In this study, using soil brick with combined effective microorganisms and emergent plants was identified which it can increase the effect of conservation and improvement of water. Lab-test was consist of four kind of reactors and each of reactors were A(rawwater), B(soil brick), C(emergent plant) and D(soil brick+emergent plant). Iris pseudoacorus, Phargmites australis, Typha angustifolia and Zizania latifolia were used for emergent plant. Evaluation of application on various environment were performed on agricultural waterway and pond. The pH measurement test of soil brick was performed due to evaluate whether a strong alkaline water flows out of the soil brick. Result of lab-test, removal efficiency of D was better than removal efficiency of A presenting 20.9%, 27.9% 21.5%, 33.8% and 58.4% for CODCr, BOD5, TN, TP and TSS respectively. Removal efficiency of soil brick on agricultural waterway was revealed to be 49.5%, 45.0%, 43.7%, 37.3% and 28.6% for CODCr, BOD5, TN, TP and TSS respectively. And removal efficiency of soil brick on the pond was revealed to be 12.7%, 10.5%, 9.32%, 10.4% and 36.3% for CODCr, BOD5, TN, TP and TSS respectively. Result of pH measurement test of soil brick was neutral which was about 6 to 8.

저농도 합성폐수를 처리하는 membrane bioreactor (MBR) 시스템에서 공기폭기와 PET (polyethertaraphtalate) 입상메디아 혼합사용이 멤브레인 파울링과 처리효율에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 일정한 공기폭기유량과 투과플럭스로 실험한 결과, PET 메디아를 첨가 시 메디아를 첨가하지 않은 경우보다 낮은 파울링 속도가 관찰되었다. MBR 반응기에서 입상 메디아에 의한 파울링 감소효과는 중공사막 모듈에 비해 평막 모듈이 더욱 효과적이었다. 공기폭기와 함께 멤브레인 표면을 따라 움직이는 입상 메디아의 접근성과 접촉성이 중공사막보다 효과적이었던 것으로 사료된다. MBR 적용에 있어 PET 메디아의 적용은 메디아를 적용하지 않았을 때와 비교 시 MBR 처리효율에 큰 영향을 주지 않았다.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of tissue inhibitor of matalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), Activin A and Heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) on in vitro production of bovine embryos. In experiment 1, presumptive zygotes were cultured in the medium supplemented with TIMP-1 (0.5 μg/ml), Activin A (100 ng/ml), or HB-EGF (100 ng/ml) at 39 ℃ in a humidified atmosphere of 5% (v/v) CO2, 5% (v/v) O2 and 90% (v/v) N2. In experiment 2, TIMP-1 + HB-EGF or Activin A + HB-EGF combinations were supplemented in the culture medium. The developmental rate to blastocysts, hatching rate and total cell numbers of the blastocysts were evaluated in both experiments. The embryos cultured in medium without growth factor supplementation was used as control group. In experiment 1, the embryos cultured in medium supplemented with TIMP-1 and Activin A showed significantly higher developmental rate to blastocysts than those cultured with HB-EGF and control (36.9%, 34.1%, 21.2% and 23.1%, respectively) (P<0.0001). However, the hatching rate of blastocyst was significantly higher in embryos with HB-EGF than those with TIMP-1, Actvin A and Control groups (84.4%, 58.8%, 51.4% and 49.3%, respectively) (P<0.001). Total cell number per blastocyst was also significantly higher in embryos with HB-EGF group (174.3±2.5) than those with TIMP-1, Activin A (149.7 and 150.0, respectively) (P<0.05) and Control (119.0) (P<0.001). In experiment 2, embryos cultured with combined treatment of Activin A and HB-EGF resulted in significantly higher rates of blastocysts formation (48.0%), hatching rate (89.7%) and total cell number in blastocyst (182.3±2.1) than those with TIMP-1 and HB-EGF combination group (32.0%, P<0.001; 76.6%, P<0.05; 165.7±4.2, P<0.001, respectively). Our data demonstrate that in vitro production of bovine embryos could be improved by combined supplementation of Activin A and HB-EGF in culture medium.

