The retail store, which appears in various ways of the modern city, is the architectural result that the merchandise is finally delivered to consumers. The relationship between the commerce based on manufacturing and distribution and the retail store as urban architecture can be understood not only from the viewpoint of economics and business administration but also the problem of the formation of urban history and urban organization. The modern industrial development in Korea had been progressed by the state led, as the manufacturing and distribution developed in turn. This social and economic situation influenced the formation of the retail store of the city. This is different from the West, which the development has been conducted together. The cosmetics sales space, which is the subject of this study, has changed in various forms from the 1960s to the 1990s. Cosmetics brand retail shop is a corporate brand-based space, but paradoxically, it has a historical characteristic of urban architecture in that it is branding city street. This specificity of Seoul is unexplained by the development process of the Western and does not exist as a physically huge or special construction sometimes. However, it operates as a urban architecture in Seoul where the complicated.

In this study, we investigated the amino acids content of shiitake mushrooms grown in eight different media and under three different temperature conditions. The sawdust media were supplemented with 4 kinds of nutrients - rice bran, barley, bean curd refuse, and red ginseng refuse in an 8:2 ratio with or without 0.5% calcium chloride, and the fruiting temperature was set to low (13–15oC), medium (18–20oC), or high temperatures (24–26oC). Seventeen amino acids were detected, and the content varied depending on the compositions of the media. The highest total amino acid content (209.7 mg/g) was measured in mushrooms from the media with red ginseng refuse, and the glutamic acid content was the highest (51.3 mg/g) in mushrooms from the media with barley. In terms of fruiting temperature, the amino acid content was the highest (38.2%) at medium temperature followed by the content at low (32.5%) and high temperature (29.3%). The amino acid composition of shiitake mushrooms was similar between the medium and low temperature conditions.

This study explored spatiotemporal variability of water quality in correspondence with hydrometeorological factors in the four stations of Euiam Reservoir located in the upstream region of the North-Han River from May 2012 to December 2015. Seasonal effect was apparent in the variation of water temperature, DO, electric conductivity and TSS during the study period. Stratification in the water column was observed in the near dam site every year and vanished between August and October. Increase of nitrogen nutrients was observed when inflowing discharge was low, while phosphorus increase was distinct both during the early season with increase of inflowing discharge and the period of severe draught persistent. Duration persisting high concentration of Chl-a (>25 mg m-3: the eutrophic status criterion, OECD, 1982) was 1~2 months of the whole year in 2014~2015, while it was almost 4 months in 2013. Water quality of Euiam Reservoir appeared to be affected basically by geomorphology and source of pollutants, such as longitudinally linked instream islands and Aggregate Island, inflowing urban stream, and wastewater treatment plant discharge. While inflowing discharge from the dams upstream and outflow pattern causing water level change seem to largely govern the variability of water quality in this particular system. In the process of spatiotemporal water quality change, factors related to climate (e.g. flood, typhoon, abruptly high rainfall, scorching heat of summer), hydrology (amount of flow and water level) might be attributed to water pulse, dilution, backflow, uptake, and sedimentation. This study showed that change of water quality in Euiam Reservoir was very dynamic and suggested that its effect could be delivered to downstream (Cheongpyeong and Paldang Reservoirs) through year-round discharge for hydropower generation.

The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of landscape elements and landscape management plans, by comparing and analyzing those plans within the preservation management plan of the 4 provincial parks in Jeollabuk-do Province. A landscape management plan includes both natural and cultural landscape plans, in similar proportions. While a forest’s vegetation landscape is presented as the main focus of natural landscape management, temple landscape and landscape control points (LCPs) are the main focus of cultural landscape management. Analysis of the specific plans by the landscape management strategies, shows that an enhancement approach was incorporated into most of them, while reduction, avoidance, compensation and remediation approaches were also included in part. Management of natural landscape elements such as vegetation and forests is included in the plans, which aim to improve the negative factors and conditions that impair the landscape, by means of reduction, remediation, and compensation. Cultural landscape management such as LCP management, and management of temple landscape and other scenic elements, can usually be categorized as either enhancement or avoidance strategies. The objective of such plans appears to be the improvement of negative landscapes, through management strategies of reduction, remediation, avoidance, and compensation, while also managing the positive landscape elements with enhancement strategies. Historic-cultural landscape elements were revealed to be highly prioritized in provincial parks, as these landscape types were managed in every park in this study. Vegetation landscape management was concentrated at Mt. Moaksan, and this indicates that the importance of vegetation landscape is relatively low within the natural landscapes of the Jeollabuk-do provincial parks. Overall, management in each park appears to be focused on a unique landscape type characteristic of that park, such as vegetation, topographical, or facilities landscape.

