheong province.

This study was conducted to investigate the relations between brown planthopper (BPH, Nilapavata lugens) resistance and specific organic acids (oxalic acid, silicic acid, and trans-aconitic acid) known as BPH sucking inhibitors on different rice varieties and/or lines. There were no specific relations between BPH resistance and the contents of oxalic and silicic acids in the rice plant tissues. However, the stronger the BPH resistance was occurred, the higher the content of trans-aconitic acid was contained in the rice plants. The relations between the injury rate of rice plant by BPH and the content of trans-aconitic acid in the rice plants were negatively correlated, which were -0.84 and -0.82 at 30 and 60 days after seeding, respectively. Therefore, the content of trans-aconitic acid in rice plant tissues might be utilized as an index for improving BPH resistance of rice varieties.

Phosphorus (P) is a macronutrient playing important roles in many plant processes. Significant interest has been devoted to search and utilize genotypic variations in P use efficiency in rice but with little effort to understand its physiological and biochemical bases. In this study, we examined responses to P deprivation of some primary and secondary traits in 3-week-old seedlings of the three genotypes, Sobi-byeo (japonica), Dasan-byeo (japonica ~times indica) and Palawan (indica). In general, percent weight due to root was increased up to 26%, but amounts of root protein and proteins secreted from roots were decreased by 11 to 19% and 31 to 51 %, respectively, by 3 to 21 days of P deprivation in the three genotypes. Interestingly, however, responses of Palawan to short-term P deprivation were contrasting to those of Dasan-byeo and Sobi-byeo in seedling weight and contents of shoot protein, chlorophyll and anthocyanin. Seedling weight was not decreased, but shoot protein content was decreased in P-deprived seedlings of Palawan. Contents of chlorophyll in leaves and anthocynin in roots were increased in Dasan-byeo and Sobi-byeo, but decreased in Palawan. The results suggest that responses of protein and pigment synthesis to P deficiency are different in modem and traditional varieties and the difference may at least in part be due to the selection for high yield under highly fertilized conditions.

Soil moisture condition is an important limiting factor in growth and yield in rice culture. The purpose of this study was to compare the influence on the growth, yield and Quality of rice subjected to soil moisture stress (SMS) at different growth stages. Ajaponica rice cultivar, Dongjinbyeo, was cultured under flooded conditions in a plastic container filled with silty loam soil. The container was subjected to SMS until the initial wilting point (IWP) coincided with about 10% in soil moisture content and about-200 kPa in soil matric potential, and was then irrigated again, at 6 and 5 of main growth stage in 1996 and 1997, respectively. At maturity, the plant height, tiller number, leaf area and top dry weight were decreased more in SMS treatments at the early stage than the late stage. The averaged yield index of SMS to control in both years was lowest at meiosis (62.5%), which primarily resulted from lower percent ripened grain and 1,000 grain weight, and second＇ reduced the spikelet number per panicle and panicle number per hill, and followed at tillering stage (68.5%) which resulted from the lower production in tiller number and top dry matter during and after SMS treatment. The percent-age of read rice in SMS plants varied with the treatment stage as order of lower at meiosis (44.0%), heading (53.9%), panicle initiation (70.1%), tillering (72.1%), ripening (75.8%) and 5 days after transplanting (DAT) (79.0%). Protein content in brown rice was slightly larger in SMS at late growth stage than the control, while the contents of fat and ash differed very little between SMS and control. Contents of Mg and K and Mg/K in brown rice with SMS were lower at some treatment stages such as at ripening or panicle initiation.

This study was conducted to ascertain the chromosomal locations and effect of quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the physical traits of rice (Oryza sativa L.) eating quality. One hundred sixty four recombinant inbred lines (MGRILs) of F11 were derived from the cross between Milyang 23 (Tongil type) and Gihobyeo (japonica type). They were evaluated for six physical traits of cooked rice. Transgressive segregation was observed for all examined traits. Significant QTL were detected (LOD~geq 2.0) in three traits, including single QTL for adhesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness of cooked rice, respectively. Phenotypic variation explained by each QTL ranged from 6.3% to 14.6%. However, no significant QTL was detected for hardness, cohesiveness, and elasticity of cooked rice. Pleiotropic effects of single QTL on different traits are observed.d.

This study was conducted to investigate the chromosomal locations and effects of quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with chemical properties of rice (Oryza sativa L.). One hundred sixty four recombinant inbred lines (MGRILs) of F11 were derived from the cross between Milyang 23, Tongil type, and Gihobyeo, japonica type. They were evaluated for 7 traits of chemical property in rice. Transgressive segregation was observed for all traits examined. Eight significant QTLs were detected (LOD~geq 2.0) for five traits, including two QTLs for amylose content, two QTLs for potassium content, one QTL for ratio of magnesium to potassium, one QTL for fat content and two QTLs for ash content. Phenotypic variation explained by each QTL ranged from 7.2% to 14.4%. However, no significant QTL was detected for magnesium and protein contents. In amylose content and ash content M alleles originated from Milyang 23 were responsible for increasing these traits and J alleles originated from Gihobyeo also responsible for increasing these traits. Pleiotropic effects of single QTLs on different traits are observed.