Currently, there are two main issues regarding the development of core technologies in the automotive industry: the development of environmentally friendly vehicles and securing a high level of safety in the event of an accident. As part of the efforts to address these issues, research into alternative materials and new car body manufacturing and assembly technologies is necessary, and this has been carried out mainly by the automotive industries. Large press molds for producing car body parts are made of cast iron. With the increase of automobile production and various changes of design, the press forming process of car body parts has become more difficult. In the case of large press molds, high hardness and abrasive resistance are needed. To overcome these problems, we attempted to develop a combined heat treatment process consisting of local laser heat treatment followed by plasma nitriding, and evaluated the characteristics of the proposed heat treatment method. From the results of the experiments, it has been shown that the maximum surface hardness is 864 Hv by the laser heat treatment, 953 Hv by the plasma nitriding, and 1,094 Hv by the combined heat treatment. It is anticipated that the suggested combined heat treatment can be used to evaluate the durability of press mold.

본 연구는 백설기의 노화를 억제 및 저장 중 품질 향상을 위한 Novamyl의 최적 첨가량을 0.1%로 선정하고 트레할로스를 5%, 10%, 15% 첨가하여 백설기를 제조한 후 상온(25oC)에서 0, 1, 2, 3일간 저장하면서 기계적 및 관능적 특성과 노화 속도 변화를 살펴보았으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 수분활성도는 트레할로스의 첨가량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 감소하였으며 저장 일수에 따른 차이는 없었다. 색도는 트레할로스를 첨가한 백설기의 명도(L값)가 유의적으로 낮게 나타났으며 적색도를 나타내는 a값은 첨가군이 대조구에 비해 낮게 나타났고 황색도(b값)는 첨가군이 다소 낮은 값을 보였으며 저장 일수가 증가함에 따라 황색도가 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 기계적 조직감에 대해서는 트레할로스의 첨가량이 증가할수록 경도가 감소하였고 저장 중 씹힘성의 감소폭이 감소하였다. Avrami 방정식으로 노화속도를 측정하였으며, Avrami exponent(n) 값과 시간상수(1/k) 값을 계산한 결과 트레할로스 첨가군이 대조구에 비해 노화속도가 감소하였음을 알 수 있었다. 관능검사 결과에서 15% 첨가구가 대부분의 항목에서 우수한 결과를 보였고 특히 전반적인 기호도 및 씹힘성 항목에서 높은 선호도 값을 보였으나 10% 첨가구와의 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았다. 이와 같은 실험결과를 통해 백설기 제조 시 Novamyl 0.1%를 처리하고 트레할로스를 첨가할 경우 노화 억제와 품질 향상의 효과가 있었으며, 특히 기계적 측정 결과와 관능검사 결과를 종합했을 때, 트레할로스를 10% 첨가가 15%의 첨가에 비해 유의적인 차이가 적어 가장 적절한 것으로 나타났다. 효소의 첨가는 백설기의 노화를 억제하는 효과가 있지만 물성적인 측면에서 조직이 과도하게 물러지는 등의 문제를 보이는데 이에 트레할로스를 적당량 첨가함으로써 노화 억제를 향상시키고 물성적인 측면과 기호도를 향상시켜 저장성이 우수하고 소비자의 입맛에 적합한 백설기의 제조가 가능하다고 사료된다.