목 적: 정점간거리 증가에 따른 근시-외사위의 원/근거리 사위 측정값의 변화를 분석하고 양안시 검사의 기본 자료를 얻기 위해 실시되었다. 방 법: 시험테와 시험렌즈를 사용하여 외사위이면서 근시인 20명을 대상으로 Modified thorington(MT) 시표, Howell card(HC), Maddox rod(MR)를 사용하여 원/근거리 사위 값을 측정하였다. 사위 측정값은 정 점간거리 12 mm를 기준으로 하여 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm 정점간거리를 증가시킨 상태에서 측정하였다. 결 과: 정점간거리 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm 증가 시 원/근거리 수평사위 측정값 평균변화는 MT(원거리)에 서 각각 0.09±0.12△, 0.20±0.10△, 0.31±0.11△(F=20.07, p=0.00), MT(근거리)에서 0.09±0.12△, 0.10±0.15△, 0.21±0.20△(F=3.62 p=0.03), HC(원거리)에서 각각 0.06±0.11△, 0.14±0.13△, 0.26±0.19△(F=9.48, p=0.00), HC(근거리)에서는 0.06±0.11△, 0.09±0.12△, 0.19±0.18△(F=4.42, p=0.02), MR(원거리)에서 각각 0.04±0.09, 0.10±0.13, 0.23±0.16△(F=10.97, p=0.00), MR(근거리)에서 는 0.03±0.08△, 0.05±0.10△, 0.11±0.13△(F=3.72, p=0.03)이었고 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 결 론: 근시이면서 외사위의 사위 값 측정에서 정점간거리 증가 시 통계적으로 유의한 원/근거리 외사위 값의 감소가 나타났고, 원거리에서 근거리보다 더 큰 변화량이 나타났다. 그 이유는 원거리에서는 정점간거 리 증가에 따른 구면렌즈의 편심을 통해 기저외방(BO)의 프리즘 효과가 유발되었고, 근거리에서는 정점간거 리 증가에 따른 구면렌즈 편심을 통해 유발된 기저내방(BI)의 프리즘 효과 외에 추가적인 근거리 외사위가 유 발되기 때문이다. 따라서 시험테를 사용하여 양안시 검사를 하는 경우 정점간거리를 정확하게 유지해야 하 고, 시험테가 전방으로 이동하지 않도록 주의가 필요한 것으로 사료된다

The objective of this study was to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of bear, pig, and cow biles to determine their authenticities for safe food distribution. The main bile acids of bear bile were tauroursodeoxycholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic acid, while glycochenodeoxycholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic acid for pig bile and taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid for cow bile were majorly detected by HPLC analysis. HPLC analysis was effective in monitoring of several samples imported as bear bile if employed to determine the authenticity of each bile. After the analysis of fatty acid composition by GC analysis, the ratio of the oleic acid of bear bile was relatively low compared to pig and cow biles. The ratio of the linoleic acid of bear bile was also similar to pig bile, whereas it had a tendency to be high compared to cow bear. The genetic analysis of the imported bile samples was mostly in agreement with the results of HPLC and GC analysis to identify the origin of imported biles. Finally, this study on the identification of bile origin by physicochemical analysis can give basic information to monitor the origin of biles and further to establish a reliable system for bear bile distribution.

