Sorghum seed is traditionally used as health supplements and the secondary food mixed with rice in Korea. While the research of reserve protein in sorghum seed have been carried out in many countries used as major food, much less is known about reserve proteins of Korean local sorghum seeds. To obtain protein characteristics in 20 Korean local sorghum seed, quantitative content of reserve protein was determined after fractionation by modified ‘Osbone’ method and α-kafirin of prolamin was determined by SDSPAGE. Mean albumin, globulin, prolamin and glutelin contents based on total seed protein content of 20 Korean local sorghum seed were 6.2%, 0.9%, 57.9% and 35.1%, respectively. Sorghum cultivar with high prolamin were ‘Whin-susu’, ‘Whin-Chalsusu’, ‘Whanggeum-Chalsusu’, and ‘Daepungshushu’. Sorghum cultivar with high α-kafirin were ‘Whin-susu’, ‘Geumsan-Chalsusu’, ‘Whin-Chalsusu’, and ‘Jangmok-susu’. Among the 20 varieties, ‘Whin-susu’ and ‘Whin-Chalsusu’ were selected as high α -kafirin and prolamin sorghum cultivar, which showed 64.5 and 71.9% of prolamin contents, respectively.

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) has been cultivated for cereal grain which has been traditionally used for steaming with rice in Korea. Various Korean sorghum varieties have been developed and distributed for farmers and consumers to meet their needs. Korean sorghum grains have been mostly sold at higher price in the market than sorghum grains imported from abroad. However, no varietal identification method was established to support fair trade in the cereal market. The objective of this study is to develop the identification method of Korean sorghum varieties using a multiplexed fingerprinting platform of SSR markers. One marker for the waxy allele and nine SSR markers were carefully selected based on their product sizes for the multiplexing. A robust multiplexed combination was revealed from serially designed experiments for the optimization of multiplex PCR. Five varieties and two elite breeding lines could be separated with their unique fingerprinting pattern from other sorghum individuals collected over the world. The platform separated most of individuals tested in this study, remaining three genotypes contained two or three identical individuals. The technique may be applied to detect closely-related individuals including full sibling progeny

This study was conducted to determine the optimal dose of gamma-ray for mutation breeding in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor M.). Gamma-rays irradiated to dry seeds with various doses (0 to 1000 Gy) at Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. Lethal dosage (LD50) was approximately 256 Gy. Significant decreases in growth characteristics (plant height, tiller number and fresh weight) were observed by dose of increased over 300 Gy. Reduction doses (RD50) was approximately 363 Gy in plant height. We also conducted comet assay to observe nucleus DNA damage due to gamma irradiation. In comet assay, a clear difference was identified over 100 Gy treatments. With increasing doses of gamma-ray in the range of 100 to 400 Gy, the rate of head DNA was decreased significantly from 93.52% to 67.57%. The most of the Sorghum cells were severely damaged in the integrity of DNA by gamma-ray. These data provide valuable information when the optimal dose should be chosen for purpose of mutation breeding program of Sorghum.

The change of quality characteristics with storage temperature (room (25°C), low (15°C) and cold (4°C) temperature) and period of unhulled foxtail millet (Setaria italica Beauv. cv. Samdame and Gyeongkwan 1), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L. cv. Hwanggeum-gijang and Manhongchal) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Hwanggeumchal and Donganme) were evaluated. The 1,000 grain weight, lightness, redness, yellowness and moisture content with storage temperature and period of unhulled foxtail millet, proso millet and sorghum were not showed difference. Germination percent and milling recovery of foxtail millet, proso millet and sorghum decreased with increasing storage temperature and period. Fat acidity of stored foxtail millet, proso millet and sorghum was increased with increasing storage period, and the higher temperature increased more. The results of this study show that the storage of foxtail millet, proso millet and sorghum at the low and cold temperature is better than the room temperature. Especially, in mind of the economics, the storage method is good low temperature than cold temperature.

