A prostaglandin (PG), PGE2, mediates both cellular and humoral immune responses of insects. Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) biosynthesizes PGE2 by an unknown enzyme. This study predicted the enzyme, which is a novel membrane-bound prostaglandin E synthase-2 (mPGES-2). The transcriptional expression analysis showed the mPGES-2 is inducible to immune challenge. After RNA interference (RNAi), the hemocyte nodulation and expression of eleven antimicrobial peptides were significantly impaired. The RNAi effect was rescued by addition of PGE2 suggesting that mPGES-2 is crucial for immune responses mediated by PGE2.

Serine proteases and serine protease homologs are involved in the prophenoloxidase (proPO)-activating system leadingto melanization.The Bombyx mori serine protease homolog BmSPH-1 regulates nodule melanization. Here, we show the dualrole of BmSPH-1 in the development and immunity of B. mori. BmSPH-1 was expressed in hemocytes after molting andduring the larval-pupal transformation in normal development. In contrast, following infection, BmSPH-1 was expressed inhemocytes and activated in the hemolymph, which resulted in the induction of PO activity. Moreover, BmSPH-1 was activatedin the cuticle during the larval-pupal transformation and early pupal stages. In BmSPH-1 RNAi-treated silkworms, the reducedBmSPH-1 mRNA levels during the spinning stage or the prepupal stage resulted in the arrest of pupation or pupal cuticularmelanization, respectively. The binding assays revealed that BmSPH-1 interacts with B. mori immulectin, proPO, andproPO-activating enzyme. Our findings demonstrate that BmSPH-1 is responsible for the larval-pupal transformation, pupalcuticular melanization and innate immunity of silkworms, illustrating the dual role of BmSPH-1 in development and immunity.

Nitiric oxide (NO) and eicosanoids function as crucial immune mediators in insects. This study focuses on cross-talkbetween two immune mediators in term of humoral immune response in Spodoptera exigua. Up-regulation of eight differentanti-microbial peptides (AMP) was observed against bacterial challenge. In contrast, injection of E. coli along with L-NAMEsignificantly down regulation the AMP production whereas D-NAME was not effective. The injection of E. coli withdexamethasone or SNAP also decreased AMP production whereas arachidonic acid (AA) compensated the dexamethasoneeffects. RNA inerferece against SeNOS showed the down-regulation of defensin mRNA level, whereas dsNOS injectionswith AA reversed the gene regulation.

Xenotransplantation is proposed as a solution to the problem of organ shortage. However, transplantation of xenogeneic organs induces an antigen-antibody reaction in α-1,3-gal structure that are not present in humans and primates, and thus complement is also activated and organs die within minutes or hours. In this study, we used FasL gene, which is involved in the immune response of NK cell, and US11, which suppresses MHC Class I cell membrane surface expression, to inhibit cell mediated rejection in the interspecific immunity rejection, and also hDAF(CD55) was introduced to confirm the response to C3 complement. These genes were tranfeced into Korean native pig fetal fibroblasts using pCAGGS vector. And cytotoxicity of NK cell and human complement was confirmed in each cell line. The US11 inhibited the cytotoxicity of NK cell and, in addition, the simultaneous expression of US11 and Fas ligand showed excellent suppress to T-lymphocyte cytotoxicity, hDAF showed weak resistance to cytotoxicity of natural killer cell but not in CD8+ CTLs. Cytotoxicity study with human complement showed that hDAF was effective for reducing complement reaction. In this studies have demonstrated that each gene is effective in reducing immune rejection.

This study analyzed the effect on weight and average daily gain, carcass grade, and blood characteristics and immunity in case of dietary addition of pegmatite to Hanwoo steers. Relative to Hanwoo steers, initial body weight was 257.3±11.74 kg (8-months old after birth). Forty-eight Hanwoo steers were fed for 24 months using random arrangement (4 treatment plots×4 heads×3 repeat). The treatment plot (498.75~500.82 kg) had higher weight during the early fattening stage compared with that of the control plot (474.37 kg) (p<0.05). Regarding total cholesterol of the blood, the value was similar to one during initiation of testing, but the value increased gradually based on the progress of fattening. In addition, the triglyceride was considerably low in T2~T3 plots with high addition of pegmatite during the late fattening stage compared with other treatment plots (p<0.05). This study revealed a tendency in the IgG content that represented immunity as the addition of pegmatite became higher (p>0.05). This study found that the treatment plot (441.55~452.10 kg) had higher carcass weight compared with the control plot (436.30 kg). However, this study revealed that the treatment plot (2.30~2.55 points) had higher carcass quantity grade compared with the control plot (2.11 points). This study found that the control plot (3.55 points) had higher carcass quality grade compared with the treatment plot (2.67~3.09 points) (p>0.05). With studies combined, it was determined that dietary addition of pegmatite to the feed as clay minerals in fattening Hanwoo steers would improve feed intake, body weight gain and carcass quantity grade.

