Background: Smart devices including smart phones have many benefits. However, prolonged used may aggravate cervical pain and postural deformity. Smart devices with appropriate applications (apps) may be useful cost-effective and easy-to-use instruments to relieve cervical pain and improve range of motion (ROM). Objectives: To review recent experimental studies on smart device-based apps on cervical pain and postural ROM improvement. Design: Systemic review study. Methods: Ten articles were selected through bibliographic searches and successive and exclusion procedure of the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Out of initial 1,046 articles, 98 articles were selected from abstract review. 33 articles were selected for full article review. Final 10 research articles were selected. Results: Three static ROM feasibility, two active ROM feasibility, four self-management promotion, and one pre/post research study articles were included. Smart device with artificial intelligent (AI) based app were utilized promote adherence to physical activity. Conclusion: Smart device apps steadily showed high feasibility even for research purpose. Studies on AL and machine learning apps showed mixed results for need for wider and precision application.

Background: Korea citation index (KCI) enhances the quality of journals by securing a management system for domestic journals and strengthening the international competitiveness of excellent domestic journals. Errors in studies, papers, and investigations of statistical methods have been reported worldwide in the medical field. However, there is a lack of studies on statistical methods and error investigations in physical therapy journals in Korea. Objectives: To investigated the frequency of statistical methods and research errors in physical therapy journal articles evaluated by KCI. Design: Review. Methods: Ten journals classified as physical therapy journals by December 2021, which are candidate journals or higher, were targeted. The study focused on original articles published from 2017 to 2021 and investigated the frequency of statistical methods used, sample size calculations, result tables, effect sizes, and confidence intervals. Results: Statistical methods used in physical therapy studies in Korean journals mainly employed group comparative analysis. However, in most cases, the basis for sampling, effect size, and confidence interval were not presented, even though most of the results tables were included. Conclusion: This study allowed us to examine the most frequently used statistical methods in Korean physical therapy studies and assess the reporting status of sample size calculations, result tables, effect sizes, and confidence intervals. Efforts are needed to publish high-quality papers to improve the quality of Korean physical therapy journals.

Owing to their simplicity and ease of synthesis, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have captivated attention of researchers. Many engineering applications have investigated the new features of nanostructured carbon nanotubes, such as large surface area, stiffness and durability. CNTs have opened up new opportunities for environmental improvement, pollution management and application in a variety of fields. Multiple types of pollution are produced as a result of population growth, urbanization and industrialization. CNTs are used to solve a variety of challenges, including environmental difficulties, water pollution, biomedical applications, and so on. It becomes an unavoidable present and future material. Different applications of CNTs have been presented in this review paper. CNTs are potential material having number of uses, including water purification, drug delivery, preservatives, catalysis, genetic engineering and artificial implants which are reviewed in this review article. This paper is presenting an explicit and systematic progress of CNTs for water treatment, medicinal uses drug delivery, artificial implants and so on, and a multitude of CNT applications in broad disciplines and their purification methods have been covered. The issues related to synthesis technologies, purification technology, bio-medicinal application and catalytic property of CNTs within the framework of different engineering applications and environmental impact are discussed in this study.

The Fukushima accident in 2011 revealed some major flaws in traditional nuclear fuel materials under accidental conditions. Thus, the focus of research has shifted toward “accident tolerant fuel” (ATF). The aim of this approach is to develop fuel material solutions that lead to improved reactor safety. The application of protective coatings on the surface of nuclear fuel cladding has been proposed as a near-term solution within the ATF framework. Many coating materials are being developed and evaluated. In this article, an overview of different zirconium-based alloys currently in use in the nuclear industry is provided, and their performances in normal and accidental conditions are discussed. Coating materials proposed by different institutions and organizations, their performances under different conditions simulating nuclear reactor environments are reviewed. The strengths and weaknesses of these coatings are highlighted, and the challenges addressed by different studies are summarized, providing a basis for future research. Finally, technologies and methods used to synthesize thin-film coatings are outlined.

Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light is often associated with skin damage, sometimes very serious, and in recent times has received particular attention as a health risk. As a result, the proper use of sunscreen has long been recommended to protect against skin damage. The continued increase in the use of sunscreen may be linked to increased information about the risk of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet rays. Natural and harmless materials that block and prevent UV light have emerged as essential household items in the field of skin beauty. New materials need to be considered and evaluated in relation to ultraviolet rays and their harmful effects. This study aims to explain the effect of UV exposure on human skin, the classification of sunscreens, the application of zeolite, nano clay, and LDH in sunscreen formulations, as well as the regulation of this service in various countries around the world.

