The leisure life pattern of people is changing to a familial and enthusiastic way that eventually develops the camping culture. Thus, the number of campers and the size of camping market have been dramatically increased due to significant expansion of camping people. However, many camp grounds and facilities are operating without a proper registration by government rules and regulations. In addition, many of electronic and gas equipment and tools are not used in a safe way and in a safety regulatory boundary. Therefore, campers at the camping ground is situated in a fire and safety hazard. In addition, there is limitation in rules and regulations associated with camping ground safety and fire. This study analyzed the fire and hazard guidelines and rules regulations of developed countries of campground and compared them to the current situation in South Korea. Therefore, this study is to develop a safety and fire hazard guidelines and rules and regulations related to camp ground operation, gas and electronic equipment operation and management. The study will eventually reduce the future fire and safety incidents in a campground in South Korea.

일반 상선과 달리 해양플랜트 시설은 발주자가 직접 고용한 인원과 조선소에서 파견된 시운전 종사자들은 2교대로 해양플랜트공사가 종료될 때까지 혼재되어 승선한다. 그러므로 많은 인원들이 안전하게 거주할 수 있는 별도의 해양플랜트 전용생활부선을 사용하는 것이 일반적이다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 인명 안전의 관점에서 해양플랜트 전용생활부선 거주자의 생존율 향상을 위한 방법을 제시하고자 한다. 이를 위해 해양플랜트 전용생활부선에서 발생할 수 있는 다양한 종류의 사고 중 가장 많이 발생할 것으로 판단되는 화재 사고를 가정하였다. 이를 위해 국내·외 규정에 근거한 화재시뮬레이션 전산 모형을 제작하여 종사자들에 대한 피난 안전성을 분석하였다. 특히, 해양플랜트 전용생활부선에서 화재가 발생할 경우 지속적으로 훈련을 받은 선원들과는 달리 다양한 직종, 인종, 문화를 갖고 있는 인력들의 비정형화된 피난 행위로 인하여 위험성이 높아질 것으로 판단되므로 생존가능시간인 유효 피난시간을 증가시키고, 실제 피난에 소요되는 필요 피난시간을 감소시켜 생존율을 향상시킬 수 있는 구조개선 및 안전설비 설치에 대해 제안하였다.

We focus on the fire scheduling problem (FSP), the problem of determining the sequence of targets to be fired at, for the objective of minimizing makespan to achieve tactical goals. In this paper, we assume that there are m available weapons to fire at n targets (> m) and the weapons are already allocated to targets. One weapon or multiple weapons can fire at one target and these fire operations should start simultaneously while the finish time of them may be different. We develop several dominance properties and a lower bound for the problem, and suggest a branch and bound algorithm implementing them. Also, In addition, heuristic algorithms that can be used for obtaining an initial upper bound in the B&B algorithm and for obtaining good solutions in a short time were developed. Computational experiments are performed on randomly generated test problems and results show that the suggested algorithm solves problems of a medium size in a reasonable amount of computation time. The proposed lower bound, the dominance properties, and the heuristics for upper bound are tested in B&B respectively, and the result showed that lower bound is effective to fathoming nodes and the dominance properties and heuristics also worked well. Also, it is showed that the CPU time required by this algorithm increases rapidly as the problem size increases. Therefore, the suggested B&B algorithm would be limited to solve large size problems. However, the employed heuristic algorithms can be effectively used in the B&B algorithm and can give good solutions for large problems within a few seconds.

Pollution in the fresh water system in urban area has the adverse effect on the amphibians population. Restoration activity of amphibian in the urban stream has been growing in Korea as well as western country. For successful restoration water quality of urban stream should be sufficient for survival and normal development of amphibian. To monitor the biological safety of surface water in the Tancheon basin, the capital area of Korea, a 6-day exposure Bombina orientalis embryo developmental toxicity assay was examined. The toxicity of surface water of Tancheon mainstream were lower than those of tributaries of Tancheon. The survival rate of embryos negatively correlated with total dissolved solid, turbidity and electrical conductivity whereas the developmental abnormality and growth retardation of embryos was positively correlated with total dissolved solid, turbidity and electrical conductivity. An amphibian developmental toxicity assay would be helpful for the selection of point for construction of habitat and reintroduction of amphibian in interrupted urban stream.

