목적 : 본 연구에서는 SCIM III를 국내에 소개하고 SCIM III의 검사자간 신뢰도와 타당도를 제시하고자 시행되었다. 연구방법 : 척수손상 환자 31명을 대상으로 두 명의 검사자가 SCIM III을 시행하여 검사자간 일치율과 Kappa계수를 통하여 검사자간 신뢰도를 제시하였고, SCIM III과 더불어 FIM평가를 동시에 실시하여 그 상관관계를 제시함으로써 공인타당도를 구하였다. 결과 : 본 연구 결과 SCIM III의 두 검사자간 일치율은 67%이상이었으며, 19개 세부항목 중 16개 항목은 80%이상이었다. 또한 SCIM III에서 Kappa 계수의 범위는 .62～1.00이었다. 첫 번째 검사자와 두 번째 검사자에 의한 SCIM III와 FIM 총점간 상관계수는 각각 .97, .98로 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 결론 : 척수손상환자의 일상생활동작을 평가하기 위한 SCIM III의 검사자간 신뢰도와 공인타당도는 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 추후 검사-재검사 신뢰도, 문항의 난이도와 척도의 적합성을 확립한다면 앞으로 국내에서 SCIM III의 활용이 가능할 것이다.

이 글은 우원 이호빈 목사(友園李浩彬, 1898-1998)의 독립운동과 토착적 신앙운동으로서 예수교회운동을 창조적으로 해석하여 인류보편사적이고 민족사적이고 한국교회사적인 맥락과 의미를 밝히려는 작업을 시도했다. 우원의 기독교 복음에 바탕을 둔 새로운 생명운동과 평화운동은 근대 제국주의와 서구적인 근대 기독교 패러다임을 넘어선 지평에서 주체적인 한국기독교인의 삶의 세계를 열어냈다. 이것을 선교사들의 ‘서도서기 패러다임’과 초기 한국기독교의 주체적인 입장인 ‘대도대기 패러다임’을 넘어선 ‘한도한기 패러다임’으로 파악했다.

Foreigners who arrived in Korea after the age of enlightenment were Japanese,Chinese and‘Westerners’who were Europeans and Americans. The westerners werediplomats who visited Korea for colonization or for increasing their economical profits bytrading after the spread of imperialism, and tourists curious of back countries, artists,explores and missionaries to perform their roles for their religious beliefs. They contactedwith Korean cultural and educational people as missionaries and instructors duringJapanese colonial period. In 1945, the allied forces occupied Korea under the name oftakeover of Japanese colony after Japan’s surrender and the relation between foreignersand Korean cultured men enter upon a new phase. For 3 years, American soldiers enforcedlots of systems in Korea and many pro-American people were educated. This relationshiplasted even after the establishment of the government of Korean Republic and especially,diplomats called as pro-Korean group came again after Korean War. Among them, therewere lots of foreigners interested in cultures and arts. In particular, government officialsunder American Forces who were influential on political circles or diplomats widened theirinsights toward Korean cultural assets and collected them a lot. Those who were in Korea from the period of independence to 1950s wrote theirimpressions about Korean cultural assets on newspapers or journals after visitingcontemporary Korean exhibitions. Among them, A. J. McTaggart, Richard Hertz and theHendersons were dominant. They thought the artists had great interests in compromisingand uniting the Orient and the West based on their knowledge of Korean cultural assets,and they advised. However, it was different from Korean artist’s point of view that theforeigners thought Korean art adhered oriental features and contained western contents. From foreigners’point of view, it is hard to understand the attitude Korean artistschose to keep their self-respect through experiencing the Korean war. It is difficult todistinguish their thought about Korean art based on their exotic taste from the Koreanartists’local and peninsular features under Japanese imperialism. We can see their thoughtabout Korean art and their viewpoint toward the third world, after staying in Korea for ashort period and being a member of the first world. The basic thing was that they couldsee the potentialities through the worldwide, beautiful Korean cultural assets and they thought it was important to start with traditions. It is an evidence showing Korean artists’pride in regard to the art culture through experiencing the infringement of their country. By writing about illuminating Korean art from the third party’s view, foreignersrepresented their thoughts through it that their economical, military superiority goes withtheir cultural superiority. The Korean artist’s thought of emphasizing Korean history andtraditions, reexamining and using it as an original creation may have been inspired bywesterners’writings. ‘The establishment of national art’that Korean artists gave emphasis then, didn’tonly affect one of the reactions toward external impact,‘the adhesion of tradition’.In theprocess of introducing Korean contemporary art and national treasure in America, differentview caused by role differences-foreigner as selector and Korean as assistant-showed thefact evidently that the standard of beauty differed between them. By emphasizing that thebasis to classify Korean cultural assets is different from the neighborhood China and Japan,they tried to reflect their understanding that the feature of Korean art is on speciality otherthan universality. And this make us understand that even when Korean artists professmodernism, they stress that the roots are on Korean and oriental tradition. It was obviously a different thought from foreigners’view on Korean art that Koreanartists’ conception of modernism and traditional roots are inherent in Korean history. In1950s, after the independence, Korea had different ideas from foreigners that abstract wasto be learned from the west. Korea was enduring tough times with their artists’self-respectwhich made them think that they can learn the method, but the spirit of abstract is in theorient.