Echeveria is a genus belonging to the Crassulaceae family that comprises approximately 170 species. It is a representative plant known as a succulent with economic potential in the floriculture industry. Echeveria plants are widely distributed in dry environments and endemic to Mexico. These plants have a rosette formation and varied leaf colors and shapes, which are characteristics of interest for landscaping, cut flowers, or interior decoration. Given their range of locations in different climates or indoor conditions, it is important to have an understanding and knowledge of their leaf morphology and anatomy and how they function to provide optimum care and management. Owing to high demand in horticultural markets, many breeders have crossed their desired species. However, this method has progressively increased the number of species without proper records of parents or other natural unintended crossings, creating phylogenetic problems and identification issues. The use and understanding of phenotypes, anatomical data, and/or research to aid in taxonomic issues and improve cultural management practices have been reviewed and discussed in this paper. In this review, we have provided a brief background of Echeveria species, focusing on the challenges and studies that have attempted to address these issues.

2023년 3월4일 저녁 9시30분 (뉴욕 현지 시각), 속개된 UN BBNJ 정부간회의에서 결국 UN BBNJ 협정 성안이 완성되었다. 본 논문에서는 국가관할권이원 전체를 규율하는 새로운 법문서로 채택될 UN BBNJ 협정이 디지털염기서열정보라는 최첨단 해양바이오 과학기술을 어떻게 규정하고 있는지 조문별로 검토해 보고, 향후 우리의 대응방안에 대해 제언하고자 한다. 이를 위해 UN BBNJ 협정 성안의 연혁과 그 규제 대상인 디지털염기서열정보의 논의 추이를 정리하고, UN BBNJ협정상 디지털염기서열정보 관련 조문을 하나씩 살펴보았다. 그리고 결론에서 향후 UN BBNJ 협정 이행을 위해서 우리가 고려해야 할 사항과 대응 방안을 국내 대응 방안과 국제 대응 방안으로 나누어 제언하였다. 국내 대응 방안으로는 국가관할권이원유래 디지털염기서열정보 통합관리제도 수립을 제언하였다. 그 이유는 현 UN BBNJ 협정 제10조가 국가관할권유래 디지털염기서열정보 통보·관리·보고·추적, 제도 수립을 규정하고 있기 때문이다. UN BBNJ 협정 제10조의 실효적 이행을 위해서는 현재 우리 국가관할권이원유래 디지털염기서열정보 관리상황에 대한 현황조사가 우선되어야 할 것으로 보인다. 국제 대응 방안으로는 첫째 제8조 적용조항 예외 선언 문제에 대한 결정, 둘째 UN BBNJ 정부간회의 당사국 총회 대응 전략 수립, 셋째 적극적인 생물다양성협약 당사국총회 참여를 제안하였다. 제8조에 대한 예외 선언을 하지 않는 경우, UN BBNJ 협정 발효이전에 생성된 디지털염기서열정보가 UN BBNJ 협정의 적용범위에 들어가기 때문에 현재 우리가 생성한 국가관할권이원 유래 디지털염기서열정보 현황에 따라 우리 산학연에 큰 부담이 될 수 있기 때문이다. 그리고 BBNJ 정부간회의 당사국총회와 생물다양성협약 당사국 총회에 대한 적극적이고 전략적인 대응을 제안한 이유는 UN BBNJ 협정이 당사국 총회에 많은 권능을 디지털염기서열정보의 관리 및 이익공유 분야에 부여하고 있기 때문이며, 생물다양성협약 당사국총회의 결정이 향후 UN BBNJ 협정에 큰 영향을 미칠 것으로 예측되기 때문이다. 특히 디지털염기서열정보의 범위와 정의가 아직 확정되지 않은 상황에서 생물다양성협약 당사국총회가 디지털염기서열정보의 범위와 정의에 대한 합의를 도출한다면, UN BBNJ 협정 역시 이를 준용할 가능성이 높으므로 UN BBNJ 협정 당사국총회와 생물다양성협약 당사국총회에 대한 통합적 대응이 필요하다.