A fire sprinkler system is very important to extinguish fire in the building. The sprinkler system initiates sprinkler discharge if the detection system identifies a developing fire and opens the pre-action valve. However, pre-action fire sprinkler systems mainly installed in the underground parking lot at the apartment complex do not properly operate at fire if the connection type of fire sprinkler systems does not properly installed and operated. This study identified the relationship between fire dispersion & damage and the connection type of water supply in the sprinkler system from many fire cases at the apartment complex in South Korea. In addition, this study also identified the water supply differences and characteristics between South Korea and foreign countries. The main purpose of this study is also to improve the water connection types in the sprinkler system that can reduce the potential failures of pre-action valve operation through electrical signal system. The study also suggests the improvement plan for water connection types in pre-action fire sprinkler system that can minimize potential failure of pre-action fire sprinkler system. The suggestions for revising the fire safe standard in South Korea includes letting the water supply pipe of sprinkler system water inlet connect to the second side of pre-action valve and the water flow device that can minimize potential failure of sprinkler system.

This study aims to examine the risk of electrical fire in places where electric heat wires are used. In general, the use of electric heating wires is becoming more common and prevalent in a bid to prevent increasing damage caused by freezing and bursting in residential water pipes, factory pipes and irrigation pipes in vinyl greenhouse and a variety of heat wire products are available in market with legal safety requirements imposed on them. However, the widespread use of anti-freezing burst heat wire products has caused increasing incidents of fire, which often fail to be incorporated into statistics due to quick onsite extinguishing and insignificant damage although damage is gradually on the rise. Against this backdrop, this study aims to look into the possibility of ignition caused by electric heat wires and the mechanism of how it turns into catching fire through overheat and short circuit tests for anti-freezing burst electrical heat wires (hereinafter called the ‘heat wire’) and expects to serve as the basis for further observations and analyses on the cause of fire and the process of ignition in a scientific manner.

The people who are in the noise factory are difficult to hear and recognize about fire and to evacuate quickly when a fire occurs. This study was conducted to analyze workplace’s background noise of 31 factories in Incheon and to know the workplace noise level comparing to fire alarm sound level. The measured average noise level was 96.8dB(A). Noise level of measured result was exceeded as 6.8dB(A) comparing to NFSC (National Fire Safety Code) noise level of 90dB. NFPA suggests that when background noise exceeds 85dB or more than that, other methods should be considered to know alarm sound. Also fire alarm sound should exceed more than 15dB(A) comparing to background noise level. Therefore it was concluded that the design of the fire alarm systems should not be applied to the workplace without considering background noise and it needs to be improved with regulations and the systems.

As the whole society grows insensible to its own safety, we keep having continuous big fires such as "Deagu Subway Arson Attack" and "The fire at a football training camp in Cheonan Elementary School." However, we fail to have at least a guidbook which contains minimal information regarding how to prevent big fires or arson attacks, moreover there isn't any educational system that allows the public to have a good habit for their safety. As for developed countries right after industrialization, the education on fire prevention and safety became mandatory for all schools and became one of their required school curriculum. If this becomes the case in Korea, Korea will be able to reduce the potential casualties in case of big fires and emergencies. Therefore, in this research, we would like to establish some appropriate measures and standards for fire prevention and safety based upon the current and immature situations in Korea.

The goals of automatic fire detection equipment in Japan and South Korea are the detection in early fire stage, alarm and finding the location of the fire. Japan also has similar operation system and signal transmission method compared with South Korea. The standards of fire detection equipment in Japan are established their own standards. The automatic fire detection equipment in Korea has been developed with benchmarking the Japanese system in early 1950’s and follows the decree on the basis of Japan’s fire services. NFPA 72, which is automatic fire detection equipment in U.S.A. and verified through the experiment and test, expects to reflect to our automatic fire detection equipment after modification and supplement.

