In recent years, the bilateral relations between the United States and Vietnam have shown a momentum of rapid development. The year 2020 marks the 25th anniversary of the normalization of bilateral relations between the two countries. Through sorting out the effects, problems and development trends of the comprehensive partnership between the two countries, this paper discusses the factors restricting the development of the bilateral relations, and then analyzes the prospects of the development of the US-Vietnam relations. The United States and Vietnam have a number of strategic convergence points to deepen cooperation, but at the same time, the two countries still face challenges in ideology, political system and other aspects. In the future, it is possible for the US-Vietnam relationship to continue to strengthen. On the one hand, Vietnam will strengthen bilateral relations with the US and implement multilateralism diplomacy to contain China. On the other hand, Vietnam will avoid stimulating China and stabilize its relations with China.

1. 본 연구는 유기질 비료 사용의 효과와 쌀 생산에 유기질 비료 채택에 영향을 미치는 요인을 평가하였다. 2. 2014년 베트남 가계생활수준조사 결과를 활용하여 분석한 결과 무기질 비료만을 사용하는 농민의 쌀 생산량, 수익 및 비용이 유기질 비료를 사용하는 농민의 경우보다 더 크다는 것이 발견되었다. 3. 반면 쌀 생산에 있어 재정적 효율성은 유기질 비료를 사용한 농민이 더 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 융자가 있거나 넓은 토지를 가진 농민들은 유기 비료를 덜 사용하는 경향이 있음이 분석되었다. 4. 한편, 높은 교육 수준의 농민이나 조합에 가입한 농민의 경우 유기질 비료를 사용할 가능성이 더 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 5. 본 연구는 베트남 농민들이 쌀 생산의 재정적 효율성과 지속 가능성을 높이기 위해 유기질 비료를 적용해야 함을 시 사하며, 이에 베트남 정부는 유기질 비료의 생산과 활용에 동기를 부여하는 정책을 도입할 필요가 있다.

It would appear that the diversification of the methods of international transport has made global trade much easier. With the outstanding advantages of cargo volumes, shipping costs and safety of goods, sea transport always accounts for a high proportion of the export and import activities of coastal countries. Today, therefore, seaborne trade is the main method of foreign trade in Vietnam and the world. Towards solutions in the area of seaborne trade development, this study aims to find the essential macroeconomics factors influencing directly seaborne trade by applying autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models with a case study of Vietnam. This paper finds that Vietnam’s GDP and FDI have positive impacts on Vietnam’s seaborne trade turnover in both the short run and long run. The findings here make a significant contribution to the search for practical scientific solutions to enhance Vietnam’s seaborne trade development.

Hybrid dispute settlement mechanism is one of the characteristics of the UNCLOS. It is the combination of diplomatic measures and judicial proceedings. Among them, the ITLOS established in accordance with Annex VI, and two types of arbitral tribunal constituted in accordance with Annexes VII and VIII are means for the disputes settlement firstly regulated in the UNCLOS. Especially, according to Article 287, an arbitral tribunal constituted under Annex VII has default jurisdiction in case one or both parties to a dispute are not covered by a declaration in force, or the parties to a dispute have not accepted the same procedure for the settlement of the dispute. These means of dispute settlement have supplemented and enhanced the source of law for international dispute resolution more diversified. This paper clarifies some aspects of compulsory procedures entailing binding decisions under the UNCLOS, evaluates the applicability of these procedures to the case of Vietnam in the disputes settlement on interpretation or application of the UNCLOS raising among countries in the South China Sea.