Among the abiotic stresses, heavy metal (HM) toxicity is thought to be one of the major abiotic stresses leading to hazardous effects in plants. In spite of its potential physiological and economical significance, morphological alterations induced by heavy metals in plants have so far been grossly overlooked. In the present study, the morphological and physiological changes were observed in the leaf of sorghum plants treated with different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150 μM) of CdCl2. Results revealed that plants endured reduction in growth and morphological changes amazingly altered by cadmium. The growth of sorghum seedlings treated with 150 μM cadmium was more inhibited than that of sorghum seedlings treated with 100 μM Cd, 50μM and non-treated plants. The morphological characteristics revealed that the cadmium stress inhibited the root and shoot elongation after growing the rise seedling in the presence of cadmium. In the case of ion concentration, the concentrations of Zn2+, Ca2+ were decreased whereas Fe2+ concentration was increased except 100 μM under cadmium stress. In confocal microscopy, results showed that the absorption degree of cadmium was increased by the higher concentration of cadmium. The fluorescence intensity of cadmium was also increased. Thus, it seemed that cadmium has an influence on sorghum in the case of early stages of sorghum. This study reported the effects of heavy metal, cadmium on the growth and physiological characteristics of sorghum seedlings, hoping to provide references on the mechanism of heavy metal damaging plants, and phyto-remediation for heavy metal polluted soil.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristic of the cooked rice added with glutinous and non-glutinous sorghum. The sorghum cultivars were Sorghum bicolor L. Moench cv. Hwanggeumchal, Nampungchal (glutinous), and Donganme (nonglutinous), and rice cultivar was Ilpum rice. The cooking properties and pasting characteristics of cooking rice adding with sorghum according to varieties and different addition rates evaluated. The cooking properties and pasting characteristics had significant changes with the varieties and different addition rates of sorghum. With increased addition rates of sorghum, the pasting temperature, peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown viscosity, and final viscosity were decreased. With increased addition rates of sorghum, the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents before and after cooked rice were increased. Total polyphenol contents of 30% addition rates before cooking rice with Hwanggeumchal, Nampungchal, and Donganme sorghum were 1,693.30, 1,890.98 and 2,386.11 μg/g sample, whereas those after cooking rice with sorghum were 1,189.28, 1,190.42 and 1,397.87 μg/g sample, respectively. The high level of DPPH radical scavenging activity before and after cooking rice with sorghum were 126.29 and 70.58 mg TE/100g sample in the Donganme in 30% addition rates. Also, ABTS radical scavenging activity was 135.56 and 83.12 mg TE/100g sample, respectively. The results of this study show that the addition of sorghum can make cooked rice improved antioxidant activity.

Excessive water stress can cause severe damage to sorghum and results in significant yield reduction. The aim of this study is to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for excessive water stress in sorghum. As a first step, two out of 21 bmr mutants were selected for their superior agronomic performance and Chlorophyll a fluorescence OJIP transient, and were crossed with an elite Korean cultivar, Hwangkeumchal, to construct mapping populations. One hundred ten out of 236 SSR primers showed polymorphism between two parens, which cover ten chromosomes of sorghum from different published SSR linkage maps of sorghum. Development of recombinant inbred lines from the crosses ‘25M2-0698 x Hwangkeumchal’ and ‘25M2-0404 x Hwangkeumchal’ are in progress using the single seed descendent method for generation acceleration.

Grain sorghum is the fifth most important crop grown in the world for either a major food crop or animal feed. It is important to identify the genetic diversity of sorghum genetic resources for cultivar development and evaluation of sorghum accessions in Korea. Two hundred thirty six SSR primer sets, which are evely distributed across the sorghum genome, were used to assess the genetic variation of 23 sorghum accessions with a US cultivar, BTx623. Results showed that SSR markers were highly polymorphic among the sorghum collections and the average alleles per locus were 3.15 with the average of 0.436 PIC (polymorphism information content) values. The sorghum accessions in this study were unequally separated and were clustered into 4 groups. The results showed that there was a sufficient SSR polymorphism with SSR primers used among Korean sorghum accessions, and the development of genetic map and marker-assisted selection for cultivated sorghum would be feasible with further studies.

Grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a major staple for a large portion of the world. The crop ranks fifth among the cereals world-wide with respect to its importance for food and feed applications. To this end, the grain harvested from sorghum, and the millets provides an important source for dietary calories and protein for approximately one billion people in the semi-arid regions of the world. However, grain sorghum products are known to have relatively poor digestibility, only approximately 50%–70%, in comparison with other grains, such as wheat and maize, which tend to have digestibility percentages over 80% and 70%, respectively. Protein with high digestibility is by definition nutritionally superior owing to the increased availability of amino acids. Digestibility can be impacted by both protein–protein and⁄or protein–nonprotein interactions. However, with respect to grain sorghum, it is thought that the major factor influencing digestibility is the former because of high protein cross-linking around the protein body. To understand the mechanism of seed storage proteins in the sorghum, the proteomic analysis was carried out between the wild(BTX623) and mutant(M271207) genotypes of sorghum. Proteins were separated from the mature seed using IEF in the first-dimension and SDS-PAGE in the second dimension along with hybrid LTQ-FTICR mass spectrometry. After image analysis using Progenesis SameSpot software, we identified the 62 differential expressed protein spots out of 293 protein spots. Out of total differential expressed spots, 35 differential expressed protein spots (more than2-fold) were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Out of 35 protein spots, we were identified 20 protein spots as up-regulated and 15 protein spots as downregulated, significantly. In our proteomic investigation, the candidate proteins may provide novel clues for better understanding the characteristics of seed proteins in Sorghum.

The aim of this study was to select the abiotic tolerant sorghum mutants using chlorophyll a transient OJIP analysis of PSⅠ and PSⅡ so called Kautsky’s effect within 1 second. It was clearly identified that wwt-and drought tolerant sorghum mutants could be classified by wet factor index(WFI). On the basis of WFI, wet tolerant sorghum matants were classified as follows; Ⅰ group, MUT534 bmr/new, MUT525 bmr; Ⅱ group, M2P1207 bmr, 25M2-0404 bmr, MUT371 bmr24, unknown bmr22, 10M2-0775 bmr, MUT135 bmr23; Ⅲ group, M2P0411 bmr, MUT641 bmr, M2P1064 bmr36, MUT855 bmr, 25M2-0137 bmr/new, MUT436 bmr, M2P0929 bmr, 25M2-0026 bmr, 10M2-0387 bmr, 25M2-0173 bmr/new; Ⅳ group, 25M2-0698 bmr. In conclusion, for the selection of wet tolerance, four photochemical parameters such as Electron transport flux until PSI acceptors per PSII(RE1o/RC), Performance index for energy conservation from photons absorbed by PSII antenna, until the reduction of PSI acceptors(PI_total ABS), Driving force on absorption basis(DF_total ABS) and Electron transport flux from QA to QB per PSII(ETo/RC) were important photochemical parameters deduced from maximum quantum yield and electron transport efficiency.

본 연구는 바이오에탄올 생산용 작물 선발을 위해 국내재배 가능한 일년생 작물중에서 바이오매스 생산량이 우수한 수수-수단그래스 교잡종에 대한 바이오에탄올 생산성을조사하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다.1. 총 11 품종의 수수-수단그래스 교잡종 대한 화학적 특성검증 결과 셀룰로오스 함량은 Green Star 품종이 가장높았으며 발효율 검정을 위해 Green Star, Revolution,KF429 그리고 SS504 4품종을 선발하였다.2. 선발된 4품종으로부터 발효 당을 추출하기 위해 시료와1 M NaOH 용매를 1:14의 비율로 혼합하고 150℃에서30분간 전처리하였을 때 시료내 셀룰로오스 함량은 55%이상 이였으며, 발효 저해 작용을 하는 리그닌 및 회분함량은 65%이상 제거 되었다.3. 전처리물의 당화율 검정을 위해 celli CTEC II 효소 30FPU/g-cellulose를 사용하였으며 4품종의 당화율은 평균86%이었다.4. 수수-수단그래스 교잡종의 발효율 검정은 동시당화발효(SSF)방법으로 수행하였으며 발효균주로는 Saccharomysiscerevisiae CHY1011를 사용하였고, 결과적으로 GreenStar의 발효율이 92.4%로 가장 높았으며 에탄올 생산량은 6,206 L/ha임을 확인하였다.