본 연구는 번식기 무당개구리 수컷이 발산하는 수면파장 과 수면파장에 의한 수컷 간 경쟁을 정량적으로 분석하는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구대상지는 강원도 치악산국립공원 북부 의 구룡계곡 내 물웅덩이를 대상으로 하였다. 물웅덩이는 계곡 본류 옆 평지지역에 인위적으로 조성한 소규모 습지로 형태는 타원형으로 장축이 3.3m, 단축이 2.3m로 면적은 6 ㎡이다. 수심은 5cm 내외로 얕고 일정하며, 바닥은 진흙으 로 덮여 있고 경계부는 높이 15cm 내외로 무당개구리가 쉽게 물로 접근할 수 있는 구조이다. 무당개구리 수면파장 촬영은 웅덩이 경계부에서 대기하 다가 무당개구리가 경계를 풀고 수면파장을 생성하면 카메 라를 이용해 행동을 촬영하였다. 카메라는 스마트폰(아이폰 6)을 이용하였고 슬로우모션 기능을 이용하여 고속으로 촬 영하였다. 촬영일시는 2015년 6월 14일이었다. 수면파장의 물리적 특성은 파장수, 파장시간, 주파수(초당 파장수)를 분 석하였다. 수면파장 동영상 분석은 초당 프레임별 이미지 판독을 통해 파장수, 시점, 종점, 사진갯수를 기록하였다. 총 분석파장 횟수는 250회이었다. 수면파장에 의한 수컷간 경쟁의 승패 분석은 수면파장 촬영 영상 중 수컷간 수면파 장 경쟁이 있는 경우 승자와 패자의 파장 특성을 분석하였 다. 승패의 결정은 인접거리의 수컷간 파장을 주고 받다가 자리를 회피하는 개체를 패자로, 남아서 영역을 지키는 개 체를 승자로 분석하였다. 또한 수컷간 파장을 주고 받다가 몸싸움으로 이어지는 경우 제압당하여 릴리즈콜을 내는 수 컷을 패자로 분석하였다. 무당개구리의 수면파장 발산 행동을 분석한 결과 물웅덩 이 내에서도 수심이 적당하여 산란이 유리한 지점을 선점한 수컷이 자리를 차지하면서 한두차례의 강한 뒷발차기 이후 지속적인 수면파장 또는 울음의 행동을 나타내었다. 영역을 차지한 수컷 주변에 다른 수컷이 접근하면 수면파장을 통한 원거리 싸움 또는 직접적인 몸싸움 등의 행동이 반복되었 다. 무당개구리 수면파장의 물리적 특성 분석 결과 수면파장 의 1회 파장수는 최소 2회에서 최대 18회, 평균 4회이었다. 1회 파장발산 시간은 최소 0.1초에서 최대 1.0초, 평균 0.28 초이었다. 초당 파장수를 나타내는 파장의 주파수는 최소 1.5Hz에서 최대 14.0Hz까, 평균 4.2Hz이었다. 수면파장에 의한 승패 분석 결과 승자와 패자가 발산한 수면파장 수는 승자가 34호, 패자가 25회이었다. 승자와 패자의 수면파장 에 대한 통계량 산출 결과 파장수는 승자가 평균 3.6회, 패 자가 평균 4.0회이었고, 파장시간은 승자가 0.26초, 패자가 0.29초이었다. 파장 주파수는 승자가 4.8회, 패자가 3.8회로 승자가 더 높게 나타났다. 승자와 패자간 수면파장 특성에 대한 독립표본 t-검정 결과 파장수와 파장발산 소요시간에 대해서는 통계적 차이가 없었고, 주파수는 승자가 패자보다 평균이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해보면 (1) 무당개구리 수컷이 수면파 장을 발산하는 이유는 수심이 적당하여 산란에 유리한 영역 을 차지하여 암컷과의 짝짓기 성공률을 높이기 위한 것으로 판단되었다. (2) 무당개구리 수컷의 수면파장은 한번에 평 균 4회, 평균 0.28초가 소요되었고 파장의 주파수는 평균 4.2Hz이었다. (3) 무당개구리는 수면파장을 통해 수컷간 영 역다툼을 하는데 승자가 패자보다 주파수가 높은 것으로 나타나 빠르게 파장을 발산시키는 수컷이 싸움에서 이기는 것으로 나타났다.