President Park geun hye recently mentioned "we need to find masters of our traditional culture such as music, dance, art & design and technician for ONDOL as the Korean heating system to develop for our future growth". The government moreover announced the plan proceeds global business by ONDOL system and natural constructing techniques but there aren't specified procedures brought yet. International society of Hanok as a group which is deeply involved in promoting Korean traditional heating system "Ondo!", should now be the most influential group in globalization.

Coffee (Coffea spp.) is one of the most important agricultural commodities, being widely consumed in the world. Various beneficial health effects of coffee have been extensively investigated, but data on habitual coffee consumption and its bio-physiological effect have not been clearly explained as well as it is not proved the cause and effect between drinking coffee and its bio-physiological reactions. We made the dialyzed coffee extract (DCE), which is absorbable through gastrointestinal tract, in order to elucidate the cellular effect of whole small coffee molecules. RAW 264.7 cells, a murine macrophage lineage, were directly treated with DCE, i.e., DCE-2.5 (equivalent to 2.5 cups of coffee a day), DCE-5, and DCE-10, for 12 hours, and their protein extracts were examined by immunoprecipitation high performance liquid chromatography (IP-HPLC). RAW 264.7 cells differently expressed the inflammation-related proteins depending on the doses of DCE. RAW 264.7 cells treated with DCE showed marked increase of cathepsin C, cathepsin G, CD20, CD28, CD31, CD68, indicating the activation of innate immunity. Particularly, the macrophage biomarkers, cathepsin G, cathepsin C, CD31, and CD68 were markedly increased after DCE-5 and DCE-10 treatments, and the lymphocyte biomarkers, CD20 and CD28 were consistently increased and became marked after DCE-10 treatment. On the other hand, RAW 264.7 cells treated with DCE showed consistent increase of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory factor, but gradual decreases of different pro-inflammatory proteins including TNFα, COX-2, lysozyme, MMP-2, and MMP-3. In particular, the cellular signaling of inflammation was gradually mitigated by the reduction of TNFα, COX-2, IL-12, and M-CSF, and also the matrix inflammatory reaction was reduced by marked deceases of MMP-2, MMP-3, and lysozyme. These anti-inflammatory expressions were consistently found until DCE-10 treatment. Therefore, it is presumed that DCE may have dynamic effects of innate immunity activation and pro-inflammation suppression on RAW264.7 cells simultaneously. These effects were consistently found in the highest dose of coffee, DCE-10 (equivalent to 10 cups of coffee a day in man), that might imply the small coffee molecules were accumulated in RAW 264.7 cells after DCE-10 treatment and produce synergistic cytokine effects for innate immunity activation and anti-inflammatory reaction concurrently.

Insect immulectins are involved in various aspects of the innate immunity, including encapsulation, melanization, and phagocytosis. Although the silkworm Bombyx mori immulectin (BmIML) has been reported previously, the ligand and functions of BmIML have not been investigated. Here, we show the dual roles of BmIML in cuticular melanization and immunity of B. mori. BmIML recognizes carbohydrates in a Ca2+-dependent manner and binds to Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, and yeast. BmIML was expressed in the fat body during infections and localized to the hemocytes of silkworms. Additionally, BmIML was expressed in the epidermis during the prepupal stage and localized to the cuticle of silkworms. After treatment with E. coli, dopa, dopamine, or tyrosine injections, BmIML production was induced in the fat body but not in the epidermis of silkworms. Treatment with BmIML RNAi resulted in the arrest of pupal cuticular melanization. Therefore, we concluded that BmIML is involved in pupal cuticular melanization and innate immunity responses of silkworms, suggesting dual roles for BmIML.