SELDI-TOF MS를 활용한 저분자 펩타이드 분석을 위해 서는 분석시료에 대한 최적화 분석조건을 확립하는 것이 필수적으로 선행되어야 한다. 본 연구는 수수 종자 내 존재하는 10 kDa 이하의 저분자 펩타이드를 프로파일링하기 위하여 활용된 SELDI-TOF MS의 최적화 분석조건을 확립하는데 있다. 분석조건은 (1) 프로테인 칩: CM10(weak cationexchanger), Q10(strong anion exchanger), (2) 바인딩 버퍼의 희석배수: 1/2, 1/5, 1/10, 1/20, 1/50, 1/100, 1/200, (3)Q10의 바인딩 버퍼 강도: 10 mM, 100 mM, (4) 단백질 추출버퍼: sodium borate, sodium borate + acetone, phenol,TCA 버퍼로 하였다.1. 바인딩 버퍼의 희석배수는 CM10과 Q10 모두 1/20과1/50이 최적화로 나타났다.2. Q10의 바인딩 버퍼 강도는 농도가 약한 10 mM에서 더많은 피크가 검출되었다.3. SELDI-TOF MS 분석에 적합한 수수 종자단백질 추출버퍼로는 2~10 kDa 범위에서는 sodium borate 버퍼와10~20 kDa 범위에서는 phenol 버퍼로 분석되었다.

본 연구에서는 붉은장목수수(Sorglum Bicolor M.) MeOH 추출물과 분획물들의 다양한 생리활성을 비교하기 위하여 항산화(DPPH assay, 환원력, 총 페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량), 항당뇨(α-Glucosidase 저해활성 및 α-Amlyase 저해활성), 항암(MTT assay) 활성을 관찰 하였다. 항산화활성의 경우 EtOAc fraction이 높은 총 페놀과 플라보노이드 함량을 나타내었으며, DPPH assay와 reducing power 결과 역시 EtOAc fraction과 MeOH fraction이 positive control로 사용한 α-tocopherol보다 우수한 활성을 나타냈다. α-Glucosidase, α-amlyase 저해능 평가 결과 D.W. fraction이 가장 높은 활성을 보였으며 n-BuOH fraction과 MeOH extract도 활성을 나타내었다. 암세포인 AGS, HT29, HCT116세포주에 대한 세포독성 연구인 MTT assay에서는 EtOAc, n-BuOH, D.W. fraction을 처리한 처리구에서 독성을 보였으며 이중 n-BuOH fraction이 모든 세포주에서 농도 의존적으로 세포독성을 가지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 연구결과 붉은장목수수의 추출물 EtOAc fraction의 항산화활성, D.W. fraction의 항당뇨활성, n-BuOH fraction의 암세포에 대한 독성과 관련된 화합물의 분리 및 구조규명에 관한 연구가 필요 할 것으로 사료되어지며, normal cell에 대한 MTT assay를 진행하여 항암활성에 관한 연구를 진행하여 붉은장목수수 추출물을 이용한 다양한 건강기능식품과 의약품 개발을 통해 건강 증진과 질병으로부터 보호 받을 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

농업유전자원센터 및 국외에서 수집한 단수수 유전자원 140품종을 대상으로 주요 형질변이를 탐색하여 우리나라 간척지 토양에 알맞는 품종을 선정하고 아울러 단수수 품종 육성에 필요한 기초 자료를 얻고자 수행한 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 간척지 토양에서 단수수의 작물학적 생육특성은 간장 175 cm, 수장 26 cm, 절수 9개, 경태 11.6 mm, 생경중 12.1 톤/ha, 출수소요일수 96일이었다. 2. 바이오에탄올 생산에 크게 영향하는 당도 범위는 5.7~23.5 Brix였고, 평균 14.1 Brix였으며, 20 Brix를 초과하는 고 당도 품종은 Sugar Drip Cane Seed(23.5 Brix), Indiana Amber(21.4 Brix), Dwarf Blackhull Kafir(21.7)이었으며, 고 당도 품종육성에 유망한 유전자원이었다. 3. 생경중의 범위는 20~50 톤/ha이었고, 평균 12.1 톤/ha이었으며, 생경중 30톤/ha 이상으로 높은 품종은 Honey (50.3 톤/ha), IS8012(36.6 톤/ha), Dwarf Blackhull Kafir(35.3 톤/ha) 등 이었다. 4. 주요 형질간의 상관관계는 간장과 수장, 절수, 경태, 생경중, 출수소요일수 간에, 절수와 경태, 생경중 간에 고도로 유의한 정의 상관을 나타내었다. 5. 생경중은 간장, 절수, 경태, 출수소요일수와 고도로 유의한 정의 상관을 나타내었다.