A nation's correction level develops in direct proportion to the nation's level. But the correctional principle does not suit our actuality. Since revival, our nation's correctional organization has been falling behind the other administrative organ's result of developmental reorganization. Nowadays, correction business is greatly increasing day by day and a second offense never decreased. Therefore correction administrative business' professional and effectual promotion needs increasingly. But now our nation's correction bureau is existing as a domestic shape of the ministry of justice which only is a assistance organ of the minister of justice. As a result, it is appeared that the difficulty of command and control in perfect order, the subordination of prosecutor, and correction civil servant's depressing the morale of the troops and so on. This study till now shows these theoretical problems at various literature but actually there was not smoothly allusion that how is the correction civil servant's thought who is charging with the correction business. Accordingly, I grasped the actual conditions for the development of correction administrative to correction civil servants who work at correction facility in the whole land's 46 sites and I understood what is necessary for this. As a result for the development of correction administrative, I knew that the modernization of correction facility, the independence of correction office, and the increment of correction facility are immediate. If the development of correction administrative is not, a criminal's social comeback is difficult. So the damage returns again a good general citizens. Consequently, now theoretically or actually the independence of correction service is not optional but indispensable. Any society, from the shady spot where has to advance for the first time we can say being advanced.

Objective : The purpose of the present study was to compare the Spinal Cord Independence MeasureⅡ (SCIMⅡ) and the Modified Barthel Index (MBI) to determine the evaluation tool in order to use the tool as an effective index for following these patients for functional changes and determining treatment and rehabilitation outcomes.Method : The present study was conducted with 20 patients who underwent there first time rehabilitation care at A hospital from December 2002 to April 2003. The patients were evaluated at a 2-week interval using the SCIMⅡ and the MBI.Collected data analysis were completed by using Total agreement and Kappa coefficient of agreement, McNemar test, t-test, Correlation analysis, and Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results : The following results were obtained from this study.1.A high correlation was seen in the results of evaluation made by two raters in the SCIMⅡ, showing high interrater reliability(r=0.99, p<0.01).2.When functional changes were compared, more changes in the common items including management in bladder sphincter muscle(p<0.01), toileting(p<0.05), and bathing(p<0.05) were seen in the SCIMⅡ compared with the MBI. Furthermore, among the non-common items in the SCIMⅡ, significant changes were estimated in breathing, prevention of bed sores and bed mobility, and outdoor movement, the SCIMⅡ well reflecting major func-tional changes in patients with spinal cord lesion.3.When the scores of the SCIMⅡ and the MBI were compared at the time of admission and discharge, significant correlation was revealed between the two evaluation tools. However, the SCIMⅡ admission scores were significantly higher than the MBI admission scores in patients with quadriplegia (p<0.05), due to the effects of non-common items such as breathing, prevention of bed sores, and bed mobility.4.When these tools were compared according to muscle strength change, the SCIMⅡ com-pared with the MBI well reflected upper extremity motor score and the ASIA motor score in patients with complete and incomplete quadriplegia(p<0.05), and lower extremity motor score in patients with incomplete spinal cord lesion(p<0.05).Conclusions : These results indicated that the SCIMⅡ is more sensitive compared with the MBI as a tool for functional evaluation in patients with spinal cord lesion, suggesting that the SCIMⅡ would be used to examine functional changes in patients with spinal cord lesion and to effectively follow-up patients for rehabilitation treatment outcome.