In insects, serine proteases are involved in a variety of physiological processes including digestion, development, and immunity. Bombyx mori serine protease homolog BmSPH-1 regulates nodule melanization and is recruited into nodules from the hemolymph by B. mori lipopolysaccharide-binding protein. Here, we show the dual role of BmSPH-1 in development and immunity of B. mori. BmSPH-1 was expressed in the hemocytes during larval-pupal transformation and localized to the cuticle of silkworms, which indicates that BmSPH-1 is secreted from hemocytes and then transported to the cuticle via the hemolymph. BmSPH-1 was proteolytically activated in the cuticle during larval-pupal transformation and the early pupal stage. BmSPH-1 RNAi resulted in the arrest of larval-pupal transformation and pupal cuticular melanization. Furthermore, the expression of BmSPH-1 was up-regulated in the hemocytes during infection. Taken together, we found that BmSPH-1 is involved in larval-pupal transformation and pupal cuticular melanization as well as the innate immunity of silkworms, which indicates that BmSPH-1 is responsible for either development or immunity.

This study was a report on 60 heads of Hanwoo steers(5 treatments⨯4 heads⨯3 repeats). Their start weights were 361.2±14.39 kg to 380.5±27.33 kg; 12.7 to 13.6 months of age. The aim was to investigate the effect of herbal probiotic supplementation on the weight, blood composition, meat quality and immunity in beef. In case of body weight gain, con. 1 plot(183.8 kg) in the early fattening stage, T3 plot(115.1 kg) in the middle fattening stage, and T2 plot(163.3 kg) in the late fattening stage significantly increased(p<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the blood content of T-Cho and IgG: con. 1 plot and T1 plot in the early fattening stage, T3 plot and T2 plots in the middle fattening stage, and con. 2 plot and T1~T3 plots in the late fattening stage had higher blood content than that of other treatment plots (p<0.05). In addition, the carcass weight was highest in the T1 plot and T2 plot among the total treatment plots(p<0.05). However, no statistical significant difference was observed in the different treatments; all individual treatment plots(T1~T3 plots) were somewhat higher than the control plots(con. 1~con. 2 plots) with respect to the carcass quantity and carcass quality. Combining and analyzing all results revealed that the dietary addition of herbal probiotics for Hanwoo steers had a positive effect on the improvement of weight, amount of meat, meat quality and immunity

헌법 제84조는 대통령은 내란 또는 외환의 죄를 범한 경우를 제외하 고는 재직 중 형사상의 소추를 받지 아니한다. 고 규정함으로써 대통령에 게 형사상 특권을 부여하고 있다. 따라서 대통령은 내란 또는 외환의 죄 를 제외한 나머지 범죄에 대하여 재직 중 형사상의 소추를 받지 아니하 며 대통령 임기 동안 공소시효진행은 정지된다. 만약 검사가 대통령을 기소하는 경우 법원은 재판권의 부존재를 이유로 형사소송법 제327조 제1호에 따라 판결로써 공소기각의 선고를 하여야 한다. 현직 대통령에 대하여 수사기관이 수사를 할 수 있는가와 관련하여 헌법 제84조의 규정 취지 및 대통령의 지위와 원활한 직무수행 등을 고려할 때 강제수사는 할 수 없으나 당사자의 동의나 승낙을 받아서 행하는 임의수사는 가능하 다고 해석하는 것이 타당하다. 대통령에 대한 수사가 가능하다고 할 때 수사의 주체는 검찰청법상의 검사가 아닌 특별검사가 되는 것이 바람직 하다. 대통령에 대한 수사는 수사의 독립성을 유지하고 정치적 중립성 논란을 잠재울 필요성이 특히 요청되기 때문이다. 정치적 논란을 예방하 고 특별검사의 수사에 대하여 신뢰를 부여하기 위해서 특별검사의 추천 과 관련하여서는 대법원장이 특별검사를 추천하는 방식이 상대적으로 바 람직하다고 하겠다.

Absolute immunity means that a State cannot exercise legislative, judicial or executive powers over another State due to the mere fact that the latter is sovereign. Today, it is rejected by a considerable number of States which represent various legal systems. States argue that private acts of a State performed jure gestionis, apart from the conducts performed jure impreii, are justiciable. It can be asserted that the current State practice embracing the restrictive approach is the direction in which international law has been evolving. That said, States’ interests which led to the adoption of State immunity still continue to induce legislative bodies and courts to be cautious in formulating a broad exception to immunity for employment contracts, causing them to refocus on the question of whether the employment relationship is destined for governmental, public, or sovereign purposes.