본 연구에서는 종실의 크기가 작고 불균일한 소립종으로 파종시 초기 입모불량의 문제점을 개선하기위해 형질특성이 다른 밀수형 황금찰와 산수형 토종 품종을 대상으로 종자크기를 5가지 등급으로 선별하여 실내종자활력 평가와 포장조건에서 선별파종 효과를 비교 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 주요 수수품종별 종자의 크기별 분포특성을 분석한 결과 황금찰에 비해 토종이 대립종으로 나타났으며, 종자의 균일도도 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 종자크기가 클수록 천립중과 비중, 탄수화물과 단백질 함량이 증가되었고, >3.55 mm 와 <2.36 mm의 천립중도 황금찰 19.78 g과 토종 17.91 g로 차이를 보였으며, 탄수화물과 단백질함량은 각각 0.98%, 14.61%의 차이를 보였다. 종자크기 >3.55 mm와 3.15 mm 범위에서는 탄수화물과 단백질함량 함량은 유의성이 없었으며, 탄수화물/단백질함량비도 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 종자활력을 시험한 결과 저온과 표준발아시험 모두 종자 크기가 클수록 발아율이 높은 것으로 나타났으며 종자크기가 >3.55 mm 이상의 종자 발아율이 79.8%로 높은 반면<2.36 mm에서는 51.5%로 크게 감소되는 경향을 보였으며, 2.80 mm 이하부터는 크게 떨어졌다. 포장조건에서 출아율은 황금찰의 경우 >3.55 mm에서는 92.7%로 높은 반면 <2.36 mm에서는 31.3%로 크게 낮았다. 평균출아일수는 황금찰의 경우 >3.55 mm에서는 4.26일이 소요되는 반면 <2.36 mm에서는 4.74일이 소요 되었고, 출아율지수는 >3.55 mm에서는 0.87인 반면 <2.36 mm에서는 0.26으로 종자크기가 작을수록 크게 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 수량에서는 <2.36 mm에 비해 >3.55 mm에서 황금찰 24.5%, 토종 36.9% 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 특히 3.15 mm 미만부터는 뚜렷한 수량성의 차이를 나타났다. 따라서 수수종자 크기별로 중량, 밀도, 성분분석, 표준발아 조사, 저온발아조사 등 실내 종자활력 시험과, 포장조건에서 발아시험을 수행한 결과를 종합하였을 때 3.15 mm 이상의 종자를 선별하여 파종하면 수수의 종자활력이 높아져 생산성이 크게 향상되는 것으로 판단되었다.

Cereal seeds, sorghum, foxtail millet, hog millet, adlay, and corn are traditionally used as health assistant as well as energy supplying food in Korea. While beneficial phytochemicals to human have revealed in cereals, the information on peptides from cereals is far less accumulated than major reserve protein. Here, we analyzed peptide profiles using surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) in cereal seeds for construction of peptide information and attempted to develop peptide biomarkers for cereal identification. To optimize the analysis condition of SELDI-TOF MS, the effect of dilution factor on binding affinity to protein chips was tested using CM10 and Q10 arrays. Peptide clusters were significantly different at the level of 0.01 p-value. Peak spectra were the most stable in 1:50 of dilution factor in both chip arrays. Numbers of detected peak of 5 cereal seeds were 131 in CM10 and 74 in Q10 array. Each cereal was grouped as a cluster and well discriminated into different cluster in the level of 0.01 p-value. Numbers of potentially identified peptide biomarkers are 11, 13, 9, 5 and 12 in sorghum, foxtail millet, hog millet, adlay and corn, respectively. This study demonstrates that each cereal seed have own distinguishable specific peptides although their function are not identified yet in this study. In addition, the proteomic profiling using SELDI-TOF MS techniques could be a useful and powerful tool to discover peptide biomarker for discrimination and assess crop species, especially under 20 kDa.

Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal in the world as one of the staple food. For the use of natural dye, we have done some researches about sorghum red pigments extracted from stalk and leaves on its physiochemical properties, extracting methods and applications. The researches involved maximum extraction of sorghum pigment and analysis of its processing condition. Total polyphenol and tannin contents were measured by varieties and different plant parts. The stabilities of pigment by irradiation and heat treatment for processing were measured by colorimeter and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). In addition, hybrid nano-silica composites with sorghum pigment were made by combining with polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate and sodium silicate. Water silica hybrids with sorghum pigment were performed by emulsion treatment. Nano-silica particles were identified and measured their size to be about 200 ~ 400 nm by SEM analysis.

본 연구는 미국 수수 수집종의 작물학적 특성 및 생리활성을 검정하기 위하여 수행되었다. 대부분의 미국 수수 수집종은 200 cm 이상의 큰 초장을 보였으며, 간경 또한 2cm 이상의 값을 나타냈다. 수수 수집종 중에서는 Sweet-N-Sterile(#4)이 가장 우량한 수수의 생장 특성을 보였다. 수수의 DPPH를 이용한 활성 검정 결과, Premium stock(#1), Early Sumac(#7), SS Silage(#9), WGF Grain Sorghum(#11) 4개의 수집종에서 기존의 항산화제인 α-tocopherol과 BHA와 비슷한 활성을 보였고 BHT보다는 높은 활성을 보였다. 항미생물 실험결과 BMR Gold I(#3)이 가장 높은 활성을 나타냈으며, 특히 Escherichia coli에서 125 μg/ml으로 높은 활성수치를 나타냈다.

The cereal grain crops have strong flexibility against adverse environment and they have various functional compounds. The objective of the present study was to screen phenolic compounds in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], foxtail millet (Setaria italica), common millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array (PDA) detector. Sorghum contained the highest amount of phenolic compounds among three different crops (sorghum, foxtail millet, common millet). Especially Moktaksusu showed the highest amount of phenolic compounds concentrations and biggest regional differences. The comparison of average phenolic compounds in sorghums by regions showed order to Milyang (963.3~;~mug~cdotg-1 ), Yeongyang (923.1~;~mug~cdotg-1 ), Gijang (831.3~;~mug~cdotg-1 ) and Bonghwa (735.6~;~mug~cdotg-1 ). Among the sorghum cultivars, Moktaksusu (1407.9~;~mug~cdotg-1 ) had the highest concentration of phenolic compounds. The average phenolic compounds of foxtail millets showed similar amount among Milyang (319.0~;~mug~cdotg-1 ), Gijang (288.1~;~mug~cdotg-1 ) and Bonghwa (281.9~;~mug~cdotg-1 ) areas. The phenolic compounds of Yeongyang (246.6~;~mug~cdotg-1 ) slightly low and that showed similar concentrations among three different regions. The concentration of phenolic compounds in foxtail millets, Chungchajo (335.6~;~mug~cdotg-1 ) showed the highest concentrations. The average phenolic compounds of common millets showed the highest concentrations in Milyang (305.5~;~mug~cdotg-1 ), Bonghwa (262.0~;~mug~cdotg-1 ), Gijang (195.1~;~mug~cdotg-1 ), Yeongyang (237.2~;~mug~cdotg-1 ) in decreasing order. The concentration of phenolic compounds of common millets was the highest in the Norangchalgijang (337.0~;~mug~cdotg-1 ), Hwanggumgijang (250.0~;~mug~cdotg-1 ) was also relatively higher than others. The results of this study will provide basic information for breeding sorghums, foxtail millets and common millets with higher phenolic compound concentrations.