『솟대 평론』은 2015년에 폐간된 『솟대 평론』의 뒤를 이어 2017년에 창간된 장애인 문학 저널이다. 따라서 ‘솟대 문학’이라는 장애인 문학의 기풍을 계승하 고 있다. 그러나 『솟대 평론』은 더욱 다양한 장르의 문학 양식과 장애인 주요 담론을 논의의 장으로 삼고 있다. 『솟대 평론』에 실린 총 6편의 구상솟대문학 상 수상 작품을 살펴보더라도 장애인 문학이 우수함을 알 수 있다. 장애인 문학 은 장애인만이 체험할 수밖에 없는 삶을 통해 인간 삶의 비극성, 삶에 대한 낙 관적 희망, 영적 통찰력 등을 보여주고 있다. 『솟대 평론』은 일반전문 잡지로 인식되나, 장르의 다양성과 장애인의 주체성을 고려해볼 때 특수성을 띤 특수 저널의 성격을 띠기도 한다. 『솟대 평론』은 일반전문 잡지와 특수 저널 사이의 어디엔가 위치한 특수성을 띤 저널이다.

In this review paper, the sources of odor, major odor compounds, and emission characteristics from livestock farms are summarized. The main sources of odor on livestock farms are barn facilities, manure storage facilities, manure composting facilities, and wastewater treatment facilities. High concentrations of odor are emitted during the manure removal process, and livestock odor tends to be the most severe in summer. There was a remarkable difference in odor intensity depending on the farm size and the cleaning condition, and odor intensity varied greatly depending on the weather parameters such as wind direction and speed. The concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were high among the odor compounds emitted from livestock farms, and these compounds also contributed to odor intensity. The odor intensity in poultry and swine farms was higher than in cattle farms. Information on livestock odor emission is very useful for managing livestock odor complaints and designing odor abatement technologies.

The livestock industry continues to grow around the world, but livestock odor is becoming an environmental problem that is difficult to solve. In this review paper, the current status of the domestic livestock industry, livestock odor complaints, mediation cases involving environmental disputes related to livestock odor, livestock odor management policies and standards, livestock odor sources, major odor compounds, and emission characteristics are summarized. Domestic meat supply and meat consumption per capita are increasing, and livestock farms are becoming large-scale and intensive. Livestock odor complaints increased 4.5 times over the last five years (2014-2019), and its proportion to total odor complaints was 19%-30%. Livestock facilities larger than a certain size are classified as odor emission facilities and are managed based on the Odor Prevention Act. The information presented in this paper can be used to establish strategies to promote the sustainable development of the livestock industry while resolving air quality deterioration and public health problems caused by odor emissions from livestock farms.

목적 : 본 연구는 노인의 역할 수행을 위한 역할 수행 작업치료를 중재, 역할 유형, 중재의 결과를 나타내 기 위한 종속 변수와 평가도구, 중재 효과에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 문헌 검색은 국내와 국외 데이터베이스인 학술연구정보서비스(Research Information Sharing; RISS), Pubmed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature(CINAHL), Excerpta Medica Database(EMBASE), SCOPUS, Web of Science를 이용하였다. 문헌 선택은 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews(PRISMA) 흐름도에 따라 진행하였으며, 최종 17편의 문헌을 선정하였다. 최종 선정한 문헌을 근거기반 연구의 질적 수준모델과 Critical Appraisal Skills Programme(CASP) randomized controlled trial checklist, CASP case control checklist, CASP qualitative checklist를 사용 하여 근거수준과 적용된 연구방법의 질적 평가를 하였다. 결과 : 최종 17편의 문헌 중 Ⅰ단계에 해당하는 무작위 대조연구는 6편으로 나타났으며, 6편의 연구가 CASP checklist의 모든 항목을 충족하였다. 작업치료 중재는 자기관리자의 역할에 대한 중재가 13개로 가장 많았다. 여가 참여자 역할과 조직구성원 역할 각각 9편, 친구 역할 7편 순으로 나타났다. 중재 결 과를 도출하기 위한 종속변의 평가도구는 정신적 건강이 8개로 가장 많았고, 다음으로 신체적 건강, 삶 의 질 평가가 각 6개로 나타났다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 노인의 역할 수행을 위한 작업치료 중재를 알아보았으며, 향후 노인의 역할 수행을 위한 작업치료 중재 전략과 목표를 설정할 수 있는 근거를 제시하였다. 향후 고찰 연구에는 생애주기에 따른 노인이 아닌 다른 역할 평가 및 역할 수행이 필요한 대상자 포함이 필요하며, 국내 실정에 맞는 역 할 수행 작업치료 중재에 대한 연구가 필요하다.

