The healing environment in hospitals is very important. Three factors must be satisfied to create a healing environment in the hospital. First, chemical elements such as pathogens and pollutants must be controlled. Second, physical factors such as temperature, humidity and airflow must be satisfied. Third, psychological factors must be satisfied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the indoor thermal environment by conducting a questionnaire (Thermal Sensation Vote, TSV) and a Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) measurement. The questionnaires were distributed to 20 medical staff (nurse), 84 inpatients and 113 outpatients. Temperature, humidity, air quality and comfort were evaluated. Measurements were conducted in the waiting room and lobby of the first and second floors of the outpatient area as well as wards on 10th floor. Both south and north-facing wards were divided to analyze the PMV difference by the orientations. The survey results showed high satisfaction values in the outpatient department for temperature satisfaction and comfort. In the inpatient department, air quality satisfaction showed good values. Moreover, the humidity satisfaction level in the nurse station was high. The PMV measurement results showed that the PMV was lower in the ward than in the outpatient area. Comparison of the questionnaire and measurement results showed that the questionnaire results were lower than those of the measurement in the outpatient area. As a result, it is necessary to reduce the gap between questionnaire and measurement results It is also important to create an indoor environment that matches the thermal preferences of the occupant by operating the air handling unit (AHU).

북한의 거듭된 핵실험과 미사일 도발로 인해 한반도의 긴장이 고조되고 있다. 북한 핵에 대한 확실한 핵우산과 북핵의 완전한 폐기를 위해 전술핵 재배치 등 모든 옵션의 가능성을 제한하지 말아야 한다. 스포츠교류로서 2018 평창동계올림픽은 기능주의 입장에서 한반도 통일의 길에 하나의 의미 있는 이벤트라고 할 수 있다. 그러나 신기능주의 입장에서 현재의 북한 핵 위기는 한미동맹의 강화 위에서 풀어가는 것이 가장 올바르고 분명하며 강한 안보를 통해 북한 도발을 응징해야 한다. 지금은 국제사회와 함께 봉쇄와 압박에 매진할 때이다. 유엔의 제재와 미국 등 여러 국가들의 독자 제재에도 불구하고 북한의 계속되고 있는 핵실험과 미사일 도발은 북한에 대한 더욱 강한 압박이 필요하게 만들고 있다. 미국과 중국의 역할과 협력도 더욱 강조되고 있다. 오바마정부의 ‘전략적 인내정책’ 보다 적극적인 트럼프의 한반도 정책을 확실한 한미동맹을 통해 우리는 잘 대응하고 활용하여 북한의 비핵화와 민주평화통일을 이루어 내야 한다.

본 연구는 4주간의 동계훈련기간 중 산수유 추출물을 섭취시켜 간 기능, 근 손상 및 혈중 피로물질에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 남중 축구선수 20명을 대상으로 동계훈련+산수유 추출물 섭취군(10 명), 동계훈련군(10명)으로 구분하여 실시하였다. 동계훈련은 1일 오전, 오후, 야간운동으로 구분하여 주 6 일, 4주간 실시되었으며, 운동강도는 70-95%HRR로 수행되었다. 산수유 추출물은 매일 아침과 저녁 식사 후 각각 80 mL(1일 160mL)를 4주간 섭취시켰으며, 측정된 자료의 그룹 내 변화는 대응표본 T검정, 그룹 간 차이는 변화율을 산출 한 뒤 독립표본 T검정을 이용하여 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 혈중 피로물질의 젖산은 동계훈련+산수유 추출물 섭취군에서 유의하게 감소하였으며(p<.05), 동계훈련군 보다 동계훈련+산수유 추출물 섭취군이 유의하게 감소하였다(p<.05). 암모니아는 동계훈련+산수유 추출물 섭취군(p<.05), 동계훈련군(p<.001) 모두 유의하게 증가하였다. 근 손상지표의 CK는 동계훈련+산수유 추출물 섭취군이 유의하게 감소하였으며(p<.05), LDH는 동계훈련+산수유 추출물 섭취군(p<.001), 동계훈련군(p<.05) 모두 유의하게 감소하였다. 간 기능 효소 중 AST(p<.01), ALT(p<.05)는 동계훈련+산수유 추출물 섭취군이 유의하게 감소하였으며, AST는 동계훈련군 보다 동계훈련+산수유 추출물 섭취군이 유의하게 감소하였다. 동계 훈련 시 피로에 쉽게 노출 될 수 있는 선수들에게 있어 산수유 추출물 섭취는 항피로의 역할을 하는데 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 사료된다.

Cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon population is widely distributed in the world, and well known as harmful algae by producing toxins and off-flavor materials, thus belonging to one of the taxa that became more interested in the field of limnoecology. In this study, the frequency, intensity, and duration of Aphanizomenon occurrence were increased with the abnormal drawdown of water level in the winter in Boryeong Reservoir, and the spatial and temporal characteristics of them are compared with each other in the perspective of hydrometeorology (1998 to 2017) and limnology (2010 to 2017). In Korea, Aphanizomenon flourished mainly in high temperature, and the appearance in the low temperature was rare in total five times. The harmful cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon was observed in the low temperature (December to February) in Boryeong Reservoir from 2014, and then reached a maximum value of 2,160 cells mL-1 in January 2017. In addition, the period exceeding 1,000 cells mL-1 at this time was more than 3 months. This was simultaneously associated with abnormal water level fluctuation in the low temperature (<10℃). The large drawdown of water level in the winter season has the potential to promote or amplify the germination and development of harmful algae. Also, subsequent water quality and ecological impacts (e.g., algal toxins and off-flavor substances) need to be considered carefully.

The sewage and wastewater (SAW) are a well-known major source of eutrophication and greentide in freshwaters and also a potential source of thermal pollution; however, there were few approaches to thermal effluent of SAW in Korea. This study was performed to understand the behavioral dynamics of the thermal effluents and their effects on the water quality of the connected streams during winter season, considering domestic sewage, industrial wastewater and hot spring wastewater from December 2015 to February 2016. Sampling stations were selected the upstream, the outlet of SAW, and the downstream in each connected stream, and the water temperature change was monitored toward the downstream from the discharging point of SAW. The temperature effect and its range of SAW on the stream were dependent not only on the effluent temperature and quantity but also on the local air temperature, water temperature and stream discharge. The SAW effects on the stream water temperature were observed with temperature increase by 2.1~5.8℃ in the range of 1.0 to 5.5 km downstream. Temperature effect was the greatest in the hot spring wastewater despite of small amount of effluent. The SAW was not only related to temperature but also to the increase of organic matter and nutrients in the connected stream. The industrial wastewater effluent was discharged with high concentration of nitrogen, while the hot spring wastewater was high in both phosphorus and nitrogen. The difference between these cases was due to with and without chemical T-P treatment in the industrial and the hot spring wastewater, respectively. The chlorophyll-a content of the attached algae was high at the outlet of SAW and the downstream reach, mostly in eutrophic level. These ecological results were presumably due to the high water temperature and phosphorus concentration in the stream brought by the thermal effluents of SAW. These results suggest that high temperature of the SAW needs to be emphasized when evaluating its effects on the stream water quality (water temperature, fertility) through a systematized spatial and temporal investigation.