The growth is hot about the number of companies, the vehicles, and the variety of the business model of freight services in general, the road freight, in particular, have cooked up big challenges for the state management as well as the administration about business activities of transport companies. The road freight has still many inadequacies about the hight running coast, badly affecting the environment, the increase in the traffic jam and traffic accidents. About the state management, the organization and implementation processes the function to control the road transport encounter many difficulties and exist inadequacies about post-check after business registration, not ensure supply-demand balance in the transport markets. Still have many duplications in plan and organize the implementation of the sustainable development policy lead to has not brought into play all resources and effectiveness. Technology applications in management and operating, the policy of sustainable development in the road freight has not been given adequate attention. Faced with the need for sustainable development and improving the efficiency of the national transportation system, research on strengthening state management of car transportation in Vietnam is very urgent. Moreover, it is very practical and scientific to propose solutions to contribute to improving the capacity, effectiveness and efficiency of the state management of goods transportation by car in Vietnam.. The article focuses on analyzing and evaluating the current state of state management about the goods freight by cars, proposing radical solutions to strengthen state management to get the goals of sustainable development of the transport and the freight transport industry. Based on data collected from actual surveys, interviews and published research, the author has analyzed the overall performance of state management in car freight transport. With the number of 1227 sending feedback votes, it is a reliable basis for analyzing, assessing the current situation and clarifying the limitations, weaknesses as well as their causes in the management of freight transport in Vietnam.

본 연구는 국제협력기금의 메커니즘을 이해하고 이를 토대로 체제전환 국 베트남의 국제협력 사례가 주는 시사점 분석을 통해 북한의 체제개방 이후 전력인프라 조성을 위한 국제협력 방안을 제시하는데 목적을 두고 연구하였다. 연구결과, 베트남은 국제협력을 통해 전력인프라를 구축함으 로서 경제성장을 이루어낸 모범국가로 평가받고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서는 선행연구에서 다룬 체제전환국의 국제협력을 위한 주요 요인인 국제협력 유형과 전력개발사업 방식, 그리고 국제사회의 요구 준 수를 분석의 틀로 하여 베트남 사례가 주는 시사점과 북한 전력인프라 구축을 위한 방안을 논의하였다. 베트남의 국제협력 사례가 주는 시사점 을 통해 본 연구에서 주장하고자 하는 국제협력 방안은 첫째, 북한 전력 인프라 구축을 위한 국제협력자금 활용이다. 이를 위해 체제전환과 국제 사회의 신뢰를 받을 수 있도록 자체적인 노력이 필요하다. 둘째, 남한 주 도하에 북한의 미흡한 행정역량을 강화하면서 국제협력을 추진하는 전력 인프라 구축모델이다. 북한은 한국과의 특수관계를 고려해 볼 때 국제협 력에 있어 베트남보다 유리한 상황으로 평가된다. 셋째, 막대한 초기 재 원이 필요한 북한 전력개발의 속성을 고려한, 비용대비 효과가 큰 사업 과 민간투자방식(BOT)이다. 베트남의 경우도 민간투자방식을 통해 공급 규모에 맞는 전력인프라를 구축할 수 있었다. 한국의 국제적 지위와 국 가역량을 고려해 볼 때 북한의 국제협력을 강화하기 위해서는 체제전환 직후에 한국의 전략적 지원이 필요하다. 이는 한반도의 안정과 평화유지는 물론 남북교류협력을 활성화하여 남북관계를 획기적으로 발전시킬 수 있는 현실적인 방안이자 가치 있는 재시발점이 될 수 있을 것이다.

Seaports play a huge role in Vietnam's economy, being a border gate for economic and cultural exchanges with outsiders, especially the role of goods circulation. Container cargoes are one of the types of goods with large and increasing volume through Vietnam seaports. However, the heterogeneity between the seaport and the connected infrastructure greatly affects the capacity and efficiency of port investment. This is also one of the main causes leading to a shortage of goods, excess ports in some port areas. The root cause is that the planning has not kept up with the growth of the amount of goods arriving at the port, because the issue of forecasting the volume of goods through the port is not accurate. Therefore, it is necessary to develop models of forecasting container cargo through the ports with general, scientific, and high accuracy to serve the strategy, planning and development of seaport system; the work of planning and investment in the development of seaports, shipping fleets and other auxiliary transport infrastructure works. The purpose of this study is to build suitable forecasting models with high accuracy and reliability on the total volume of container cargo throughput of the Vietnamese seaport system. Based on the methods of a statistical survey, synthesis, regression analysis, and correlation to evaluate the influence of factors on container cargo volume through Vietnam's seaports in the period of 2004-2019. By incorporating more economic factors into the regression model, the paper focuses on forecasting container cargo through the Vietnamese seaport systems, going into cargo-based forecasting in tons and TEUs. The results of this study contribute to complete the rationale for forecasting, especially forecasts related to the shipping industry and the forecast for container cargo throughput of the seaport. Finally, selecting models for forecasting container cargo volume throughput of seaports by Vietnamese conditions.