본 연구는 의료분야 사용자 혁신을 아이디어 도출-연구개발-상용화 및 창업의세 단계로 분류하고, 각 단계별로 혁신의 성공에 미치는 핵심요인의 조합을 30개 국내 사례에 대한 퍼지집합 질적 비교분석을 통해 파악했다. 아이디어 단계에서는 사용자 인적 네트워크상에서 그 가치를 평가하고, 연구개발 단계로의 이행을 위한 자원을 제공해 주는 것이 중요했다. 연구개발 단계에서는 급진적 혁신은 기술역량, 자원 접근성, 정부지원이 모두 갖추어져 있거나 우수한 혁신 네트워크에 아이디어가 도입된 경우 발생했다. 상용화/창업의 경우급진적 혁신은 연구개발과 같이 세 조건이 모두 갖춰진 경우 발생했으며, 점진적 혁신은 기술역량이 탁월한 개인이 소규모 정부지원 또는 주변 자원을 활용해 이루어졌다. 민간기업의사용자 혁신 전략과, 정부 지원 정책의 효과, 효율성을 모두 제고할 수 있는 사용자 혁신의틀을 제공했다는 점에 현실적 의미가 있다. 학술적으로는 사용자 혁신 단계별 핵심요인 조합을 규명하고, 퍼지집합 질적 비교분석방법을 적용한 첫 연구라는 의의가 있다.

A meningioma is the second most common primary intracranial tumor of the central nervous system. One critical obstacle in meningioma research and preclinical development of novel therapeutic agents is a relative lack of suitable preclinical in vitro and in vivo model systems. In the current study, we assessed the proliferative characteristics of patient derived five primary meningioma cancer cell lines (WHO grade I and II) from brain tumor lesions. All of the meningioma cell lines showed homogenous expression of meningioma marker, VIMENTIN. The GTG-banding analysis determined the existence of different patterns of chromosomal abnormalities in representative cancer cell lines. The almost of the meningioma cell lines showed homogeneously spindle shaped cells, except for M160425 which have two prominent cell morphologies, spindle and round. Population-doubling (PD) was measured for every passage. The M160425 cell line had significantly longer PD time (39.8 ± 0.9 h, P<0.05) than the other meningioma cell lines. Consistent with the PD time, we confirmed that mRNA expression of Ki67, the conventional proliferation marker, was significantly lower in M160425 cell line compared to the other cell lines. The correlation between the PD time and the abundance of Ki67 in the meningioma derived cell lines was negative, indicating higher Ki67 abundance and a shorter PD time. The patient derived meningioma cancer cell lines established in this study might contribute to understanding cancer biology and help the success in the clinic by explaining the slightly different clinical behavior among the patients.

This study examined the reading passages of the National Assessment of Educational Achievement (NAEA) and middle school English textbooks in terms of their readability and lexical difficulty. The readability was measured by using Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level Index, while their lexical difficulty was measured in terms of STTR (standardized type-token ratio), frequency of tokens per type, and vocabulary frequency levels by using VocabProfile and Oxford WordSmith Tools 7.0. The results showed that there was a gap between the readability of the English textbooks and that of the NAEA conducted from 2012 to 2014, while the readability between the English textbooks and that of the 2015 NAEA reached a comparable level. However, the textbooks from one publisher showed substantively lower readability than those from the other publishers and the NAEA. Secondly, regarding vocabulary frequency levels, the words in 1K and 2K accounted for more than 90% of the textbooks and the NAEA, while the NAEA had a higher STTR and lower frequency of tokens per type than the textbooks. It suggests that the NAEA employed more various words with less repetition than the textbooks. Pedagogical implications are discussed.