This study aims to promote the necessity for future research from the perspective of the indoor environment by analyzing the trend of domestic COVID-19 confirmed cases and examining previous quantitative research cases. The limitations of the qualitative management plan were identified by analyzing the trend of confirmed cases and deaths in Korea and the trend before and after the implementation of 'social distancing' and 'step-by-step daily recovery', which are actually being applied. The trend of initial and follow-up measures for the outbreak of infectious diseases in Korea is judged to be a case where the importance of qualitative and quantitative management should be confirmed to prepare absolute quarantine measures. The results suggest that examining previous research cases and preparing through advanced research for effective application.

Background: Despite fall prevention strategies suggested by researchers, falls are still a major health concern in older adults. Understanding factors that differentiate successful versus unsuccessful balance recovery may help improve the prevention strategies. Objects: The purpose of this review was to identify biomechanical factors that differentiate successful versus unsuccessful balance recovery in the event of a fall. Methods: The literature was searched through Google Scholar and PubMed. The following keywords were used: ‘falls,‘ ‘protective response,‘ ‘protective strategy,’ ‘automated postural response,’ ‘slips,’ ‘trips,’ ‘stepping strategy,‘ ‘muscle activity,’ ‘balance recovery,‘ ‘successful balance recovery,‘ and ‘failed balance recovery.’ Results: A total of 64 articles were found and reviewed. Most of studies included in this review suggested that kinematics during a fall was important to recover balance successfully. To be successful, appropriate movements were required, which governed by several things depending on the direction and characteristics of the fall. Studies also suggested that lower limb muscle activity and joint moments were important for successful balance recovery. Other factors associated with successful balance recovery included fall direction, age, appropriate protective strategy, overall health, comorbidity, gait speed, sex and anticipation of the fall. Conclusion: This review discusses biomechanical factors related to successful versus unsuccessful balance recovery to help understand falls. Our review should help guide future research, or improve prevention strategies in the area of fall and injuries in older adults.

Devices with negative differential transconductance (NDT) and negative differential resistance (NDR) have shown a strong potential for digital electronics with high information density due to their N-shaped current–voltage (I–V) characteristics leading to multiple threshold voltages ( Vths). The 2D materials, such as graphene, hBN, MoS2, WS2, etc., offer an attractive platform to achieve NDT and NDR because of the absence of dangling bonds on the surface, leading to a high-quality interface between the layers. The 2D materials' unique property of the weak van der Waals (vdW) interactions without dangling bonds on the heterostructure devices shows the way for the applications more than-Moore devices. This review holds a well-timed overview of 2D materials-based devices to develop future multi-valued logic (MVL) circuits exhibiting high information density. Notably, the recent advances in emerging 2D materials are reviewed to support the directions for future research on MVL applications.

The research on dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is in the advanced stage today. The only concern observed so far has been regarding its stability and efficiency. Its power conversion efficiency can be increased by incorporating various methods and materials based on nanotechnology. Several attempts have been employed to develop advanced methods for eco-friendly, commercially viable, and sustainable DSSCs to minimize the energy crisis in the future. Photoanode is one of the essential components of DSSCs that can be modified using different nanostructures to enhance its efficiency. The TiO2 nanoparticlebased photoanode with gold and silver has proven to be potent materials for getting efficient DSSCs. The plasmonic and quantum confinement effects also play a vital role in efficiency enhancement. In this review, we discuss numerous attempts made by researchers in the last decade to modify the photoanode and their progress. We also look at different types of nanostructures, such as quantum dots, metal oxide doping, layered structures, nanocomposites, and thin film formation, that improve the efficiency of DSSCs. Several methods were reviewed to modify photoanodes to optimize electron transportation, light scattering, trapping power, surface area, and reduce charge recombination. The trend in the efficiency enhancement of DSSCs using TiO2, Au, ZnO, Ag, and graphene nanostructures-based photoanodes have been explored in great detail.

The electro-Fenton (EF) process was first proposed in 1996 and, since then, considerable development has been achieved for its application in wastewater treatment, especially at lab and pilot scale. After more than 25 years, the high efficiency, versatility and environmental compatibility of EF process has been demonstrated. In this review, bibliometrics has been adopted as a tool that allows quantifying the development of EF as well as introducing some useful correlations. As a result, information is summarized in a more visual manner that can be easily analyzed and interpreted as compared to conventional reviewing. During the recent decades under review, 83 countries have contributed to the dramatic growth of EF publications, with China, Spain and France leading the publication output. The top 12 most cited articles, along with the top 32 most productive authors in the EF field, have been screened. Four stages have been identified as main descriptors of the development of EF throughout these years, being each stage characterized by relevant breakthroughs. To conclude, a general cognitive model for the EF process is proposed, including atomic, microscopic and macroscopic views, and future perspectives are discussed.