The objective of this study was to optimize analytical methods for ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEA) in rice straw silage and winter forage crops using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Samples free of mycotoxins were spiked with 50 μg/kg, 250 μg/kg, or 500 μg/kg of OTA and 300 μg/kg, 1500 μg/kg, or 3000 μg/kg of ZEA. OTA and ZEA were extracted by acetonitrile and cleaned-up using an immunoaffinity column. They were then subjected to analysis with UHPLC equipped with a fluorescence detector. The correlation coefficients of calibration curves showed high linearity (R2 ≧ 0.9999 for OTA and R2≧0.9995 for ZEA). The limit of detection and quantification were 0.1 μg/kg and 0.3 μg/kg, respectively, for OTA and 5 μg/kg and 16.7 μg/kg, respectively, for ZEA. The recovery and relative standard deviation (RSD) of OTA were as follows: rice straw = 84.23~95.33%, 2.59~4.77%; Italian ryegrass = 79.02~95%, 0.86~5.83%; barley = 74.93~97%, 0.85~9.19%; rye = 77.99~ 96.67%, 0.33~6.26%. The recovery and RSD of ZEA were: rice straw = 109.6~114.22%, 0.67~7.15%; Italian ryegrass = 98.01~109.44%, 1.65~4.81%; barley = 98~113.53%, 0.25~5.85%; rye = 90.44~108.56%, 2.5~4.66%. They both satisfied the standards of European Commission criteria (EC 401-2006) for quantitative analysis. These results showed that the optimized methods could be used for mycotoxin analysis of forages.

본 연구는 국내 시설재배에 이용되는 남부하이부쉬 블루베리의 전정방법 도출을 위해 동계 및 하계전정이 수량 및 과실 품질에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 실시하였다. 전정처리는 무전정, 동계전정(2월 4일), 동계전정+하계전정(8월 5일)으로 나누어 처리하였다. 과실은 총 6회에 걸쳐 수확하였고, 수확시의 수량, 수확시기별 과실의 과중 변화와 과실 품질을 조사하였으며, 비상품 과실의 발생 비율을 조사하였다. 5년생 ‘Misty’에 있어 전정 처리에 의한 과실 수량의 차이에는 유의한 차이가 관찰되지 않았다. 전정 처리의 수확시기별 수확량에 있어 무전정 처리의 경우 2번째 수확기부터 마지막 수확기까지 수확량이 일정한 반면, 전정처리 나무의 경우 수확 전반기에 보다 많은 수확량을 보여 전정으로 인해 큰 과실을 보다 많이 수확할 수 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 과실의 총 당, 총 안토시아닌, 총 페놀 함량의 변화는 처리 간 뚜렷한 경향을 보이지 않았다. 비상품과 발생량의 경우 무전정 처리구에서 전체 수확량의 57%인데 반해 동계전정 처리구와 하계전정을 겸용한 처리구의 경우 각각 26%, 31%로 낮게 조사되었다.

OBJECTIVES : The objective of this study is to estimate the appropriate storage required for deicing materials in Gangwon-do for successful snow removal operations during the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympic Games. The final estimates of the deicing chemicals can be used by public agencies to aid decision making. METHODS: First, the database that exists in the road snow-removal management system (RSMS) of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport, South Korea was used to determine historical characteristics of snow removal experiences in Gangwon-do. The database includes historical information, including regional and road weather data and number of snow-removal works. Second, both the maximum and the actual amount of storages used for deicing materials in the past three years were analyzed. Lastly, the final estimates of the deicing materials were evaluated using an additional equation. It considers frequency of salt spray application, total administrative road length estimated by road agencies, and number of days required for snow removal works in Gangwon-do. Consequently, the results show that significant differences were not observed between the final estimates and the maximum amount used during the past three years. RESULTS: The final estimates of the deicing materials are almost similar to the maximum amount used during the past three years in Gangwon-do. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that the estimates of deicing chemicals can be useful when decision making is required for the snowremoval policy.