때죽나무의 발근 향상을 위한 IBA와 붕소의 적정 농도, 침지시간, 그리고 붕소와 IBA의 혼용처리 효과 를 알아보기 위해 실험을 수행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 때죽나무 반숙지삽수의 발근율과 발근수는 IBA 7,000mg·L-1 순간침지, IBA 100mg·L-1+boron 20mg·L-1 과 IBA 100mg·L-1+boron 60mg·L-1 혼용처리에서 향상되었으며 발근율, 발근수 그리고 생체중은 IBA단 일처리보다 붕소와 IBA의 혼용처리에서 높았다. IBA 단일처리에서 적정 농도는 100mg ·L-1과 200mg·L-1 사이였으며, 적정 침지시간은 3시간 이었다. 이에 저농 도의 IBA와 붕소의 혼용처리는 IBA 7,000mg ·L-1의 고농도처리를 대체할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Electrical treatment has been widely used for porcine oocytes activation. However, developmental rates following electrical activation of porcine oocytes is relatively inefficient compared to other domestic animals. To investigate the effects of porcine oocytes on combined activation by both chemical and electrical treatment, in-vitro matured oocytes were activated by combined cycloheximide and electrical pulses treatment. Cumulus-free oocytes were exposed with NCSU-23 medium containing cycloheximide (10μgml) for 0, 5, 10, 20, 30 min and then activated by electrical pulse treatment and cultured in PZM-3 for 8 days. Also effects of exposure to 6.25μM calcium ionophore for 2 min for cumulus-free oocytes were tested. The percentage of blastocyst formation in 10 min exposure to 10μgml cycloheximide and electrical pulse treatment was significantly increased (P<0.05) than in the control group. And exposure to 6.25μM calcium ionophore for 2 min with 10μgml cycloheximide for 10min and electrical pulse treatment significantly increased (P<0.05) the percentage of blastocyst developmental rates than the control group. In conclusion, activation by combined cycloheximide and electrical stimulation treatment promoted the subsequent development of porcine oocytes and improved the subsequence blastocyst development

This study deals with what is the best treatment model against offenders refer to punitive purpose, criminal cause theory, responsibility principle of criminal law and korean criminal policy etc. Because one kind of treatment model against offenders are not appropriate to view point of various the punitive purpose theories and the criminal cause theories, this study was focused on the view that a few treatment model against offenders should be combined. And it is necessary the viewpoint that each treatment models against offenders can mutually realize supplementary function. In conclusion, this study included that the combined treatment model against offenders(combined model of rehabilitation model, reintegration model and justice model) was the best model theory in treatment model against offenders. this model combined partial factors of followed three models ; -. This model fundamentally is based on the rehabilitation model. -. The excessive criminal punishment problem should be restricted by application of responsibility principle of criminal law.(justice model's factor) -. Because the nation and society produced a part of criminal cause, they correspondingly must be responsible for the criminal cause. (reintegration model's factor). Because of this reason, they have duty to make healthy social environment.

The success of nuclear transplantation with mammalian oocytes depends critically on the potential of oocytes activation, which mainly caused to prevent the re-accumulation of maturation promoting factor (MPF). This study was conducted to compare the effect of combined treatment of lonomycin with a Hl-histone kinase inhibitor (dimethylaminopurine, DMAP) or cdc2 kinase inhibitor (sodium pyrophosphate, SPP) on activation of bovine oocytes. In vitro matured bovine oocytes with the first polar body (PB) and dense cytoplasm were assigned to 3 experimental groups. For activation treatment, oocytcs were exposed to 5 M lonomycin for 5 min (Group 1), and followed by 1.9 mM dimethylaminopurine (DMAP) for 3 h (Group 2) or followed by 2 mM sodium pyrophosphate (SPP) for 3 h (Group 3). The activation effects in the three treatments and the control group (untreated) were judged by the extrusion of the second PB and formation of a pronucleus (PN). Differences among groups were analysed using one-way ANOVA after arc-sine transformation of proportional data. All three treatments led to high activation rates (90% to 95%), with significant difference from the control. However, the extrusion of the second PB and the rate of PN formation differed remarkably among treatments. In Group I and 3, about 95% of the oocytes had extruded the second polar body, but one PN had formed in a higher proportion of oocytes in Group 3 than in Group 1 (90% vs. 5%). In experiment 2, the rates of cleavage and development into blastocysts in Group 1 were significantly lower than those of Group 2 and 3 (8.7% and 0% vs. 50.5% and 11.6%, and 44.6% and 7.2%, respectively, P<0.05). In experiment 3, ~80% of parthenotes in Group 1 were developed with haploid chromosomal sets. However, when ionomycin was followed immediately by DMAP (Group 2). only 20% of parthenotes were haploid. In Group 3, combined treatment with ionomycin and SPP, the appearance of abnormal chromosomal tracts was significantly (P〈0.05) reduced and the proportion of haploid parthenotes was increased to 85% (17/20) than in Group 2. These results demonstrate that SPP acted as a cdc2 kinase inhibitor and formed the haploidy in oocyte activation. Thus, the present study suggests that cdc2 kinase inhibitor, such as sodium pyrophosphate, may have an effective role in oocyte activation for the production of cloned embryos/animals by nuclear transplantation.

