감나무와 가로수 및 정원수로 식재되어 있는 배롱나무에 극심한 피해를 주고 있는 주머니 깍지벌레의 발생상태에 관하여 연구한 결과 주머니깍지벌레는 연2회 발생하며 1세대 성충은 4월 하순~5월 하순까지로 발생최성기는 5월 상순이었고, 2세대는 8월 하순부터 10월 상순까지로 최성기는 8월 상순이었다. 월동충태 구성은 난이 57.1%, 유충이 42.9%로 주로 난과 유충으로 월동하였다. 기주식물은 배롱나무 등 7과 7종이 조사되었으며 그중 배롱나무와 감나무를 선호하였다. 각 층태별 크기는 난의 길이가 0.29/0.16mm, 1령 유충은 체장/폭이 0.41/0.16mm, 2령 유충 0.96/0.45mm, 자성충 1.87/1.38 mm, 웅성충 0.93/0.47 mm이었으며, 산란수는 평균 221.9개이었다. 온도에 따른 난기간은 이하에서는 온도가 높을수록 짧아졌으나 에서는 의 6.8일에 비해 12.0일로 길어졌고 부화율은 이하에서 90% 정도로 높았으나 에서는 56.5%로 낮아졌다. 광주기에 따른 난기간은 광기간이 길수록 짧아지는 경향이었으며 부화율은 평균 98%이상으로 거의 영향을 받지 않았다.

The blastocyst should initiate the dynamic changes in morphology and gene expression during hatching and implantation. Blastocyst morphogenesis includes two major events as the formation of blastocoel cavity for lineage differentiation into trophectoderm and inner cell mass, and the blastocyst hatching for implantation. However, there is little known about the relation of dynamic morphogenesis in blastocyst with hatching and implantation potential. In this study, we investigated effects of the dynamic morphogenesis in blastocyst on hatching and implantation potential by outgrowth assay. The cumulative time between each stages was calculated and analyzed. The feature of contraction was evaluated as follows: the number of contractions and the period of circumference was measured. The percentage of reduction during contraction was classified as weak when it was less than 20% and as strong when 20% or more. Compared to embryos of hatching group, embryos of non-hatching group were significantly delayed time at the compacted morula stage by 375.3 min (p<0.05) and at the early blastocyst stage by 650.1 min (p<0.01), respectively. Compared to blastocysts of outgrowth group, blastocysts of non-outgrowth group were significantly delayed at the compacted morula by 404.0 min (p<0.01) and at the early blastocyst stage by 535.4 min (p<0.01), respectively. There is no significant difference in the feature of contraction between hatching and non-hatching groups. However, blastocyst of outgrowth group showed more number of weak contraction and less number of strong contractions, compared with blastocysts of non-outgrowth group (p<0.01). Period of circumference was not significantly different in hatching and outgrowth process. These results suggested that time of blastocoel formation and number of weak contraction in blastocysts were closely related to hatching and outgrowth potential. Dynamic changes of blastocyst formation and contraction could be useful markers to select embryos for predicting the success implantation and pregnancy in human ART program.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of heating hatching eggs on the number of day-old chicks, egg temperature and egg weight during extended storage, and to provide basic information for improving hatchability to livestock producers. Eggs (Hy-line) were subjected to the following treatments: "control": eggs were maintained in an incubator after storage for 8 days; "T1": eggs were preheated for 8 hours at 23.9°C after storage for 8 days in a hatchery; "T2": eggs were initially heated for 8 hours at 37.8°C in an incubator and then preheated for 8 hours at 23.9°C in a hatchery after storage for 8 days. The results were as follows: First, at the end of the experiment, the total number of day-old chicks was higher in T1, followed by T2 and then the control. This indicated that chick hatchability may be improved when eggs are preheated. Second, compared with the control, the number of day-old female chicks was expected to be higher in treatments with pre-heating; however, the results indicated the opposite effect. Third, as storage time lengthened, the factor that influenced preheating (the main effect and interactions) was not egg weight but egg temperature measured in the upper, middle and bottom parts of incubator. The temperatures recorded in all treatments ranged from 37.97 to 38.40°C in the upper parts of incubator, 37.80 to 38.26°C in the middle parts of incubator, and 37.94 to 38.59°C in the bottom parts of incubator over storage. In conclusion, preheating was very effective in improving hatchability, and egg temperature was the main factor affecting preheating and hatchability.

