중국 북부와 한국, 러시아 지역에 서식하는 비단털쥐(Tscherskia triton)의 분포를 제외한 생활사, 행동, 생태와 관련된 생물학적 특징에 대해서는 거의 연구된 바 없다. 이에 본 연구는 제주도에서 포획된 개체(n=9)를 대상으로 종 단위 연구의 기본이 되는 번식과 성장 및 발달에 대한 생물학적 정보를 밝히기 위하여 2015년 3월부터 2016년 12월까지 사육실에서 진행되었다. 연구결과, 임신률은 31.7%였고 좁은 케이지에서 보다 넓은 케이지에서 더 높게 나타났다(56.7 vs. 6.7％). 임신기간은 22±1.6일(범위 21-27일), 한배의 산자수(litter size)는 4.26±1.37마리(범위 2-7 마리)였다. 최소이 유시기는 19.2±1.4일(범위 18-21일)이었다. 출생 직후 새끼의 체중과 외부형태의 크기는 성별로 차이가 없었으나, 이유 시기부터 암수의 머리와 몸통길이(HBL)와 꼬리길이(TL)는 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다(HBL-weaning, 106.50±6.02 vs. 113.34±4.72㎜, p<0.05; HBL-4 months, 163.93±5.42 vs. 182.83±4.32㎜, p<0.05; TL-4 months, 107.23±3.25 vs. 93.95±2.15㎜, p<0.05). Gompertz 모형과 logistic 모형을 적용하였을 때, 머리-몸통길이에서는 수컷이 암컷보다 최대 성숙 길이가 길었고(164.840±7.453 vs. 182.830±4.319㎜, p<0.0001; 163.936±5.415 vs. 182.840±4.333㎜, p<0.0001), 성장률도 빨랐으나(1.351±0.065 vs. 1.435±0.085, p<0.05; 2.870±0.253 vs. 3.211±0.635, p<0.05), 성장곡 선의 기울기가 최대가 되는 일령은 암컷보다 조금 늦었다(5.121±0.318 vs. 5.520±0.333, p<0.05; 6.884±0.336 vs. 7.503±0.453, p<0.05). 한편 꼬리의 최대길이(105.695±5.938 vs. 94.150±2.507㎜, p<0.001; 111.609±14.881 vs. 93.960±2.150㎜, p<0.05)와 변곡점에서의 길이(60.306±1.992 vs. 67.859±1.330㎜, p<0.0001; 55.714±7.458 vs. 46.975±1.074㎜, p<0.05)는 암컷이 수컷보다 긴 것으로 나타났다. 두 성장모형에서 암수의 체중과 외부형태형질에 대한 성장률은 비교 결과 유사하였다. 이러한 결과는 비단털쥐의 종적 특징을 밝히는데 필요한 자료로 이용될 것이다.

솔수염하늘소(Monochamus alternatus)는 소나무재선충병을 유발하는 소나무재선충(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)의 주요 매개충으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 제주도에서 서식하며 소나무림에 큰 위협을 가하고 있는 솔수염하늘소를 대상으로 온도 의존적 산란모형을 개발하였다. 산란모형 개발에 필요한 실내실험은 총 5개 온도(15,20,25,30,35)에서 수행되었고 산란모형은 성충 수명모형, 생존률모형, 산란율모형, 총 산란수 모형으로 총 4개의 단위모형으로 구성되어 있으며 솔수염 하늘소 성충의 온도 의존적 산란능력을 평가하였다.