Graphite felt is a felt-like porous material made of high-temperature carbonized polymers. It is widely used in electrode materials because of its good temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, large surface area and excellent electrical conductivity. In this paper, the surface functional group modification is of graphite felt electrodes (mainly nitrogen doping modification, nitrogen–sulfur or nitrogen–boron co-doping modification) and surface catalytic modification (metal/ion surface modification and metal oxide surface modification as Main). There are two main methods and research progresses to improve the performance of graphite felt electrodes, and the comprehensive performance of surface functional group-modified graphite felt electrodes and surface catalytically modified graphite felt electrodes are compared respectively. The results show that both surface functional group modification and surface catalytic modification can improve the comprehensive performance of graphite felt electrodes. In this paper, the future development direction of graphite felt activation modification is also prospected.

Background: Like many other countries, falls and related injuries in older adults are great concerns in South Korea. In particular, falls are common in medical institutions, often causing the increase of the length of hospitalization. Objects: The purpose of this review was to help understand and address falls in hospitalized individuals in South Korea. Methods: The review was conducted on literature published in Korean from 2010 to 2022, searched in the Korea Citation Index and PubMed. Keywords used for the search were as follows: falls, fall risk, fall risk assessment, hospital, inpatient, intervention, Korea, and prevention. Results: A total of 54 articles were found and reviewed. The most common place of fall accidents was the inpatient room, where there were many cases of falls while walking. Loss of balance was the most common cause of falls, and many falls occurred in patients admitted to the internal medicine. Furthermore, a risk of falling increased with the type of medications taken. In terms of tools to assess patients’ fall risk, the Morse Fall Scale (MFS) was commonly used. Patient-specific fall prevention activities were common to address falls, and they decreased the frequency of falls and the fear of falling. Factors influencing the effectiveness of the fall prevention activities included attitudes toward falls, education, environmental factors, patient safety culture, and self-efficacy in preventing falls. Conclusion: Our results should help understand and address falls and injuries in medical institutions.

본 연구는 국내 간호대학생에게 적용한 플립러닝 교수법의 효과에 관한 연구를 체계적 고찰을 통해 통합적으로 규명하기 위한 메타분석연구이다. 자료수집은 2022년 11월 20일에서 12월 20일까지 코 크란 연합의 체계적 고찰 보고지침을 준수하여 진행하였다. 국내 데이터베이스를 통해 검색된 논문은 RISS 72건, KISS 11건, Dbpia 46건 총 129편이었으며, 중복논문 제거 및 선정기준에 따라 최종 9편의 연구를 선정하였다. 국내 간호대학생을 대상으로 플립러닝 수업을 적용한 결과 플립러닝이 간호대학생의 비판적 사고성향 0.91(Z=8.36, p<.001), 학업적 자기효능감 0.35(Z=2.62, p=.009), 자기주도적 학습능력 0.81(Z=6.53, p<.001), 학업성취도 0.60(Z=5.18, p<.001), 자기효능감 0.66(Z=4.79, p<.001) 향상에 효과 적인 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과를 토대로 플립러닝은 국내 간호교육 현장에 적용 가능한 효과적인 교 수법임을 확인하였고, 플립러닝 수업설계 방향성에 객관적인 근거를 제시하였으며, 향후 플립러닝에 긍정 적인 효과를 주는 다양한 결과 변인들의 효과를 통합적으로 분석하는 반복연구를 제언한다.

Atomic layer etching (ALE) is a promising technique with atomic-level thickness controllability and high selectivity based on self-limiting surface reactions. ALE is performed by sequential exposure of the film surface to reactants, which results in surface modification and release of volatile species. Among the various ALE methods, thermal ALE involves a thermally activated reaction by employing gas species to release the modified surface without using energetic species, such as accelerated ions and neutral beams. In this study, the basic principle and surface reaction mechanisms of thermal ALE?processes, including “fluorination-ligand exchange reaction”, “conversion-etch reaction”, “conversion-fluorination reaction”, “oxidation-fluorination reaction”, “oxidation-ligand exchange reaction”, and “oxidation-conversion-fluorination reaction” are described. In addition, the reported thermal ALE processes for the removal of various oxides, metals, and nitrides are presented.