베트남의 사회적 기업에 대한 연구는 미국, 유럽에서 주를 이루고 있으며 아시아에서는 아직 미흡한 수준에 이르고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 베트남 사회적 기업에 대한 기초연구로써 베트남의 사회변화에 따른 사회적 기업의 조직화 경향을 살펴보고 유형화하는데 초점을 맞추어 향후 후속연구의 기초자료로 활용하고자 하는 목적으로 진행되었다. 연구는 베트남 사회적 기업의 발전을 이끈 역사적 배경과 현재의 맥락에 대해 살펴보고 그에 따른 사회적 기업의 조직화 경향에 대해 분석하였다. 이를 통해 베트남 전역에서 발견할 수 있는 4가지의 광범위한 사회적 기업 모델을 분류하였으며, 구체적으로 협동조합, 사회적 기업가가 설립하고 주도하는 사회적 기업, 전문 중개자가 배양한 사회적 기업, 지역 NGO에서 시작한 변형된 사회적 기업 등으로 구분하였다. 연구결과 조직구성 측면에서 베트남의 사회적 기업은 설립자가 강력하고 중앙 집중적인 의사결정 권한을 가진 장기 이사로 활동하는 것으로 나타났으며, 대부분의 사회적 기 업은 사업 활동 및 개발자금을 포함한 다양한 재정자원을 동원하여 운영비용을 충당하고 있으며, 설립목적을 달성하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 초기 설립된 일부 사회적 기업을 제외한 기업은 사업을 확장하고 충분한 수입을 확보하기 위해 지속적인 노력을 하는 것으로 나타났다.

사회주의 국가에서는 종교의 자유가 헌법에 기재되어 있다고 해서 선교의 자유가 주어져 있지는 않다. 특히 외국인 신분의 선교사들 에게는 여러 가지 규제와 제약이 있어 선교활동에 한계가 있다. 이런 제한된 상황에서 30년 동안 베트남에서 사역하고 있는 장요나 선교사는 크게 두 가지 선교를 병행하고 있다. 하나는 병원 건립을 통해 환자를 치료하는 의료선교를 하고 있고, 다른 하나는 무너진 교회를 찾아 재건하는 일을 하고 있다. 이 양쪽 기둥 사이에 현지인 목회자 양성을 위한 신학교육이 조심스럽게 이루어지고 있고 고아원을 통한 어린이 사역도 진행 중이다. 안타까운 것은 주변에 협조자보다는 방해꾼들이 많아 베트남 공안에 잡혀가기도 하고 추방되기도 하며 시련을 겪고 있다는 점이다. 그럼에도 그를 핍박한 경찰이 기도요청을 하기도 하고 존경을 표하기도 하는 일도 있었다. 순교자 정신으로 선교에 매진하고 있는 그는 영혼구원이라는 분명한 목표를 갖고 현지 상황에 맞는 전략을 구상하여 베트남을 넘어 라오스, 캄보디아, 그리고 미얀마까지 선교활동을 확대하려고 준비 중이다.

This research examines the Ấu học ngũ ngôn thi (幼學五言詩: Pentasyllabic Poetry for Primary Learning) written in Sinographs and Nôm script in Vietnam as a case study of the textbooks in pre-20th century primary education. This paper claims, based on Chinese-origined East Asian Sinological primers of the Shentong Shi (神童詩: Progidy Poetry), the Xunmeng Youxue Shi (訓蒙幼學詩 Initial Teaching Poetry for Primary Learning) and the Zhuangyuan Shi (狀元詩: Poetry for the First-ranked Metropolitan Laureate), a certain Vietnamese scholar reconstructed and rewrote these textbooks to become a new textbook of Vietnam with several newly-composed poems. The new textbook was translated from Literary Sinitic into Vietnamese in both prose and poetry, to adapt to the educational context of two languages (Chinese and Vietnamese) and two scripts (Sinographs and Nôm script) in Vietnam. This reconstruction and translation, on one hand, made Vietnamese primary education integrate with the Sinosphere in East Asia, on the other hand defined Vietnamese own characteristics via the localization of this textbook’s formation, language, and script.