이 연구는 제주도의 곳곳에 존재하는 천연동굴 중 우수의 침투와 지하수의 유입으로 인해 수 천년 또는 수 만년간물이 고여 어류, 양서류, 절지동물 등 동물이 서식할 수 있는 수환경이 조성된 천연동굴의 분포 실태를 파악하고 생물종 다양성에 대한 과학적 근거를 제시할 목적으로 수행되었다. 이와 함께 오염 및 훼손의 원인을 확인하여 보전 및 관리방안을 제시하고자 수행되었다. 제주도 천연동굴 중 화산동굴은 모두 127개이며 이 중 동굴내에 물이 고여 있는 곳은 10개 정도로 나타난다. 지난 2005년 제주도의 용천동굴에서 전 세계적으로 희귀하면서 국내 미기록종 어류인 주홍미끈망둑속(Luciogobius pallidus)을 발견하여 척추동물의 진화관정을 밝히는 중요한 정보를 제공하고 있는데 이처럼 제주도의 용암동굴 중 수환경이 조성된 곳을 제대로 조사한다면 희귀하거나 새로운 종류의 생물들이 출현할 가능성이 높다. 과거 제주도의 재암천굴 내에서 확인되었던 단각목 옆새우과의 옆새우류(Gammarus sp.)는 차후에 정밀한 종 분석이 이루어져야 할 종류로 과거 빌레못굴에서 확인되었던 소백옆새우(Gammarus sobaegensis) 또는 보통옆새우와 비교가 필요한 종이다. 또한 검물벼룩류(Cyclopoida sp.)도 과거 재암천굴에서 확인된 바 있는데 이 또한 미기록종일 가능성이 높다. 이 연구는 동굴생물의 서식 가능성이 높은 동굴을 확인하는 작업이 우선되는데 그 동안 자료와 현장 확인을 통해 9곳을 대상지로 선정하였다. 일부 동굴은 천연기념물로 지정되어 출입이 불가하여 조사가 이루어지지 못하였고 일부는 관계자의 도움을 받아 채수만 하여 분석한 경우도 있었다. 선정된 동굴은 동굴생성 원인, 지형·지질학적 특성 분석, 동굴내 물이 고인 면적, 수심 등 기초조사 이후 수질에 대한 분석이 이루어졌고 동물 조사는 과거의 문헌을 참고하여 현장 또는 채수된 물을 현미경으로 확대한 후 종을 분석하고 촬영하였다. 조사 결과 대상 동굴은 용출수가 모이거나 동굴 천장 또는 벽면을 따라 흘러든 우수가 모여져 크고 작은 호수 또는 수로를 이루고 있었고 이 중 일부는 바닷물과 섞여 기수를 이루고 있었다. 12개의 항목에 대해 제주도보건환경연구원에 의뢰한 동굴수의 수질 조사 결과에 의해 파이퍼다이아 그램을 통해 양이온과 음이온 조성을 4군으로 분류하여 수질 성상을 파악한 결과 Na-Cl 2개소, Ca-HCO³ 2개소, Na-Mg-Cl-HCO³ 3개소, Na-Mg-Cl 1개소, Na-Mg-Ca-Cl-NO³ 1개소와 같이 모두 4개의 그룹으로 분류되고 있다. 동굴수에 대해 As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, F­-, Cl-, NO₃-, PO4³-, SO4²-을 분석하였는데 대부분 수질기준을 만족하는 농도로 나타났다. 한편 육지부의 석회암동굴과 비교했을때는 질산성질소, 전기전도도, 염소이온, 황산이온, 나트륨, 경도 등의 수치가 다수의 동굴에서 높게 나타났다. 현장조사와 이 결과를 종합해 볼 때 해수의 유입과 농업과 주거에 의한 오염, 방문객들에 의한 오염 등이 수질에 영향을 미치고 있다고 판단되었다. 지금까지 과거의 문헌과 현장조사 결과 제주도의 천연동굴내에 서식하는 동물은 총 5문 11강 23목 50과 74종으로 나타났고 현장에서 조사된 개체수는 3,616개체이며 이 중 수서생물은 동굴별로 최다 6종까지 나타났다. 확인된 수서생물은 주로 절지동물 갑각강 생물이며 일부에서는 유선형동물이나 척삭동물이 출현하기도 하였다. 이 중 볼록배검물벼룩류(Oncaea sp.), 곤봉털띠노래기(Epanerchodus clavisetosus), 요각류(Copepoda)의 1종, 옆새우류(Hyperiidae)의 1종은 제주동굴내 최초의 기록이다. 동굴 당 평균 종수는 11종으로 다른 석회암 동굴과 비해 종 다양성이 높지 않았다. 수서생물은 평균 2.4종으로 종 다양성이 높았고 동굴별로는 용천동굴은 주홍미끈망둑 등 6종, 당처물동굴은 볼록배검은물벼룩속 1종, 재암천굴은 물벌레(Asellus hilgendorfii) 등 3종, 평굴은 외래성인 연가시(Gordius aquaticus) 등 2종, 구린굴도 외래성인 무당개구리(Bomina orientalis)등 2종, 개웃샘굴은 어류인 뱀장어(Anguillia japonica) 등 2종, 정구수굴은 외래성인 북방산개구리(Rana dyowskii) 등 5종, 만장굴은 노벌레류(Schizopera nelecta) 1종이며 미천굴은 수서생물이 출현하지 않았다. 