The live fire test has been playing a critical role in evaluating the goals-to-meet of the weapon systems which utilize the power of explosives. As such, the successful development of the test systems therein is quite important. The test systems development covers that of ranges and facilities including system-level key components such as mission control, instrumentation or observation, safety control, electric power, launch pad, and so on. In addition, proper operational guidelines are needed with well-trained test and operation personnel. The emerging weapon systems to be deployed in future battle field would thus have to be more precise and dynamic, smarter, thereby requiring more elaboration. Furthermore, the safety consideration is becoming more serious due to the ever-increasing power of explosives. In such a situation, development of live fire test systems seems to be challenging. The objective of the paper is on how to incorporate the safety and other requirements in the development. To achieve the goal, an architectural approach is adopted by utilizing both the system components relationship and safety requirement when advanced instrumentation technology needs to be developed and deteriorated components of the range are replaced. As an evaluation method, it is studied how the level of maturity of the test systems development can be assessed particularly with the safety requirement considered. Based on the concepts of both systems engineering and SoS (System-of-Systems) engineering process, an enhanced model for the system readiness level is proposed by incorporating safety. The maturity model proposed would be helpful in assessing the maturity of safety-critical systems development whereas the costing model would provide a guide on how the reasonable test resource allocation plan can be made, which is based on the live fire test scenario of future complex weapon systems such as SoS.

An effective method for produce munitions effectiveness data is to calculate weapon effectiveness indices in the US military’s Joint Munitions Effectiveness Manuals (JMEM) and take advantage of the damage evaluation model (GFSM) and weapon Effectiveness Evaluation Model (Matrix Evaluator). However, a study about the Range Safety that can be applied in the live firing exercises is very insufficient in the case of ROK military. The Range Safety program is an element of the US Army Safety Program, and is the program responsible for developing policies and guidance to ensure the safe operation of live-fire ranges. The methodology of Weapon Danger Zone (WDZ) program is based on a combination of weapon modeling/simulation data and actual impact data. Also, each WDZ incorporates a probability distribution function which provides the information necessary to perform a quantitative risk assessment to evaluate the relative risk of an identified profile. A study of method to establish for K-Range Safety data is to develop manuals (pamphlet) will be a standard to ensure the effective and safe fire training at the ROK military education and training and environmental conditions. For example, WDZs are generated with the WDZ tool as part of the RMTK (Range Managers Tool Kit) package. The WDZ tool is a Geographic Information System-based application that is available to operational planners and range safety manager of Army and Marine Corps in both desktop and web-based versions. K-Range Safety Program based on US data is reflected in the Korean terrain by operating environments and training doctrine etc, and the range safety data are made. Thus, verification process on modified variables data is required. K-Range Safety rather than being produced by a single program, is an package safety activities and measures through weapon danger zone tool, SRP (The Sustainable Range Program), manuals, doctrine, terrain, climate, military defence M&S, weapon system development/operational test evaluation and analysis to continuously improving range safety zone. Distribution of this K-range safety pamphlet is available to Army users in electronic media only and is intended for the standing army and army reserve. Also publication and distribution to authorized users for marine corps commands are indicated in the table of allowances for publications. Therefore, this study proposes an efficient K-Range Safety Manual producing to calculate the danger zones that can be applied to the ROK military’s live fire training by introducing of US Army weapons danger zone program and Range Safety Manual

Numerical model on precast prestressed concrete (PC) hollowcore slabs using 11.3 mm diameter 7-wire stand was developed based on finite element analysis. In order to validate the modelling, previous experiment results with respect to prestressed solid concrete slabs were used and compared throughout the course of fire exposure. In addition to, the fire performance of hollowcore slabs with different aggregate types, moisture contents and compressive strength of concrete was investigated. As a result, it can be seen that the type of aggregates and moisture contents used in hollowcore slabs can affect the fire performance as well as temperature developments.

산불피해지의 복원과정은 산불 후 장기간에 걸친 천이의 영향으로 조류군집에 많은 변화가 예상되므로 장기적인 조사가 필요하다. 본 연구는 대형 산불 발생 13년 후 복원 방법에 따른 번식기 조류 군집의 차이를 파악하기 위해 강원도 삼척시 검봉산 지역에서 산불 미피해지와 산불 후 자연복원지, 산림시업복원지 등 3개 지역을 대상으로 하였으며, 2013년 봄철 번식기 동안 108개 지점의 정점을 조사하였다. 조사 결과, 평균 종수와 개체수, 종다양도는 모두 자연복원지역이 피해목 벌채 및 식재와 같은 산림시업복원지역에 비해 높게 나타났으며, 미피해지역과 자연복원지역은 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 길드 분석 결과, 수관 탐색 조류(foliage searcher)와 수간 및 나무줄기 천공 조류(timber driller), 일차 수동성 조류(primary cavity nester), 이차 수동성 조류(secondary cavity nester) 모두 산불 후 산림시업복원지역이 다른 두 지역보다 서식 밀도가 낮게 나타났으며, 미피해지역과 자연복원지역은 차이를 보이지 않았다. 따라서 산불 후 개벌 및 조림으로 대표되는 복원 방법은 번식기 조류의 밀도 및 종 다양성 회복을 저해할 수 있으므로, 가능한 인위적인 산림시업 방법을 지양하고 자연복원 방식을 채택하는 것이 효율적인 방법이라 생각된다.