고령화매립지 침출수 처리에서 발생되는 난분해성물질의 제거 및 탄소원 부족에 의한 탈질의 제한문제를 해결하고자 분리막침지형생물반응기(SMBR)와 역삼투(R/O)공정의 조합공정을 침출수처리에 적용하였다. 먼저 용인시에서 SMBR Pilot 테스트를 약 100일간 수행하였으며 여기서 SMBR 공정에 대한 신뢰성은 확인되었으나 (NH3-N제거율 : 90%) 난분해성물질의 제거와 질산화의 한계는 있었다. 실플랜트 규모에서는 조합공정(SMBR + R/O)의 성능을 관찰하였는데 방류수의 CODCr이 3mg/L 이하(98%), TN이 50mg/L 이하(94%)의 우수한 처리효율을 보였다.

Background : The purpose of the present investigation is to enhance extracellular acidic protease production by subjecting a protease producing strain Cordyceps pruinosa DK-01 to random mutagenesis by UV irradiation after ethidium bromide treatment. Methods and Results : Mutants were screened as protease producers on the basis of zone of clearance and relative proteolytic activity (RPA) on skimmed milk agar plates. In addition, mutants showed strong pink-red color intensity and different RAPD profiling compared with wild type control. Four mutants were randomly selected and their extracellular enzyme activities were investigated. In liquid culture without casein, 2.2-, 2.9-, 5.2- and 4.4-fold higher acid protease activity was achieved from mutants DK-m9, -m11 and -m12, respectively, than that of wild type strain (11.13 ± 1.60 U/ml). In liquid culture with casein, 1.1-, 1.3-, 1.3 and 1.3-fold higher acid protease activity was achieved with those mutants were found to produce, respectively, than that of wild type strain (93.95 ± 12.84 U/ml). Maximum acid protease activity was noticed from a mutant DK-m11 in liquid culture with casein (121.18 U/ml) and without casein (57.65 U/ml). The extracellular acid protease produced from DJ-m11 that was active in the pH range 4.5-6.5 and optimum temperature for the activity was 37°C. Furthermore, we found a deformed, shorten structure of setae on the elytron surface of dynastid beetles treated with culture supernatant of the DK-m11. Conclusion : These findings have more impact on enzyme economy for biotechnological and insecticidal applications of fungal proteases.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the applicability of the microbial fuel cell for the combined treatment of food waste water and landfill leachate. Contents of the study was to develop a carbon-containing electrode material radially to maximize microbial attachment. Also to evaluate the electric energy production efficiency by combining the electrode surface coating technology. By using a microbial fuel cell organic matter and nitrogen removal efficiency is evaluated for the food waste water and landfill leachate. BET to evaluate the surface characteristics of the developing electrode (Brunauer Emmett Teller) To evaluate the coating adhesion through measurement and to evaluate the adhesion characteristics micro-organism Weighing. Excellent electrical conductivity in the development electrode platinum, cobalt, by coating a catalyst such as palladium and to evaluate the electric energy generation efficiency. Lab. scale reactor capacity is a 5 L, and to configure the cross-section and the oxidizing electrode as cathode sequentially added.