비료는 작물 재배 및 생산성 증대를 위해 필수 농업자재이다. 식량안보 및 영양결핍 해소를 위해 베트남에서는 스마트 한 방법으로 농업의 혁신을 가속화하고 있다. 작물 생산의 주된 목적은 시장 요구에 맞는 안전한 농산물을 재배하는 것으로 본 논문에서는 작물 생산 측면에서의 베트남의 화학비료 및 유기비료에 대한 현황 등을 소개하였다. 1960년대부터 최근까지 베트남의 비료 역사와 작물 재배에 있어 화학비료와 유기비료의 현황 등을 소개하였다. 베트남에 서 대부분의 작물 재배에 있어 화학비료와 유기비료를 7:3의 비율로 사용하는 것을 권장하였다. 그러나, 무엇보다 토양, 기후, 작물 및 시장의 요구에 맞게 양분 균형을 이루어지게 활용하는 것이 중요하다고 제안하였다. 또한, 완효성 비료 등 차세대 글로벌 시장의 비료 산업에 대한 전망도 제안하였다.

Vietnam is a developing country with impressive economic achievements in recent years. Efficient logistics system is considered the key to success of Vietnam’s development, especially when its economy relies on import, export and foreign investment. Since 2007, Logistics Performance Index (LPI) issued by the World Bank has been used as a trustworthy signal for the condition of a country’s logistics system. In 2018, Vietnam’s LPI shows a spectacular improvement by increasing 25 ranks and stands at the 39th position in the global ranking. It is also the best position for a lower-middle income economy in the ranking. The paper aims to reveal the current situation of Vietnam’s Logistics system behind this remarkable increase of the LPI ranking. Both the statistical and empirical analyses will be applied to answer the proposed Hypothesis and Sub-Questions for better understanding on Vietnam’s LPI. It is concluded that despite of a sudden rise in the LPI results, Vietnam’s logistics system has not shown a significant improvement. In order to maintain the LPI rank in the top 50 in the world, Vietnam needs to continue making efforts to develop synchronous logistics system to gradually solve current problems.

For the whole process of circulation, distribution, application of the logistics system is a higher development step of transportation technology. Multimodal transport has linked all modes of transport together to serve the supply and consumption needs of the manufacturer. Currently, when e-commerce (EC) is on the rise, quality logistics and delivery services are the essential stages to achieve success in transactions. e-commerce today is no longer a fashion trend; it is an essential part of the retail industry. EC is changing the game of Logistics. The e-commerce world has been introducing many risks and complex issues that logistics and supply chain experts have never faced. E-commerce is the main impact on terminal logistics (last mile) and warehousing. However, it is also quite interesting to see how e-commerce is impacting airports and seaports. E-commerce is growing actively in Vietnam at a rate of about 25% per year, which is an excellent opportunity for business logistics services to get more orders. Moreover, the Vietnamese logistics market is small but has a high growth rate (20% - 25% / year). In recent times, this market is expected to change the face and grow faster due to the development of electronic retail in Vietnam and e-Logistics logistics trends in the world. However, to meet the requirements, to grasp the opportunities, logistics enterprises need to link to get a closed and synchronized service chain. So logistics companies need to increase information, respond faster, enhance technology to meet flexible processes, establish networks, and business links to meet changing needs. The article shows that the inadequacies and lack of cohesion between logistics service providers and e-commerce are limiting competitiveness, losing opportunities of enterprises, and the economy in the context of healthy industrial revolution 4.0. The assessment of the correlation and connectivity of logistics and e-commerce enterprises in Vietnam in the paper will contribute significantly to the development of Vietnam's economy in the period 2020-2025.