Although the availability of home care rehabilitation services have been greatly increased since community-based rehabilitation was introduced to Korea, there is still a dearth of studies investigating the performance level of ADL (activities of daily living) for the physically disabled in the rural areas. The purposes of this study were to investigate the ADL performance level of disabled persons living at home in the rural areas of Wonju city, Korea, using FIM (functional independence measure) and to identify the specific areas of the ADL to be trained or evaluated by physical therapists or occupational therapists. 298 disabled people were interviewed by 10 physical therapy students. Analysis of the interviews indicated: 1) Forty seven point seven percent of the respondents were elderly-disabled persons whose ages were 61 years old or above, and 69.5% of respondents has the history of chronic disability period of 5 years or more. 2) FIM score of bathing, and stairs climbing showed severe dependent trend 3) FIM scores of self-feeding, urination, defecation, and comprehension ability were mildly dependent. These results revealed that functional evaluation/treatment for discharging from hospitals to the rural areas should be emphasized on the specific ADL performance areas such as bathing, and stairs climbing.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the cognitive perceptual performance skills in relation to activities of daily living(ADL) by using Lowenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment(L0TCA) to measure the cognitive perceptual performance and FIM to measure the ADL. The subjects in this study were 24 stroke patients who were admitted for intensive treatment at Department of Rehabilitation in Samsung Medical Center from December. 1997 to June. 1998. SAS was used to analyze data. Using simple regression analysis was used to measure influence of LOTCA on FIM at discharge and to measure influence of patient's concentration on both FIM and LOTCA. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to confirm the relationship of FIM to each subtest of LOTCA. The results of this study are as follow : 1. Statistically. LOTCA score at admission showed correlationship with FIM score at discharge. (R2 = 0.50. p<0.0001) 2. Visuomotor organization showed the most significant correlation between LOTCA on FIM at discharge. Motor FIM with perception and visuomotor organization, and cognitive FIM with perception showed significance. 3. The relationship between each subtest of FIM and each subtest of LOTCA. self-care was significantly correlated with visuomotor organization and perception. sphincter control was significantly correlated with orientation and perception, mobility and locomotion was significantly correlated with orientation and visuomotor organization, communication was significantly correlated with perception, social cognition was significantly correlated with perception and thinking operation. LOTCA is significantly correlated to FIM at discharge. Therefore, LOTCA can predict the ADL performance skills. Also, orientation and perception are the most predictable area of LOTCA throughout the entire subtests.

The purpose of this study is to validate of 5 scale-MBI as ADL asessment instrument for stroke patients. The subject was 34 patients following CVA on rehabilitation ther- apy in the rehabilitation hospital, Yonsei medical center. They were assessed with FIM, and 5 scale-MBI in a day. There scores were taken statistics through SAS package, so that we have Pearson's R score. The results is following. 1) FIM and 5 scale-MBI scores averaged 86. 21, 62. 32. 2) On Pearson's R score between FIM and 5 scale MBI was 0. 9345(p(0.001). Therefore there was a very high correlation. 3) On Pearson's R score between motorFIM and MBI was 0.8565(p(0.001), between cog- nitive FIM and MBI was 0.4641(p(0.01). There was significant. 4) On Pearson's R score between same category of FIM and MBI - self care, sphincter control, mobility, locomotion - each others was 0.8960, 0.6974, 0.8585, 0.8540 (p(0.001 ) . In conclusion, 5 scale MBI was found to be useful scale to assess the stroke patients.