수확 후 돌나물의 미생물학적 안전성 확보를 위해 1% acetic acid 침지 세척과 10 kJ/m2 UV-C 조사를 병합처리하여 10°C에서 6일간 저장하면서 미생물 수, 색도, 비타민 C 함량, 항산화능을 측정하였다. 돌나물에 병합처리 후 총 호기성 세균 수는 대조구와 비교하여 3.28 log CFU/g, 효모 및 곰팡이에서는 4.22 log CFU/g 감균 효과를 보였으며, 이러한 효과는 저장 6일 동안 유지되었다. Acetic acid와 UV-C 병합처리는 대조구와 비교하여 돌나물의 저장 중 Hunter 색도 값에 부정적인 영향을 끼치지 않았다. 또한 비타민 C 함량과 항산화능은 저장기간 동안 처리구와 대조구 모두 감소하였으나, 처리에 의한 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구 결과 acetic acid와 UV-C 병합처리가 수확 후 돌나물의 저장, 유통 시 미생물학적 안전성을 확보하고 품질 유지에 효과적인 hurdle technology라고 판단된다.

본 연구에서는 argon 가스포장과 기존의 갈변저해물질 중 그 효과가 입증된 ascorbic acid와 저온 blanching 처리등의 병용처리를 통해 신선편이 감자의 저장 중 품질에 미치는 효과에 대하여 조사하였다. 감자는 박피 후 cube 형태(1.5×1.5×1.5 cm)로 절단하여 증류수에 1분간 세척 후 물기를 제거하여 argon 가스포장(AR), 1% ascorbic acid에 1분간 침지(AA), 1% ascorbic acid에 1분간 침지 후 argon 가스포장(AAR), 35℃에서 30분간 blanching처리(BA), 35℃에서 30분간 blanching처리 후 argon 가스포장(BAR), 아무처리도 하지 않은 것을 대조구(Cont)로 하여 OPP film에 열접합 포장 후 5℃에 저장하였다. Cont, AA, BA구의 O2 농도는 저장기간이 지남에 따라 감소하였으나, argon 가스 포장처리구인 AR, AAR, BAR구에서 O2 농도는 저장기간이 지남에 따라 조금씩 증가하였다. CO2 농도는 저장기간 이 지남에 따라 모두 증가하였다. 색도 분석 결과 argon 가스포장한 AR, AAR, BAR구에서 Cont, AA, BL구에 비해 높은 L*값과 낮은 갈변도 값을 나타내었으며, 총균수를 분석한 결과 Cont구에서 눈에 띄게 높은 총균수를 나타내었고, argon 가스포장처리구인 AR, AAR, BAR구에서 AA, BL구보다 비교적 낮은 총균수를 나타내어 argon 가스포장이 항갈변 뿐만 아니라 호기성미생물의 생육 저해에 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다. Polyphenol oxidase(PPO) 활성은 Cont구에서 눈에 띄게 높은 PPO 활성을 나타내었고 AR처리구에서 가장 낮은 PPO 활성을 나타내었다. DPPH 라디칼 소거능을 이용하여 항산화 활성을 분석해 본 결과 AA, AAR구에서 눈에 띄게 높은 항산화 활성을 나타내었으며, 나머지 구간에는 큰 차이가 없었다. 따라서 argon 가스포장과 병용처리는 신선편이 감자의 갈변 저해, PPO 활성 저해, 항균 효과 등 품질저하를 방지하는데 효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

신선절단 '후지' 사과의 고품질 유지를 위한 방법을 개발하기 위하여, 고농도 와 ascorbic acid 처리가 저장 중 품질변화에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 아무것도 처리하지 않은 사과(대조구)와 고농도 를 처리한 사과를 8조각으로 절단하여( 단일처리구) 1% ascorbic acid에 1분 동안 침지(와 ascorbic acid 병용처리구), 처리 없이 ascorbic acid에 침지(ascorbic acid 단일처리구)를 0.03 mm p

신선절단 '홍옥' 사과의 저장 중 품질에 대한 초음파 및 ascorbic acid의 병용처리의 효과를 조사하였다. 준비한 사과 절편을 초음파 처리(US), ascorbic acid 용액 침지처리(AA), 초음파 및 ascorbic acid 병용 처리(UA) 하였으며 에서 12일간 저장하였다. UA 처리구에서는 높은 및 hue 값과 낮은 , , chroma 및 값이 관찰되었으나 반면 무처리구와 US 처리구에서는 상당한 수준의 갈변이 관찰되었다.