In the context of world economic integration, Vietnam's market-oriented economy is facing many opportunities and also many challenges. Market factors are gradually dominating and dominating economic activities, affecting overall economic achievements and in almost all production and consumption sectors. Shipping in general and shipping by the sea, in particular, is one of the economic sectors most affected by the process of openness and international economic integration. As government intervention in the economy decreases, the fluctuations in the total output of the economy, according to the cycle theory, are considered more. Continuous fluctuations and cyclical themselves are made up of variables related to the results of production and business of economic sectors, which transport goods by sea are one of them. Quantitative analysis is being used in many types of research on economic and financial fields in the world as well as in Vietnam. For a more holistic, comprehensive, and scientific view, the use of a powerful quantitative tool, it allows assessment of multidimensional relationships between macro variables and variables that reflect the industry's production results. The Vector Autoregression (VAR) is one of the reasonably standard quantitative models used to determine the multidimensional relationship between economic factors supposedly related to each other. Use this model to analyze the relationship between some key macroeconomic indicators and the volume of goods transported by sea in Vietnam. The author finds that there is a relatively close relationship between import and export turnover of goods and sea transport output. This result suggests many policy ideas to develop both international trade and shipping activities in Vietnam in the current period. On the other hand, the quantitative model used in the project can be applied at the enterprise level to help managers identify the impact of economic fluctuations on production and business results. On that basis, appropriate decisions will be made in the context of ongoing short-term economic fluctuations.

Vietnam is located in the centre of Asia - Pacific, on international maritime routes. With a long coastline of about 3260 km stretching from North to South, Vietnam has many favourable conditions to bring import and export goods to the world. Not only its production, but Vietnam is also an ideal place to conduct transhipment activities such as transit, border-gate transfer, and temporary import for re-export. Vietnam is a country with favourable natural conditions and geographical location to develop logistics services. Along with the process of opening and integration, the volume of goods produced, domestically circulated and exported and imported in recent years has grown strongly, which is the premise and driving force for the development of logistics services. Logistics is becoming an essential service industry of international trade activities and attracts extraordinary attention to the economic community. The role of science and technology in development has been widely accepted. In today's increasingly competitive international environment, technology is a vital strategic element for rapid socio-economic development. Thanks to technological innovation, businesses have many opportunities to improve productivity, product quality, as well as to improve the ability in designing new production lines, new products and improving the efficiency in business management and operation. In order to survive and develop sustainably, all countries have preferential policies to encourage businesses to innovate technology. Moreover, businesses also recognize the need for technological innovation to keep pace with the world's development trend; this is the experience gained from countries with developed economies. This paper presents some issues on trends and applications of information technology, blockchain technology in the field of supply chain management and logistics to improve the competitiveness and develop logistics services of Vietnam. On that basis, the article also proposes several recommendations to support businesses in innovation and technology application in managing and operating this critical economic sector.

본 논문은 1990년부터 베트남에서 활동해온 장요나 선교사의 선교사역을 한국 개신교 초기 선교 역사적 관점에서 고찰하고 있다. 이를 위해 연구자는 특히 장요나 선교사와 언더우드 선교사를 비교하였다. 언더우드 선교사와 장요나 선교사는 해당 국가가 복음전파를 금지 하고 있는 법을 어기고 복음을 전했다는 점에서, 본국에서 교단을 초월한 협력을 끌어냈다는 점에서, 그리고 천주교에 대한 부정적 견해를 가지고 있다는 점에서 공통점이 있다. 반면에 언더우드와 달리 장요나 선교사는 베트남 현지에 있는 선교사들과 유기적으로 협력하지 않았다는 점에서, 자신을 의사로 사칭하며 선교했다는 점에서, 그리고 가족과 자신의 질병을 돌보지 않고 선교사역을 이어갔다는 점에서 차이가 난다. 그럼에도 불구하고 공산국가인 베트남에서 오랫동안 지속해온 장요나 선교사의 선교사역은 교회, 병원, 학교설립 등에서 많은 성과가 있었다는 점과 그가 추구하는 베트남을 포함한 라오스, 캄보디아, 미얀마와 같은 인도차이나반도 선교의 중요성을 간과해서는 안 된다.