흰줄숲모기(Aedes albopictus)는 국내보다 해외에서 주요 질병들의 매개체로 인식되고 있으며, 도시 환경에 잘 적응하는 특징을 가지고 있다. 최근 기후변화에 따른 도심 지역의 환경 변화로 인해 모기의 부화율에도 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것으로 예상되어 관련 연구를 위해 서울시 내 25개의 기상청 자동관측장비(AWS)를 통해 수집된 기후데이터를 분석하였으며, 이 가운데 열섬 현상이 강한 도심 지역과 약한 교외 지역을 선정하였다. 이를 통해 임의의 사이 구간을 생성하여 총 9개의 열섬 조건에서 흰줄숲모기의 부화율을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 열섬 현상 이 강할수록 부화율이 증가하였으며, 회귀분석을 통하여 열섬 강도가 강해질수록 이러한 추세가 더욱 빨라질 수 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 도시열섬 현상에 따른 기온 변화가 흰줄숲모기의 부화율에 중요한 영향 을 미칠 수 있음을 시사한다.

Insect cuticular extracellular matrices (ECM) including the eggshell and exoskeleton play vital roles in protecting them from natural environmental stresses. However, these chitinous ECMs must be degraded at least in part during embryonic and post-embyonic molting periods to accommodate continuous growth all the way to the adult stage. In this study we investigated the functions of groups I and II chitinases, TcCHT5 and TcCHT10, in turnover of the eggshell and cuticle in Tribolium castaneum. RNAi and TEM analyses revealed that TcCHT10 is required for digestion of chitin in the serosal cuticle for embryo hatching as well as in the old cuticle during post-embryonic molts including larval-pupal and pupal-adult metamorphosis. However, although TcCHT5 is apparently involved in these vital physiological events, TcCHT10 could substitute for TcCHT5 except during the pupal-adult molting when both enzymes are indispensable to degrade chitin in the old pupal cuticle.

한국에서 흰줄숲모기(Aedes albopictus)는 일반적으로 매우 흔한 종으로 여기지지만, 해외에서는 주요 질병 매개체로 인식되고 있으며, 도 시 환경에 잘 적응하는 특징을 가지고 있다. 최근 도심 지역의 기후변화와 열섬 현상에 따른 곤충의 대발생이 보고되면서, 이러한 환경 변화가 모 기의 부화율에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구의 필요성이 증가하고 있다. 본 연구를 위해 서울시 내 25개의 기상청 자동관측장비(AWS)에서 수집된 기후 데이터를 분석하여, 열섬 현상이 강한 도심 지역과 열섬 현상이 약한 교외 지역을 선정하였으며, 이를 통해 임의의 사이구간을 생성하여 총 9 개의 열섬 조건에서 흰줄숲모기의 부화율을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 열섬 현상이 강할수록 부화율이 증가하였으며, 회귀분석을 통해 열섬 강도가 높아질수록 이러한 추세가 더욱 빨라질 수 있음을 확인하였다. 이러한 연구 결과는 도시열섬 현상에 따른 기온 변화가 흰줄숲모기의 부화율에 중 요한 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 시사한다.

본 연구는 서울대공원 인공사육장에서 남생이(Mauremys reevesii) 알의 부화온도 차이에 따른 부화기간과 성장에 영향을 주는지 알아보고자 연구했다. 전체 201개의 남생이 알을 26(n=89)℃, 28(n=75)℃ 그리고 32(n=37)℃에서 각각 부화시켰다. 남생이 알의 부화온도와 부화기간은 온도에 따라 유의미한 차이를 나타내었다. 본 연구에서 부화 온도가 높을수록 부화율이 증가하였다. 26℃, 28℃, 그리고 32℃에서 부화한 알의 부화 기간은 각각 66.1(±4.0, n=52)일, 65.3(±3.3, n=44)일 그리고 58.8(±7.7, n=31)일이었다. 부화율은 32℃(83.8%)가 26℃(58.4%)와 28℃(58.7%)보다 상대적으로 높았다. 32℃에서 부화 한 14일 된 새끼의 몸무게가 26℃와 28℃에서 부화한 14일 된 새끼의 몸무게보다 높았다. 그렇지만 부화 후 180일과 270일에 새끼의 몸무게는 부화 온도에 따라 큰 차이가 없었다. 본 연구에서 한국산 남생이(M. reevesii) 알의 부화 온도가 부화 기간과 성장 초기 남생이의 체중에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구는 갈색날개매미충의 기계유유제 처리 방법별 부화율과 산란에 의한 사과 열매의 품질 변화에 대해 조사하였다. 기계유유제 처리 효과를 보면 기계유유제 20배를 도포한 것이 평균 0.57%로 가장 적은 부화율을 보였고, 분무한 가지에서는 평균 1%의 부화율을 보였다. 기계유유제를 50배 도포 처리시 부화율이 약 35%를 보인반면 분무처리는 약 77%를 보여 편차를 고려하면 무처리와 차이가 없는 것으로 보인다. 홍로와 후지 품종에서 갈색날개매미충이 산란한 결과지와 산란되지 않은 결과지에 이듬해 사과 열매가 결실되어도 과실의 품질 차이는 통계적 유의성은 없었다. 또한 갈색날개매미충의 산란에 의한 가지의 부러짐도 없었고, 결과지 생육도 통계적 유의성은 없었다.