Independence is a factor which has a significant impact on auditing quality, especially in the recent times where the marketplace is increasingly demanding transparency. The independence of auditors is assessed based on the main criteria such as the reliability of the audit opinions, the accuracy, truthfulness of financial reports, and the objectivity in the opinions of the auditor. The study investigates the effects of non-audit services (NAS) on auditor independence in emerging economies such as Vietnam. Non-audit services include taxation services, management advisory services and outsourcing internal audit services. Based on previously relevant researches, the authors develop hypotheses and a regression model about non-audit services (independent variables) and audit independence (dependent variable). The research collects data by 5-scale Likert questionnaire. The findings indicate the relationship between NAS and auditor independence. Specifically, the results reveal two main factors that have influence on auditor independence, namely, taxation services and management advisory services. The results of our research can be considered as new findings and can be compared to previous researches in Vietnam, which establishes a new viewpoint about the relationship between the NAS and the independence of the auditor. This result can be implemented for countries or jurisdictions which are similar to Vietnam.

This paper investigates the impact of monetary policy independence shock on bond yield by allowing for heterogeneous coefficients in the model based on panel data for 19 developing countries using quarterly data from 1991 to 2016. First, we estimate the model using conventional panel VAR estimation with the assumption of homogeneous coefficients across countries. Second, by performing Chow and Roy-Zellner tests to check the homogeneity assumption, we find that the assumption does not hold in the model. Third, we apply a meangroup estimation for panel VAR as a solution for heterogeneity panel model. The results reveal that central bank independence is effective in reducing bond yield with the maximum at period 6 after the shock. Shock one standard deviation bond yield has a negative effect on consumption and investment. We determine that central bank independence has a contradictory effect on real activity; a negative effect on consumption but a positive influence on investment for the first two years after the shock. Additionally, we split our sample into three groups to make the subgroups pool. Our empirical result shows that monetary policy independence shock reduces bond yield. Meanwhile, the response of economic activity to bond yield varies for all three groups.

3·1운동의 100주년을 기념하는 해에 각계에서 많은 연구들이 진행되고 있다. 특별히 그 운동에 주도적으로 참여했던 기독교는 각 교단별로 독립 만세운동 적극가담자의 신원을 밝히는 작업을 추진하고 있다. 이런 각 교단의 활동에 동참하기 위해서 안식일교회도 3·1운동에서 안식일교회의 역할을 조명하는 연구가 요구되었다. 본 연구는 이런 역사적 필요에 부응하여 3·1운동 당시에 안식일교회와 관련된 역사적 자료를 새롭게 정리하였다. 역사적 사료에 근거하면, 안식일교회에서 3·1운동에 참여한 첫 기록은 3월 2일 평남 거촌교회에서 박종은, 최경선 등의 주도로 500여 명이 모여 독립만세운동을 전개한 것으로 나타난다. 그 후 3월 6일에 평남 순안에서 진행된 만세운동에서 안식일교회가 경영하는 사립의명학교의 교직원생도 수 명이 포박된 기록이 나타난다. 3월부터 5월까지 3개월간 전개된 독립만 세운동에서 입감된 9천여 명의 사람들 중에서 안식일교인은 5명으로 집계 된다. 본 연구는 이 5명의 안식교도의 신원을 파악하기 위해서 관련 자료를 조사하였다. 그 결과 박종은, 전홍석, 강영국, 홍종엽, 최경선이 이 명단에 포함되는 것을 밝혔다. 이와 더불어 1년 후에 상해임시정부의 명령에 따라 추진되었던 대한독립1주년기념축하경고문 배포문 사건이 있었는데, 이 사건은 안식일교회 출판소인 시조사와 안식일교인에 의해서 주도되었다. 이 사건으로 유진익, 유진상, 권학규 등의 안식일교인이 체포되어 감옥에 갔다. 그 외에도 순안병원의 의사였던 러셀 선교사가 총에 맞아 부상을 입은 청년을 치료해 준 것이 발각되어 3개월간 심문을 받은 사건도 있었다. 이처럼 안식일교회는 교인들과 시조사와 순안병원과 선교사를 통해서 3·1운동에 가담하였음이 여러 역사적 자료들을 통해서 밝혀진다. 1904년 한국에 복음이 시작된 안식일교회는 15년 후에 발생한 민족독립운동에 동참하여 민족의 운명과 함께 하였다.