The gonadsomatic index (GSI) of mottled skate was the highest in April, GSI and HSI showed a reverse phase for its reproductive cycle. The fish had one pair of egg capsules, having 1 to 7 fertilized eggs, and spawned all the year round. When surveying the reproductive characteristics of females over 63 ㎝ in disc width, we found the spawning peak was between April to June, and the appearance ratio of egg capsules was the highest in May (32.1%). The eggs were hatched at 8℃, 13℃, 18℃, water temperature (12.8 to 24.2℃), and the best hatching temperature was 18℃. The number of fish hatched was 4 to 5 fish/egg capsules, and the hatching rate was 100%. The sex ratios of hatching larvae were 45.5% female and 54.5% male. Therefore this study will provide fundamental data and information for artificial reproduction of the mottled skate.

Hatching occurred in the time dependent manners and strictly controlled. Although, the hatching processes are under the control of muti-embryotrophic factors and the expressed G proteins of cell generate integrated activation, the knowledge which GPCRs are expressed during hatching stage embryos are very limited. In the present study, which G proteins are involved was examined during blastocyst development to the hatching stage. The early-, expanded-, and lobe-stage blastocysts were treated with various activators and H series inhibitors, and examined developmental patterns. Pertusis toxin (PTX) improved the hatching rate of the early-stage blastocyst and lobe-formed embryos. Cholera toxin (CTX) suppressed the hatching of the early-stage blastocyst and expanded embryos. The effects of toxins on hatching and embryo development were changed by the H7 and H8. These results mean that PTX mediated GPCRs activation is signaling generator in the nick or pore formation in the ZP. In addition, PTX mediated GPCR activation induces the locomotion of trophectoderm for the escaping. CTX mediate GPCRs activation is the cause of suppression of hatching processes. Based on these data, it is suggested that various GPCRs are expressed in the periimplantation stage embryos and the integration of the multiple signals decoding of various signals in a spatial and temporal manner regulate the hatching process.

In particular, maternal prostacyclin (PGI2) is critical for embryo implantation and the action of PGI2 is not mediated via its G protein-coupled membrane receptor, IP, but its nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ). Recently, several studies have shown that PGI2 enhances blastocyst development and/or hatching rate in vitro, and subsequently implantation and live birth rates in mice. However, the mechanism by which PGI2 improves preimplantation embryo development in vitro remains unclear. Using molecular, pharmacologic and genetic approaches, we show that PGI2-induced PPARδ activation accelerates blastocyst hatching in mice. mRNAs for PPARδ, RXRs (heterodimeric partners of PPARδ) and PGI2 synthase are temporally induced after zygotic gene activation and their expression reaches maximum levels at the blastocyst stage, suggesting that functional complex of PPARδ can be formed in the blastocyst. Carbaprostacyclin (cPGI, a stable analogue of PGI2) and GW501516 (a PPARδ selective agonist) significantly accelerated blastocyst hatching but did not increase total cell number of cultured blastocysts. Whereas U51605 (a PGIS inhibitor) interfered with blastocyst hatching, GW501516 restored U51605-induced retarded hatching. In contrast to improvement of blastocyst hatching by PPARδ agonists, PPAR antagonists significantly inhibited blastocyst hatching. Furthermore, deletion of PPARδ at early stages of preimplantation mouse embryos caused delay of blastocyst hatching, but did not impair blastocyst development. Taken together, PGI2-induced PPARδ activation accelerates blastocyst hatching in mice.