At the Flower Research Institute of Chungcheongnam-do agricultural research and extension service, ‘Shusin’ and ‘ST06-005-11’ were crossed and a candidate descendant, ‘ST09-173-06’, was selected based on disease resistance and other morphological traits. We intensively tested the candidate line on various characteristics, including the floral qualities through shading and retarding culture, starting from year 2009. In 2011, we registered this line as the standard chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum Ramat.) cultivar ‘Baekseol’. The natural flowering time of 'Baekseol' starts the 24th of October, which is earlier than ‘Jinba’ (29th of October). ‘Baekseol’ is favorable at winter growing season and the flower vase life is 17 days. The cut flower length of ‘Baekseol’ is 87.2 cm, which is shorter than ‘Jinba’ (97.4 cm) and the lateral branch number of ‘Baekseol’ (15.6 per plant) is less than ‘Jinba’ (21.8 per plant). The flower size of ‘Baekseol’ is 14.6 cm (‘Jinba’, 13.4 cm) and the petal number per flower is 430.4 (316.3 per flower for ‘Jinba’). Careful nutrient management is required at t he e arly g rowing s tage. T he s hort d ay t reatment i s appropriate when the plant is approximately 40 - 45 cm. In addition, flower bud differentiation temperature is approximately 16 - 17℃.

Acoustic surveys using a scientific echosounder and trawl surveys were concurrently carried out in between Geoje and Tongyeong of the South Sea by season. The anchovy schools were identified by trawling in each station and used for frequency response analysis. Frequency responses of anchovy schools by season and species composition ratio were examined using multi-frequencies (18, 38, 70, 120 and 200 kHz). The frequency response r(f), is one of the acoustic characteristics which means the volume back-scattering strength ratio between a reference frequency and other frequencies. In spring, the r(f) of anchovy schools decreased with increased frequency, with the exception of 120kHz. While, in winter, the r(f) continuously decreased inversely proportional to the increase in frequency. Frequency response of anchovy schools presented a distinctive difference between spring and winter, however it did not different in spife of different species composition ratios in schools.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of bacterial inoculation (Lactobacillus plantarum or combo inoculant mixed with Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri) and addition of fibrolytic enzyme on chemical compositions and fermentation characteristics of whole crop barley (WCB) and triticale (TRT) silage, their ruminal in vitro fermentation, and digestibility. In TRT silage, enzyme addition significantly (p<0.01) decreased NDF content compared to no enzyme addition treatment. Organic acids such as lactate and acetate contents in WCB and TRT silages were significantly (p<0.01) higher compared to those in the control. Particularly, lactate content was the highest in L. plantarum treatment. Fibrolytic enzyme treatment on both silages had relatively higher lactic acid bacteria content, while mold content was lower in both treatments compared to that in the control. In vitro dry matter digestibility was generally improved in WCB silages. It was higher (p<0.01) in TRT with mixed treatment of L. plantarum, L. buchneri, and enzyme compared to others. In vitro ruminal acetate production was relatively higher in treatments with both enzyme and inoculant additions compared to that in the control. Therefore, the quality of silage and rumen fermentation could be improved by inoculants (L. plantarum and L. buchneri) regardless whether whole crop barley (WCB) or triticale (TRT) silage was used. Although it was found that fibrolytic enzyme addition to both silages had various quality and rumen fermentation values, further study is needed

본 연구는 2014 / 2015년 동계 사료작물의 월동 후 생육 조사를 통하여 전국적인 작황을 파악함으로서 사료작물 생 육에 문제점이 있을시 근본 원인을 구명할 수 있는 기초자 료로 이용하거나 조사료의 연중 안정 생산, 공급에 도움을 주고자 수행하였다. 2015년도 전국 동계 사료작물의 월동 후 생육 상황은 전반적으로 저조하였는데, 월동률 분포에 따른 지역별 분포 상황을 살펴보면 월동률 80% 이상인 지 역이 66%, 월동률 79~50% 분포지역이 24.9%, 50%미만 지 역이 9.1%의 지역별 분포를 나타내어 전체적으로는 79%의 월동률을 나타냈다. 월동 후 월동률 및 피복률은 배수로가 설치된 논에서는 각각 83%와 80%로서 양호했으나 배수로 가 설치 안 된 습한 논에서는 각각 67%와 66%로 낮은 경 향을 나타냈다. 전국 동계작물 조사료 생산량은 강원, 충 북, 충남, 경남, 전남지역은 10~15%, 경기, 경북, 전북지역 은 약 30%의 수량감소가 예상되어 전국적으로 약 19%의 수량 감소가 예상되었다.