The peninsula-wide March First Movement in 1919 demonstrated the cohesiveness of the Korean people and served as the opening chapter to a new history; the entire peninsula was flooded with protests for independence, and shocked by their intensity, the Japanese colonial government engaged in indiscriminate suppression. The March First Movement propelled demonstrations to be held as well in Northern Jiāndǎo (“Puk-kando”), situated north of the Tumen River.Thousands of demonstrators gathered on March 13 in Lóngjǐng to read the Declaration of Independence as part of the demonstration. Although dozens of people were injured due to the suppression by the Chinese armed forces (seventeen were killed), numerous demonstrations (currently known are fifty-eight) took place throughout Northern Jiāndǎo. A frontier region, Northern Jiāndǎo was a unique cultural space wherein Koreans who crossed into this borderland formed their own communities; with active ethno-nationalist education and religious propaganda, the region served as a nexus of ethno-national and anti-Japanese consciousness. In addition, due to the frequent exchanges between the Korean peninsula and the Maritime Province, Lóngjǐng in particular served as the cradle of ethno-national independence movements.

독촉국민회는 이승만과 김구가 연합하여 1946년 2월에 지방우익세력을 조직하려고 만들었던 연합조직이었다. 초기에는 오하영과 김구가 중심이 되어 조직을 이끌었으나, 이승만은 지방 조직을 확산시킨 남부지방 순회여 행 후 1946년 6월에 열린 2차 전국대회에서 중앙조직을 장악하였다. 이 조 직을 장악하는 과정에서 신익회의 정치공작대 세력의 적극적인 참여가 중 요한 요인이었다. 그는 6월 29일에 민족통일총본부를 조직하였고, 7월에 이 조직에 애국단체 총연합회를 통합시켰다. 이러한 세력 확장을 이룬 후 에 독립촉성국민회의 운영에서 드러난 난맥상을 해결하기 위해 1946년 9 월 7일에 제3차 전국대회를 열었는데, 임원진에 임정세력이 상당히 참여했으나, 중앙위원조직은 이승만이 확실하게 장악하였다. 이승만은 1946년 말에 단독정부 수립에 대한 자신의 의견을 미국정부에 전달하기 위해 미국방문에 나섰다. 그의 미국방문기간 동안 임정세력은 비 상국민회의, 민족통일총본부, 독촉국민회 등을 통합하여 임정봉대론에 입 각한 임시정부수립운동을 전개하려고 하였다. 그러나 이승만을 지지하는 배은희와 이윤영등의 반대로 임정세력의 이러한 통합운동은 좌절되었다. 그렇지만 김구 중심의 임정세력은 임정봉대론을 계속 추진하였으며, 이러한 책임을 물어 이승만은 1947년 4월에 열린 제4차 전국대회에서 임정세 력을 정리하고 자신의 지지세력을 중심으로 독촉국민회를 재편하였다. 그 이후에 점차로 단독선거를 지지하는 세력을 중심으로 임원진을 개편한 후 에, 이 조직을 바탕으로 1948년 5월 총선거에 임하였다. 그 결과 제헌국회 의원 가운데 가장 많은 55명이 독촉국민회에서 선출되었다. 이러한 독촉국민회 중앙조직에 상당수의 기독교인들이 참여하였다. 초기에는 오하영이 이승만과 김구 사이의 중간역할을 하면서 부위원장을 하 였다. 중앙에서 이승만을 적극적으로 지지한 인물로는 배은희목사와 이관 운목사 그리고 이승만의 직계였던 송필만, 임영신, 북한에서 월남한 이종 현 등이었다. 특히 월남기독교인들로 주목되는 그룹이 이윤영과 이종현, 변성옥이었다. 그리고 최태용은 반공과 국민운동을 통한 건국운동이란 점 에서 독촉국민회의 지지자가 되었다. 독립촉성회 중앙조직 가운데 기독교인들은 적어도 20%에서 40% 정도 를 차지하였다. 이러한 비율은 해방공간에서 기독교인들이 우파 세력의 중 심을 형성하고 있었다는 것을 잘 보여주며, 이 조직의 임원진에 참여한 기 독교인들은 대부분 일제 강제기 동안 민족운동에 참여했던 인물들이었다. 당시 기독교인들은 자유민주주의에 대한 확고한 지지 기반이었다.

