Intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS) produced in a various pathologic state was known to intermediate many cellular response such as inflammation. Recently, low level light irradiation by HeNe laser used in many clinical field could improve inflammatory state by scavenging intracellular ROS through photo-detachment/dissociation process. The purpose of this study is to investigate the differential effects of blue and red light irradiation on ROS scavenging effects. Immortalized human oral keratinocyte HaCat cells were used. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate(PMA) was treated for inflammation. Red(635nm) and blue(470nm) light irradiation was carried out. To asses the intracellular ROS by light irradiation, confocal microscopic and flow cytometric assay with DCF fluorescence for total ROS and ESR spectrometry of DMPO-O2 - for superoxide anion were caried out. And microarray was performed for mRNA expression level. Released intracellular total ROS in PMA treated HaCat cell lines was dissociated efficiently by red light irradiation, while blue light irradiation did not. Rather, blue light irradiation increased ROS formation. For superoxide anion generated the first synthetic form of ROS, red light irradiation reduced its amount but blue light irradiation did not. In the mRNA expression in line with cyclooxygenase(COX) pathway, prostagrandin endoperoxide synthase 1(PTGS 1), prostagrandin endoperoxide synthase 2(PTGS 2) and phospholipase A2(PLA2) were increased by both light irradiation and they were decreased as time flows. And genes associated with ROS releasing, mRNA expressions of tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) and interleukin 1beta(IL1B) were increased by 1 hour red light irradiation but did not by blue light irradiation. As a result, red and blue light irradiation showed different response in affecting the level of ROS. These findings indicate that red light rather than blue light is more useful for anti-inflammation in clinical field

The psychosocial stress and musculoskeletal disorders(MSDs) have been one of major health problems for hospital workers. This study tried to understand the relationship between symptoms associated with MSDs and risk factors such as working posture, job stress, psychosocial stress and fatigue. A total number of 655 hospital workers participated in this study. Specifically, REBA was applied for evaluating working posture and a checklist prepared by KOSHA(Korean Occupational Safety and Health Agency) was used for symptom survey. A questionnaire from KOSHA was also used for collecting data associated with job stress, psychosocial stress and fatigue. All these data were formulated and modeled by path analysis which was one of major statistical tools in this study. Specifically, path analysis for the data we collected came up with several major findings. The risk scores from working posture based on REBA had indirect effects via fatigue factor(MFS) as well as direct effects on symptoms. The factors associated with job stress (KOSS) and psychosocial stress(PWI-SF) had significant effects on symptoms. Specifically, indirect effect of job stress factors via fatigue factors(MFS) had bigger than that of direct effect of job stress on symptom.

The psychosocial stress and musculoskeletal disorders(MSDs) have been one of major health problems for hospital workers. This study tried to understand the relationship between symptoms associated with MSDs and risk factors such as working posture, job stress, psychosocial stress and fatigue. A total number of 655 hospital workers participated in this study. Specifically, REBA was applied for evaluating working posture and a checklist prepared by KOSHA(Korean Occupational Safety and Health Agency) was used for symptom survey. A questionnaire from KOSHA was also used for collecting data associated with job stress, psychosocial stress and fatigue. All these data were formulated and modeled by path analysis which was one of major statistical tools in this study. Specifically, path analysis for the data we collected came up with several major findings. The risk scores from working posture based on REBA had indirect effects via fatigue factor(MFS) as well as direct effects on symptoms. The factors associated with job stress(KOSS) and psychosocial stress(PWI-SF) had significant effects on symptoms. Specifically, indirect effect of job stress factors via fatigue factors(MFS) had bigger than that of direct effect of job stress on symptom.

본 연구의 목적은 인간의 간섭 및 영향에 따른 도시지역에서의 식물종의 분포패턴 및 특성을 분석하는데 있다. 전주시에서 자생적으로 이입된 모든 유관속 식물종에 대한 포괄적 자료습득을 위하여 각 1헥타 크기의 106개 표본 조사구가 분석되었다. 이러한 표본조사구는 전주시의 전형적인 토지이용유형을 대표하고 도심지역으로부터 다양한 이격거리를 갖도록 선정되었다. 종풍부성, 생활형의 패턴 그리고 외래종의 비율이 표본조사구의 헤메로비 정도와의 관계에 대해서 분석되었다. 식물종의 수는 적당히 영향을 받는 부지에서 가장 높게 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 이는 적당한 교란은 종풍부성 증가를 유도한다는 중간 교란 가설에 상응하는 결과이다. 인간의 영향을 가장 많이 받는 부지의 식물상은 일년생 식물과 외래종의 비율이 가장 높은 특징을 보였다. 그리고 일부 식물종들은 토지이용유형과 도시구역에 상응하는 유사한 분포를 갖는 세 가지 그룹인 도시지역 기피종(땅비싸리, 졸참나무, 개옻나무 등), 도시지역 및 외곽지역에 널리 분포하는 종(닭의장풀, 개망초, 박주가리 등)과 도시지역 선호종(애기땅빈대, 개쑥갓, 서양민들레 등)으로 구분되었다.

Development of human-system interfaces (HSI) supporting the interaction between human and automation-based systems, particularly safety-critical sociotechnial systems, entails a wide range of design and evaluation problems. To help HSI designers deal with these problems, many methodologies from traditional human-computer interaction, software engineering, and systems engineering have been applied; however, they have been proved inadequate to develop cognitively well engineered HSI. This paper takes a viewpoint that HSI development is itself a cognitive process consisting of various decision making and problem solving activities and then proposes a design requirements-driven process for developing HSI. High-level design problems and their corresponding design requirements for visual information display are explained to clarify the concept of design requirements. Lastly, conceptual design of software system to support the requirements-driven process and designers' knowledge management is described.