Temperature, humidity, photoperiod, and illumination suitable for hatching of Locusta migratoria were investigated. Among four temperatures of 20℃, 25℃, 27℃, 30℃, and 33℃, 33℃ showed the highest hatching rate as 85.6±10.0%, and 30℃(63.2±24.9%), 27℃(42.5±9.6%), in the following order. The hatching rate in 20℃ and 25℃ was 0.0%, respectively. The longer hatching days were accompanied by the lower temperature. In humidity of 50%, 65%, 80%, 65% was the best hatching rate as 86.4±3.8% and 80% (81.6±15.4%), 50% (71.9±14.9%) in the following order. But there was no statistical significance. In three photoperiods of 9L/15D, 12L/12D, 15L/9D, 9L/15D was the best hatching rate as 81.2% and 12L/12D (80.0%), 15L/9D (72.6%) in the following order. In illuminations, 3,500 lux showed the highest hatching rate as 76.1% and 1,800 (61.9%), 600 lux (47.5%) in the following order among illuminations of 600, 1,800, and 3,500. In conclusion, the most suitable temperature, hunidity, photoperiod, and illumination of the hatching of Locusta migratoria were turned out as 33℃, 65%, 9L/15D, and 3,500 lux.

뽕나무깍지벌레는 복숭아, 매실, 뽕나무 등 31종의 기주식물을 가해하는 기주범위가 광범위한 난방제 해충으로 알려져 있다. 2017년도에 뽕나무깍지벌레는 5월 상순부터 부화를 시작하여 암컷성충 1마리가 75.5개(47~159개)의 알을 낳으며 모든 알이 부화하는데 약 19일이 소요되었고, 부화율은 약 87%였다. 반면에 2018년도에는 4월 하순부터 부화를 시작하여 암컷성충 1마리가 49.4개(12~71개)의 알을 낳으며 모든 알이 부화하는데 13일이 소요되었으며, 부화율은 약 72%를 보였다. 부화한 약충들은 이동 후 5월 중순부터 고착약충으로 되고, 6월 중순부터 2세대 성충이 활동하기 시작하였다. 부화약충기에 약제를 살포하여 살충효과를 조사한 결과, 살충률이 100%인 반면에, 고착약충기 에는 살충율은 2.7%로 살충효과가 낮은 것을 확인하였다.

Hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays a key role in development from invertebrate to vertebrate. It is known to be involved in cell differentiation, polarity, proliferation, including the development of vertebrate limb and the establishment of flies’ body plan. To investigate how the regulation of Hh pathway affects the development of parthenogenetic murine embryos, the parthenogenetically activated murine embryos were treated with either cyclopamine (Cyc), an antagonist of Hh pathway, or purmorphamine, an agonist of Hh pathway. While Cyc did not affect the blastocyst formation and its total cell number, the chemical reduced the hatching rate of embryos and the expression levels of Fn1 mRNA. The results of the present study show the possibility that Cyc may affect the development of embryos at blastocyst stage by blocking Hh pathway and this may cause detrimental effect to the embryos at peri-, and post-implantation stages.