1930년대에 접어들어 일본기독교계엔 바르트에 대한 열풍에 가까운 관 심으로 다수의 바르트 신학 관련 번역서들이 출판되었다. 그와 비교할 때, 한국의 기독교 출판계는 선교사들의 통제 하에 기초적인 단계의 신학 및 신앙서적들의 번역소개에만 머물고 있었다. 따라서 일본에 비해 당시의 최 근 신학 동향을 파악하기 위한 중요 신학 서적들의 번역 소개는 충실히 이 루어지지 못했다. 한국교회에 본격적으로 칼 바르트에 대한 사상이 소개되는 것은 1930년대 초반부터이며, 주로 신문과 잡지에 바르트 신학의 기초 적 내용들이 소개되고 있다. 해방 전후 한국교회에서 활동한 대부분의 신 학자들은 ‘바르티안’(Barthian)들이었으며, 대부분 1930-40년대에 유학한 일본의 여러 신학교 출신들이었다. 해방 직후 신진 학자들의 칼 바르트 대 표 저작의 번역출판 시도가 있었지만, 6.25전쟁의 발발로 지체되었고, 이후 1950년대까지는 바르트 등의 최근 신학 저술들이 번역 소개되어도 대부분 이미 출판된 일본어 번역서를 모본으로 삼아 한글 번역을 시도한 결과였 다. 그러나 1960년 전후부터는 일본어 번역문의 피동적 수용 자세를 탈피 하기 위해 독일어 원문과 영문 텍스트를 직접 한글로 옮기는 등의 주체적 수용 노력을 보인다. 비록 일제강점기의 한국교회와 기독교 출판은 일본의 신학계와 기독교 출판계의 성과들에 의존할 수밖에 없었지만, 해방 이후부터는 구미의 신학을 직접 배우고 익혀, 한국인의 정신사와 종교문화에 걸 맞는 번역과 연구 성과들을 출판물로 산출하기 시작했다.