This study developed a portable extinguishing equipment that can extinguish A-class, B-class fire. This equipment is made of Water Mist Gun, controlling board, decelerator, pump, engine, and etc,. This equipment is formed mist water when pressurized water with high pressure flows through a radial shape nozzle. As a result of several efficiency tests, it is developed nozzle and equipment that are not clogged, and improved the extinguishing efficiency. This developed equipment indicated a excellent effect of initial extinguishment of fire in a vulnerable area where it is difficult to approach such as temple, and traditional market.

This study investigated the smoke blocking and control systems for the safety of residents evacuation and for the prevention of smoke spread through the central corridor in the event of central corridor type of intelligent building fire. We offered additional ways of utilizing smoke ventilators and intake ventilation equipment and utilized CFD-based fire simulation program(FDS Ver.5.5.3) in order to analyze the effect. As a result, many differences in the smoke block effect, depending on the application of smoke ventilator and location of installation, was found. In addition, the result was found that larger effect was showed not in the case of application of smoke ventilator in central corridor only but application in fire room. The reason is that the smoke leakage is blocked primarily as air is flowed in the fire room through open door by operation of intake smoke ventilator in the public corridor and secondarily, the smoke leakage to the public corridor could be blocked as fire and smoke were released to the opened smoke ventilator continuously. Especially, the effect was maximized through complex interactions by applying smoke ventilator and intake ventilation equipment in corridor together rather than applying smoke ventilator and intake ventilation equipment independently. The proposed measure through this study shall be considered from architectural plan as one of ways for blocking from smoke spread to the central corridor in the central corridor type of intelligent building. In addition, flaws on regulation shall be established and supplemented.

In this paper, the forward and inverse kinematics equations for demolition fire vehicle with 6-DOF were developed. This was done through the development of an interface that allows co-simulation using MATHEMATICA and ADAMS. The implementation of this project was done entirely in MATHEMATICA by calculating the kinematics equations to demonstrate the usefulness of this product. The forward and inverse kinematics of the demolition fire vehicle represents the position and orientation of the end-effector as any desired location. This research was particularly conducted using the simulator, and it showed good approximation results in terms of solving a reaching task problem.

Compared to steel of the same weight in steel concrete structures, fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) is known to have greater strength and better resistance to corrosion. As such, it is being proposed as an effective structural material. Despite its many advantages, FRP has not been rapidly adopted in civil structures. This is because it is more expensive, prone to brittle fracture, and has weak fire resistance. To examine changes in the mechanical properties of FRP and the effectiveness of fire resistant coating, this study conducted tensile tests on coated and uncoated specimens over varying temperature. Glass fiber has excellent fire resistance since it does not melt or burn at high temperatures. However, epoxy is unable to withstand exposure to temperatures exceeding the transition temperature, thus leading to unsatisfactory structural performance and fire resistance. This study investigated the behavioral changes in FRP by exposing the specimens to temperatures ranging from room temperature (approx. 25℃) to 300℃, so as to improve the fire resistance of epoxy.

The fatalities of the evacuation facilities of the buildings accessed by unspecified people on the daily basis are significantly emerged as a problem. Evacuation facilities should be designed for common human behaviors the assumption that the customers are not familiar with the buildings. In addition, the characteristics of modern buildings such as high-rising and enlarging should be considered to design the evacuation plan. The evacuation is a problem that people reach a safe place with themselves. The architectural plan for the life safety should be established to minimize various disaster damages. To do so, the factors such as time, risks on the steps, combustion ash variables, safety training should be considered on the architectural planing.