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway plays a key role in the development of various vertebrate embryos and remains important in adults. Although Shh signaling pathway has widely been studied in post-implantation stage embryos, only few studies are reported about pre-implantation stage embryos. To investigate the effect of Shh on pre-implantation stage embryos, cyclopamine and purmorphamine were treated to embryos in culture. Cyclopamine acts as an antagonist of the hedgehog signaling because it has a high affinity to Smoothened, a key part of the hedgehog signaling pathway. On the other hand, purmorphamine activate Smoothened and acts as a Shh signaling agonist. The oocytes were collected after superovulation and parthenogenetically activated in Chatot, Ziomek, and Bavister medium (CZB) including 10 mM strontium for 5 hr. The activated oocytes were cultured in potassium simplex optimized medium (KSOM), KSOM with 5 uM of cyclopamine, KSOM with 1 uM of purmorphamine, or KSOM with both 5 uM of cyclopamine and 1 uM of purmorphamine. After 5.5 days in culture, there was no significant difference in blastocyst development among the four experimental groups. However, the hatching rate was increased in the groups containing purmorphamine, and the blastocysts of the purmorphamine-containing groups had higher total cell number than those of other two groups when the cells were counted after Hoechst33342 staining. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) shows the difference of gene expression level which are related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Taken together, this study suggests that the increase of Shh has an effect on the increases of EMT-related genes and hatching rate of pre-implantation stage embryos, and this may improve implantation subsequently.

Fatty acid synthesis (FASN) is an enzyme responsible for the de novo synthesis of long-chain fatty acids. During oncogenesis, FASN plays a role in growth and survival rather than acting within the energy storage pathways. Here, the function of FASN during early embryonic development was studied using its specific inhibitor C75. We found that the presence of the inhibitor reduced blastocyst hatching. FASN inhibition decreased Cpt1 expression, leading to a reduction in mitochondrial copy numbers and ATP content. This inhibition of FASN results in the down-regulation of the AKT pathway, thereby triggering apoptosis through the activation of the p53 pathway. Activation of the apoptotic pathways also leads to increased accumulation reactive oxygen species and autophagy. In addition, the FASN inhibitor can impair cell proliferation, a parameter of blastocyst quality for outgrowth. The level of OCT4, an important factor in embryonic development, decreased after treatment with the FASN inhibitor. These results show that FASN exerts an effect on the early embryonic development by regulation of both fatty acid oxidation and the AKT pathway in pigs.

Pacific herring Clupea pallasii eggs were attached to the gill net in Korean coastal waters off Busan. To conservation and management the eggs attached to the gill net, we followed the natural hatching in coastal waters from five days after fertilization to the hatching finished, where the temperature was 9°C. The diameter of fertilized eggs was 1.24–1.55 mm (n= 50), and had a segmented pale yellow yolk, no oil globule. Natural hatching had started by 10 days after fertilization. Mass hatching occurred around 11–12 days after fertilization, most of eggs separated from the gill net. Therefore, when the Pacific herring eggs attached in gill net, should be natural hatching–induced in coastal waters during 12–14 days.

Baculum elongatum has a long, thin shape that resembles a twig, propagates by parthenogenesis, changes body color, and drops eggs, all of which suggests its potential in the commercial market, especially as an educational pet insect. This study was carried out to determine the best hatching environment and an alternative or artificial diet for rearing B. elongatum to be developed as a commercial and educational pet insect. Oviposition was performed by females without fertilization by the sperm of males. The oviposition period was 42.2 ± 22.7 days and the number of eggs per female was 109.5 ± 70.5 eggs. The hatch rate was 73.3% at 25°C and 66.7% after low temperature treatment (8°C for 60 days). In nature, B. elongatum overwinters as an egg, but it can be assumed from the results that cold temperatures were not required for hatching. The hatch rate was 98.2% in the treatment using floral foam, fermented sawdust, and leaves. Clover(Trifolium repens) was an excellent diet as it was similar to the host plant and could be used as an alternative diet. The rate of reaching adulthood for the insects was 66.7% on an artificial diet containing 25% acacia leaves. For sustainable mass rearing of nymphs or adults of B. elongatum, a natural diet could be used such as acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia), white oak (Quercus aliena), chestnut (Castanea crenata var. dulcis), and bush clover (Lespedeza bicolor), or an alternative diet such as clover or artificial diet. To rear nymphs and adults of B. elongatum, natural diet such as acacia, white oak, chestnut, or bush clover leaves, or an alternative diet such as clover or an artificial diet can be used.