1951년 9월 8일 48개 연합국과 일본 간에 체결된 “대일평화조약”(the Peace Treaty with Japan)에 한국은 체약당사국이 아니나 동 조약 제21조의 규정에 의해, 동 조약 제2 조, 제4조, 제9조 그리고 제12조는 한국에 적용된다. 한국에 적용되는 제2조 (a)항은 “일본은 한국의 독립을 승인하고, 제주도, 거문도 및 울릉도를 포함하는 한국에 대한 모든 권리, 권원 및 청구권은 포기한다”라고 규정하고 있다. 한편 “조약법 협약”은 “제3자에게 권리를 부여하는 조약은 그 제3자가 동의의 의사표시를 할 때 그 조약으로부터 권리가 발생한다라 고 규정하고, 제3자가 동의의 의사표시를 하지 아니해도 동의의 의사표시가 있는 것으로 추정한다”라고 규정하고 있다(제36조 제1항). 한국은 동의의 의사표시를 한 바 없으며 동 조의 규정에 의해 동의의 의사표시를 한 것으로 추정되어 “대일평화조약” 제2조 (a)항은 한국에 대해 효력이 발생한 것으로 된다. “대일평화조약” 제2조 (a)항 전단은 “일본은 한국의 독립을 승인하고”라고 규정하고 있다(이하 “독립승인조항”이라 한다). 이는 동 조약이 체결되기 전까지 한국은 비 독립국가의 지위에 있었음을 전제로 한 것으로 그것은 비 독립상태의 법적 근거인 "한일합방조약“이 유효함을 전제로 한 것이다. (a)항 후단은 “일본은 … 한국에 대한 모든 권리, 권원 및 청구권을 포기한다”라고 규정하고 있는바(이하 “권리포기조항”이라한다), 이는 동 조약이 발효 되기 직전까지 일본이 한국에 대한 권리, 권원 및 청구권을 갖고 있음을 의미한다. 갖고 있지 아니한 권리를 포기할 수 없기 때문이다. 이는 일본이 한국에 대한 권리, 권원 및 청구권을 갖고 있다는 것은 그의 근거인 “한일합방조약”이 유효함을 전제로 한 것이다. 이 연구는 이러한 법적 효과를 지적하고, 이러한 법적 효과를 배제하기 위해 한국정부의 “이 조약의 어떠한 조항도 한일합방조약이 유효한 것으로 해석되지 아니한다”는 내용의 “해석선언”(interpretative declaration) 또는 “해석유보”(interpretative reservation)를 함을 요한다는 제의를 하기로 한다.

Lee Chang Hoi (Lee) was born in 1872 at Namyang. He became a christian in the early period when the gospel was spreading in the region. After conversion he worked hard for the modern education movement in the influence of George Herber Jones. Hong Seung Ha founded the Hoheung elementary school with Jones’ donation in 1901. The school was managed by Lee who established Powell school in purpose of teaching English in 1902. Lee managed nine day schools within nine churches which were founded by Hong Seung Ha. He also served as an exhorter in Namyang church, and worked as an assistant worker for a year in 1906. He later became the evangelist from 1907 to 1910. After 1906 he developed Boheung school as a central school in Namyang. He managed the school with general level edcuation department, high level education department, and measurement education department, and tried to keep Namyang redisents’ wealth from the intrusion of Japan. He held the United Sports Day gathering people from the surrounding elementary schools to inspire the patriotism. Some Japanese called Boheung school as a rioter training center for this reason, and insisted closing down the school since it was growing as a center for anti-Japanese thoughts. Lee also participated founding Sangdong elementary school, and he was directly and indirectly engaged in managing other schools. He also ran the evening school in Boheung school for children who couldn’t study in the daytime. He also worked as the principal of Sangdong evening school. He established the Namyang branch of Daehan-Jaganghoi for the progress of patriotic enlightenment movement. The group protested against the Japanese economic invasion with the National Debt Repayment Movement. He was in ministry from 1913 to 1916 at Namyang church. He supported the neighboring churches not only to stand independently but also to found schools. He also inspired other people to build churches in the churchless areas and to teach the biblical knowledge and Hangul by running the Bible Classes. He became a circuit pastor of Namyang and Osan in 1916 and transferred to Gwangju in June 1918. When he was in ministry of Gwangju, the Samil Independence Movement broke out. As he participated in this movement, he was arrested and in jail for 4 months. After he was released for the lack of evidence, he met Lee Dae Jung who raised the independence funds with him. However, Lee got arrested due to the fund raising activity and got sentenced to two years in prison. He was a pastor who fostered the patriotic enlightment movement into the Samil Independence Movement and Independence Movement.