본 연구는 야생동물위치추적기(WT-300, GPS-Mobile Phone Based Telemetry, KoEco)를 이용하여 도심지역과 농촌지역에서 월동하는 흰뺨검둥오리의 서식지 이용을 파악하여 국내 수조류 서식지 보호∙관리의 기초자료로 활용하 고자 수행하였다. 연구지역은 경기도 안성시의 도심하천인 안성천과 해남의 산수저수지로 지역별로 각각 흰뺨검둥오리 5개체에 위치추적기를 부착하였다. 흰뺨검둥오리의 행동권 분석은 GIS용 SHP 파일과 ArcGIS 9.x Animal Movement Extension을 이용하였으며, 커널밀도측정법(Kernel Density Estimation : KDE)과 최소볼록다각형법(Minimum Convex Polygon Method : MCP)을 이용하여 분석하였다. 흰뺨검둥오리의 행동권은 최소볼록다각형법에 의하면 안성은 250.8 ㎢(SD=195.3, n=5), 해남은 89.1㎢(SD=69.6, n=5)이였다. 커널밀도측정법에 의한 50% 이용면적은 안성은 21.8㎢ (SD=26.9, n=5), 해남은 3.5㎢(SD=2.2 n=5)로 해남지역에서 좁은 행동권을 보였다. 흰뺨검둥오리의 서식지 이용을 보면 안성과 해남지역 모두 내륙습지와 논을 주로 이용하였다. 하지만 해남에서는 주간에, 안성에서는 야간에 논 이용률 이 높았으며, 월동후기로 갈수록 해남에서는 주간에, 안성에서는 야간에 논 이용률이 증가하는 경향을 보였다.

As social media are emerging as essential communication channels for corporates in all areas, luxury jewelry brands have implemented enhanced strategies for brand story videos by creating brand channels on YouTube. In this study, a comparative analysis of the videos made available by Cartier and Tiffany&Co. on their YouTube Brand Channels was conducted, with the aim of identifying their strategic characteristics. The research method encompassed, both literature review and empirical investigations. A quantitative analysis was conducted by means of the ‘HEART’ model, a type of luxury jewelry brand story, and the following common strategic elements were identified. First, in their brand story videos both brands focus primarily on ‘theme’. Second, ‘relationship’ and ‘artisanship’ are emphasized in addition to ‘theme’. Third, the videos incorporate high level aesthetics to stimulate the fantasies and dreams of their audiences. The strategic differences between the brands are as follows. : First, ‘artisanship’ is given the greatest significance along with ‘theme’ in Cartier videos, while ‘relationship’ has prime significance in Tiffany&Co. videos. Second, a difference between a European approach and an American approach towards luxury brand building is evident, with Cartier hosting exhibitions while Tiffany&Co. provides gala videos instead.

This study aimed to compare and analyze two respective versions of Jusikbangmun: Nogajae’s and National Library of Korea. Types and composition of recipes, archives, classification of names and contents, techniques, tools, and measurement were analyzed. Nogajae’s, owned by the Yuwagong family, has established sources while the writer and its publication year are unknown. The other version from the National Library of Korea, on the other hand, has a clear publication year (February, Year Jeongmi) while writer is unclear. In terms of its archive, Nogajae’s is twice the size as that of the National Library of Korea, which is the same percentage (85.42%) as that from Nogajae’s. However, six types of liquor have been written in its 2 books, respectively, and no overlaps occurred. Considering the Korean alphabet, Nogajae’s was published earlier. Nogajae’s and the one from the National Library of Korea have 104 kinds of foods (118 times) and 50 kinds of foods (51 times), respectively.