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficiency of slow freezing with that of vitrification method for the cryopreservation of human embryos. Human embryos were derived from in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and the mixed solution of propanedial (1.5, 1.0, 0.5M PROH) and sucrose (0.1M), ethylene glycol (7.5, 15%), dimethyl sulfoxide (7.5, 15% DMSO), sucrose (0.5, 1.0M) and SPS (Serum Protein Substitute) was used for a cryoprotectant for slow freezing and vitrification solution, respectively. Rates of recovery after thawing, morphological normality, post-thaw viability, arrest, morphological abnormality and preimplantation development were compared between two protocols. After freezing-thawing, recovery and survial rate of slow freezing was (88.6% and 73.4%), whereas vitrification was (99.2% and 96.2%) (p<0.05). The arrest rate of slow freezing was significantly lower compared with those of vitrification(8.7% vs 29.9%) (p<0.05). Preimplantation development to the 2-cell (83.8% vs 67.7%), 4-cell (69.0% vs 47.2%) and 8-cell (62.4% vs 37.8%) stages 24, 48 and 72 h after thawing, respectively, were higher in the slow freezing than the vitrification. After slow freezing and vitrification of human embryo at 2-8cell stage, the rate of recovery rate, survival rate and partial damage rate were 92.0% vs 100%, 80.4% vs 96.2% and 52.2% vs 19.0%, respectively. And partial damage rate was significantly lower than those of slow freezing method (p<0.05). These results demonstrate that a slow freezing using PROH is more efficient than a vitrification for cryopreserving the human zygotes, although the vitrification yielded better recovery, survival and partial damage of frozen-thawed 2-8 cell stage embryos than slow freezing method.

Humans are well-known for being adept at using intuition and expertise in many situations. However, human experts are still susceptible to errors in judgment or execution, and failure to recognize the limits of knowledge. This would happen especially in semi-structured situations, in multi-disciplinary settings, under time or other stress, under uncertainty, or when knowledge is outdated Human errors are caused by cognitive biases, attentional slips/memory lapses, cultural motivations, and missing knowledge. The purpose of this research is to study errors of human experts committed in judgment and the general idea of critiquing systems as corresponding plan. Compared to expert systems, critiquing systems are narrowly focused programs useful in limited situations for collaborating with and supporting experts in their task activities. It supports an expert by detecting the human's errors by deploying various strategies that stimulate humans to improve their performance. A variety of types of critiquing systems has spread through numerous application areas.

지아장커에게 중요한 것은 바로 우리들의 삶이다. 변화 속에서도 우리는 계속 생활해야 하고 살아가야만 하기 때문에, 그는 인간문제에 대해 초지일관 관심을 기울이는 것이다. 그의 영화는 대변화하는 시대를 따라가지 못하고 역사의 잔해물로 전락해버린, 남겨진 자들의 대한 안타까움과 슬픔을 기록하고 있다. 그는 살아갈 수밖에 없는 인간의 무늬를 섬세한 시선으로 포착하고 있는 것이다. ≪삼협호인(三峽好人)≫도 상징성 짙은 장면들의 연속을 통해 대변화의 역사 속에 놓여진 사람들의 문제에 대해서 말하고 있다.

본 논문의 목적은 인간작업모델(The Model of Human Occupation: MOHO)을 이론적 틀로 하여 개발된 근로 자역할인식 면담도구(Worker Role Interview: WRI)를 소개하고, 향후 국내에서의 적극적인 사용을 제안하기 위한 것이다. WRI를 이용한 면담조사를 준비하기 위하여 2006년 9월부터 12월까지 WRI Version 9.0의 매뉴얼을 한국어로 1차 번역을 실시하였고, 감수와 수정 과정을 통하여 면담조사 권장질문지와 점수표, 판정기준을 마련하였다. 면담조사를 위하여 작업치료실이 있는 3곳의 산재전문병원을 방문하여 연구의 취지를 설명하였고, 그 중 한 곳에서 직업복귀 가능성이 있고 연구의 취지에 동의하는 산재 환자를 소개받아 2007년 2월 27일 면담조사를 실시하였다. WRI의 평가결과는 최소 17점에서 최대 68점으로 점수화 할 수 있는 데, 클라이언트의 평가 결과 총점 48점으로 전체적으로 직업복귀에 부정적인 측면 보다는 긍정적인 측면이 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 특히 개인적 사유나 자신의 직업에 대한 가치, 흥미와 관련되어 있는 의지 영역에서 직업복귀를 강하게 지지하는 반응을 보였는데, 이는 클라이언트의 직업복귀에 대한 동기가 강하므로 직업복귀에 성공할 가능성이 높다는 전제 하에 재활서비스가 제공되어야 함을 의미한다. 인간작업모델이라는 새로운 작업치료의 패러다임을 임상에서 적용할 수 있는 간편한 면담평가도구로써 WRI는 심리적, 사회적, 환경적 변인을 통한 직업복귀의 가능성을 예측한다는 점에서 의미가 있으며, 작업치료사가 환자의 기능적 손상이나 장해에만 관심을 두는 것이 아니라 보다 폭넓은 관점에서 환자를 이해하고 접근하여 성공적인 재활프로그램을 계획하는데 도움이 되리라 기대된 다.