Langmuir-Blodgett(LB) technique can speak the best candidate of the future molecular electronic devices. But, precursor as molecular ultrathin film devices require the bulk property that are influenced by the molecular orientation. So, this device is one of current interest in molecular electronic device development of new materials. In this study, quantitative evaluation of molecular orientation in LB films of polyamic acid alkylamine salt was performed analysis experiment comparing the absorption or transmission intensity of the FT-IR spectrometer and reflection or absorption spectra with UV-visible absorption spectra. It could find that the polar angle(θ) of the dipole moment appears in about 68˚ and the tilting angle of the alkyl chain is about 11.5˚.

This paper discusses of the problem of direction and orientation of site design of a traditional Korean village. The research focus on how the directional orientation of each houses adapt the direction of the flow of surrounding mountains. The direction of mountains worked as a prime rule which most of the houses( 76.6%) observed the same direction as their own orientation. While the central part of the village followed the direction of mountains more strictly, however the houses on the periphery area tend to be more free from the direction of mountains. This houses of the periphery respect either the direction of the mountain flow right behind the house or faces toward the south.

This study is first performed by researching the present conditions of Chinese characters to search for orientation of contents of Chinese characters. As a result, when Chinese characters in a broad sense are divided into Chinese character, words written in Chinese character, and Chinese writing contents of Chinese character and Chinese writing are being supplied through various methods. But there are relatively few contents that improve word power and make an active communication possible through words written in Chinese character. Although evaluation methods which are invented in game and multiple-choice questions applied to, there are lacks of contents that make immediate learning of self-evaluation possible using characteristics in learning on cyber. The learning through NIE and a few programs are therefore represented in this study to advance word power with a word written in Chinese character and evaluation methods on cyber. Especially, to perform immediate learning on-line Chinese characters can be grafted onto widely known programs. In the center of the learning through NIE on cyber among them this study shows a homepage that is developed personally. These Programs will make learning according to level of learners possible and make visitors react immediately because there are Chinese characters mode and Korean mode respectively.

The purpose of this paper is to provide the reader with a pertinent information and research trends of biomechanics in wheelchair propulsion. Biomechanical studies for wheelchair propulsion mainly focus on the most suitable propulsion performance and methods for preventing upper extremity injuries. Recent issues have concentrated on wheelchair propulsion style and cycle mainly because of the high prevalence of repetitive strain injuries in the upper extremely such as shoulder impingement and carpel tunnel syndrome. Optimizing wheelchair propulsion performances as well as medical reflections are presented throughout the review. Information on the underlying musculoskeletal mechanisms of wheelchair propulsion has been introduced through a combination of data collection under experimental conditions and a more fundamental mathematical modelling approach. Through a synchronized analysis of the movement pattern and muscular activity pattern, insight has been gained in the wheelchair propulsion dynamics of people with a different level of disability (various level of physical activity and functional potential). Through mathematical modelling simulation, and optimization (minimizing injury and maximizing performance), underlying musculoskeletal mechanisms during Wheelchair propulsion is investigated.