본 연구는 Amphiprion melanopus의 산란 주기 행동 및 산란 후 습성을 조사하고 이를 기반으로 부화장치를 제안하고자 하였다. 연중 수온, 염분 및 광주기가 일정한 인공적인 환경에서 사육된 4쌍의 어미들은 산란주기 및 횟수가 각각 다르게 나타났다. 반면, 수정 후 알 관리는 수컷에 의해서 주로 관리가 되었다. 부화일이 가까워질수록 수컷의 eggfanning 횟수가 증가하였고, 특히, 부화 직전에 더욱 격렬한 행동을 나타냈다. 이러한 정보를

A fertilized oocyte can get the competence for implantation through cleavage and stage-specific gene expression. These are under the control of autonomous and exogenous regulators including physiological culture condition. Endogenous and exogenous growth factors are considered as critical regulators of cleaving embryos during travel the oviduct and uterus. In this study, an effort was made to evaluate comprehensively the quality of embryos for implantation, grown in media enriched with EGF and PAF. The study evaluated developmental rates on given time, blastulation and hatching rates, and adhesion rates. Developmental rates of blastocyst to the hatching stage were significantly high in PAF treated group compared to the control in a dose-dependent manner but not in EGF group. Implantation rates were significantly high both PAF and EGF in a dose-dependent manner. H7, a PKC inhibitor, blocked the process of hatching of the blastocysts but combined treatment of EGF and PAF enhanced the hatching and implantation of blastocsyts. Based on these results it is suggested that EGF and PAF support acquirement of implantation competence at blastocyst stage through a PKC pathway.

속성장 육종 넙치(selected line of olive flounder cultured, SF)의 수정란의 부화율 및 기형률, 자치어의 성장을 일반 넙치(unselected line of olive flounder cultured, UF)와 비교하였다. 동일한 날에 획득한 SF구 및 UF구 수정란의 부화율은 SF구가 96.21.7%, UF구는 90.42.1%로 SF구가 높았으며, 기형률은 UF가 유의하게 높았다. 이들 수정란으로부터 부화한 자어를 8

이 연구는 실내 사육수조에서 자연산란 후 수정된 난을 대상으로 수온에 따른 난 발생속도와 부화율을 조사하였다. 부화에 이르기까지 각 수온조건에서 소요된 시간은 에서 상실기 이후 발생이 진행되지 않았고, 18, 21, 24, 에서 각각 70시간 30분, 44시간 10분, 29시간 10분 그리고 24시간 30분이 소요되었다. 부화율은 에서 0%였고, 18, 21, 24 그리고 에서 각각 , , 그리고 로 뚜렷한 차이 없이 에서 다소 높았고 21와 에서 비슷

생쥐 초기배아의 체외배양 시 부화에 관련된 단백질 분해효소의 발현 시기와 존재부위를 알아보고 trypsin억제제 benzamidine을 배양액에 첨가하여 부화효소의 역할을 살펴보았다. 부화 효소로 제안되고 있는 trypsin 유사효소의 발현부위를 확인하기 위해 rhodamine이 부착되어 있는 Trypsin subsfrate probe를 이용하여 형광염색하였다. 생쥐 배아의 발생과정에서 trypsin 유사효소의 발현은 후기 상실 배아에서부터 관찰되었으며

부화 및 착상에서 prostaglandins의 역할에 대한 연구는 많으나 배아단계에 따라 포배의 팽창과 부화에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구는 미미하다. 따라서 본 실험에서는 다양한 농도의 prostaglandins를 발생단계에 따라 처리하거나, indomethacin과 prostaglandins의 양 변화를 통해 팽창과 부화에 미치는 영향을 알아보고, 배아 단계별 PG 와 PG 의 생합성양 변화양상을 알아보았다. 100M이 상 농도의 PG 처리시 거의 모든