Create, develop, maintain and nurturing the passengers-airline relationships is crucial in a very competitive market in Europe. Relationship quality and behavioural intentions to fly again in the same airline carrier and recommend to others are core outcomes which may result from a favourable travel experience over time. However, the complexity and the multidimensional phenomenon lead us to develop a holistic framework, which posits that relationship quality and behavioural intentions do not depend on individual air-flight attributes and other individual demographicpsychological variables but on specific configurations of such attributes and variables. Thus, the framework of this study is investigated using qualitative comparative analysis and a sample of 304 passengers. Accordingly, the property space consists of all combinations of binary states, that is, presence or absence, of the 7 in-flight attributes (air quality, temperature, odour, noise, crew, layout and equipment/amenities), frequency of fly in an airline carrier, the type of airline carrier and demographic-psychological variables (age, gender, mindful) (that is, 212 combinations or configurations). Data from both Portuguese and non-Portuguese passengers, who have air travel experiences through Europe in both low cost carriers and legacy airlines (also called traditional or flag airlines) are used to test the hypotheses. The Lisbon airport agreed in helping to conduct the survey during October 2015. Research Question: Which configurations of in-flight attributes, demographicpsychological variables, frequency of fly in an airline carrier and type of airline carrier lead to relationship quality and behavioural intentions? The findings of the current study highlight the importance of coaligning the multiple attributes of air-flight attributes and other individual demographic-psychological variables, also including the frequency of fly in an airline carrier and type of airline carrier, for increasing relationship quality and behavioural intentions. Here the findings point out that complexity theory and QCA are useful tools for understand that simple antecedent conditions relate to an outcome condition of interest positively, negatively, and not at all, which of these three relationships occur depends on the observed complex antecedent conditions in which the simple antecedent conditions occur. Positive outcome (relationship quality or behavioural intention) is not the mirror opposite of negative outcome. By employing QCA, airline managers in Europe can identify whether and under what circumstances individual attributes and other variables will increase (or decrease) the relationship quality and behavioural intentions. QCA can also help managers uncover alternative ways for combining the attributes in order to induce behavioural intentions. Overall it is possible to see that crew and equipment & amenities, particularly for mindful passengers, emerge in several configurations as essential elements for the four outcomes: satisfaction, trust, affective commitment and behavioural intentions. For passengers not affectively committed to an airline, satisfaction plays an important role in their behavioural intention to fly again in the same airline carrier and recommend it to others. The combination of trust and affective commitment may also generate the intention to fly again in the same airline carrier and recommend it to others, particularly for mindful passengers. The findings contribute to managerial practices by providing new insights for improving the in-flight service provide and process. The findings also contribute to theoretical advancing of how passengers’ in-flight evaluations and their experience with an airline relate to their assessments of relationship quality and behavioural intentions.

The paper investigates the Brain Drain in Chinese family business based on a sample of 319 family businesses in China. Using a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to uncover different combinations of conditions (pay and welfare, work environment, management style of the leaders, and career planning) that are sufficient to achieve high and low brain drain. The results show that pay and welfare is a necessary but not a sufficient condition by itself to achieve high brain drain. The findings show that three causal recipes are equifinal in achieving high brain drain. The first causal recipe combines high work environment with low level of career planning and with high pay and welfare. The second combines low work environment with high level of career planning and with high pay and welfare. Finally, the third combines high work environment with high level of management style of the leaders and with high pay and welfare. The study also found two causal configurations that are equifinal to achieve low brain drain. Moreover, these combinations are not a mirror of the combinations founded for high brain drain. This study offers several implications to both researchers and business practitioners: It is acquired that in order to prevent brain drain, the pay and welfare of employees should be raised while the management philosophy should pay attention to humans in the first place. Secondly, the leaders need to improve their own quality so as to strengthen the management of family businesses. Finally, a refined human resource system needs to be established. After brain drain, enterprises should perfect their contract constraining mechanism and, bring in suitable talents promptly so that the loss is minimised.

This study addresses the influence of corruption on firm innovation in Chinese market. Using both the logit model and a fuzzy-set analytical approaches based on a new official sample of 2700 privately-owned and 148 state-owned firms over the period of 2011 to 2013, the study add further evidence to growing methodological consideration regarding complexity theory. The results show a significant negative effect of corruption on firm innovation, additional, firm sale and education and market have a positive bearing on innovation activity. However, the government ownership firms have a negative and significant effect on innovation. The findings have important implication for theory, practitioners and policy-making and shed light on a new perspective to focus on the long run effect of corruption.

The management of the New Service Development (NSD) process remains a key research priority for service organizations. As a diverse mix of team members with different skills, perspectives and backgrounds participate in development teams and close collaboration is required among them, conflicts are likely to arise among team members. Different team members perceive conflict episodes in a different way and often embrace different conflict management behaviours and orientations (e.g. competing, avoiding) to deal with them. This study recognises NSD team as a complex system, through which individual members’ conflict management style choices enable team developmental dynamics, which sequentially lead to intragroup conflict resolution. Although a lot of work exists around the role of individual members’ conflict management styles, little research scrutiny is attracted on how teams solve intragroup conflicts and even limited empirical evidence is available regarding the linkages between individual and team factors can contribute to resolve intragroup conflicts. The present study taking under consideration the causal complexity, asymmetry and idiosyncratic nature of NSD conflict resolution, utilizes Complexity theory and leverages the advantages of fs/QCA in order to shed light on the NSD intragroup conflict resolution. Data was collected from employees in several service industries such as advertising, financial, insurance, consulting, IT services and telecommunications providers. The results confirm the major tenets of Complexity theory highlighting that any attempt to examine complex phenomena, such as NSD conflict resolution, as simple ones, based on symmetrical methodological approaches, may lead to simplistic and distorted explanations. In fact, the results demonstrate that there is not a ‘one fits all’ solution in order to solve NSD conflicts. Different facets for both the conflict-management styles and team dynamics act in various combinations in order to predict high scores in NSD conflict resolution.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations between HbA1c level and health risk factor. For analysis, 330 elderly women aged 65 years and over were recruited in Jeonla province, Korea. The subjects were classified into two groups according to their HbA1c level; the diabetic group (HbA1c level≥6.5%, n=68, 20.6%) and control group (HbA1c level< 6.5%, n=262, 79.4%). Demographic characteristics were collected, as well as information on physical measurements, blood tests for biochemical indicators, a health status and health-related life style, dietary behavior, favorite food groups, consumption frequency of food groups and nutrient intake. Educational level of the diabetic group was significantly lower than that of the control group. The height of the diabetic group was shorter, and percentage fat of the diabetic group was higher than those of the control group. In the diabetic group, the higher concentrations of creatinine and activity of alkaline phosphatase were found to be significantly unfavorable factors. Therefore, the diabetic group was assumed to be at risk of decreased liver and renal function. The self-rated health level of the diabetic group has a declining tendency, while the medicine intake was significantly higher than that of the control group, but there are no significant differences in visiting frequency of hospital and community health center. The distribution of physical activity showed a significant difference between the groups. Although there are no significant differences in nutrient intake, the diabetic group had relatively inferior nutrient intake of diet, especially vitamin C, as contrasted with the control group. In conclusion, the weight control and increasing physical activity may be effective in the prevention of the diabetes and continuous education and intervention by specialized nutritionists will be needed for diabetic patients. These results could be useful to plan effective strategies to increase the health-life expectancy and the prevention of the diabetes of Korean elderly people living in rural areas.

Plant-parasitic nematodes are the most devastating group of plant pathogens worldwide and are extremely challenging to control. In the present study, we have performed a genome wide analysis to identify common genes among four nematode species consisting of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne hapla), cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines), and free living nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans) respectively. Using their whole genome sequences, we predicted 15,274 genes from M. incognita, 38,149 genes from M. hapla, 8,061 genes from H. glycines and 23,894 genes from C. elegans, where, among the predicted genes, 1,358, 1,350, 1,401, 1,365 respectively from each nematode, code for common groups of proteins. Further, 2,067, 2,086, 1,566, 2,903 genes were recollected using Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) database. Under our search criteria, a total of 800 common genes were identified in all the four studied nematode genomes. The most annotated conserved genes were obtained from four different species using Basic Local Alignment Searching Tool (BLAST). Uni- Prot Taxon identifier database was used to elucidate their taxonomic classification such as 698 genes under kingdom Metazoa, 660 genes confined to Nematoda, 290 genes in Chordata and 660 genes falling under class Chromadorea. The biochemical characterization of proteins expressed by these genes was examined using Pedant-Pro sequence analysis. The protein length, molecular weight, isoelectric point (pI), and transmembrane domain of the coded proteins were at a range of 300 to 999 amino acids (40.9%), molecular weight of over 100 kDa (96%), pI from 4.5 to 5.5 (27.6%) and 0 (56.6%), respectively. To classify protein function, the obtained BLAST hits were assigned to Gene Ontology classification scheme. The fractions of protein function were distributed as cellular component, biological processes and molecular function of the cell (22.2%), multicellular organism process (15.8%) and binding (48.3%), respectively. The current study provides an excellent resource for nematode functional genomics studies, which can be utilized further for studies on role of genes involved in nematode biological processes.