수서생물에 미치는 요인으로는 크게 해수의 유입과 수질의 오염으로 나타났는데 대상 동굴들은 천연기념물, 국립공원, 관광지, 주민 이용시설 등으로 지정되거나 이용되고 있으며 훼손과 오염원인은 주로 도로의 교차, 각종 시설물 설치, 농업, 주거, 폐기물, 조명 등이다. 앞으로 이 들 동굴에 대해 지상부 도로의 차량 통행 제한, 탐방 인원 제한, 조명시설 개선, 시설물 철거, 인접지의 농업방식 전환, 폐기물 유입 방지 및 정화작업이 시행되어야 한다. 이 연구는 그동안 이루어지지 않았던 제주도 천연동굴의 수환경에 대한 이해와 그곳에 서식하는 수서생물에 대한 연구로 제주 천연동굴의 가치를 높이기 위한 자료로 활용될 수 있다. 이 결과를 통해 천연동굴의 보전과 관리를 위한 자료로 활용될 수 있고 동굴 주변에서 이루어지는 각종 개발사업 시 동굴생물에 미치는 영향을 고려하기 위한 자료로도 이용될 수 있을 것이다.

This study was conducted to determined the status and geographical distribution of the alien invasive Red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) turtle on Jeju Island. We found thirty-two Red-eared slider habitats including twenty-five ponds, five agricultural reservoirs, a puddle and a stream. Among those, thirteen sites are newly determined habitats of the turtle. The remaining nineteen are previously reported. However, we could not find any turtles at nine sites, which were documented as turtle habitats in earlier reports. A total of one hundred thirty-three turtles were observed. Among them, we determined that thirty-nine were juvenile turtles, found in nineteen different habitats, indicating estimating that Red-eared sliders produced their progeny in the wild of this island. Because of geographical isolation by the ocean, no freshwater turtle had been found until 19th Century. Therefore, the increased number of finding sites and Red-eared sliders indicate the possibility of human release of their pets or for other purposes, and natural propagation in the wild on Jeju Island. Our findings will be useful for management planning to deal with this invasive species, and implementation of a conservation program for native wildlife on Jeju Island.

본 연구는 동백나무의 간재적 추정식을 개발하고자 하였다. 제주지역에 자생하고 있는 동백나무 200본을 표준목으로 선정하여 분석 자료로 사용하였다. 재적모델 개발을 위해 80% 자료와 모델 타당성 검정(Validation)을 위해 20% 자료를 무작위로(Randomly) 구분하여 분석하였고, 본 연구에서 제시된 최종모형의 추정된 계수는 100% 자료를 이용하였다. 동백나무에 대한 재적 모델의 적합성 검정은 결정계수(R2), 추정치의 오차(RMSE), 평균편의(MD), 절대평균편의(AMD)와 직경급별 평균편의(MD), 변동계수(CV%)를 비교 분석하였다. 본 연구 결과, 결정계수는 0.7571에서 0.9381로 나타났으며, V=aDbHc에서 결정계수가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 추정치의 오차는 0.0326으로 V=aD2H에서 가장 높았으며, 반면에 0.0258로 V=aDbHc에서 가장 낮았다. 평균편의는 V=a+bD2H에서 0에 값으로 나타났으며, V=aDbHc에서 0.0012로 나타났다. 절대평균편의는 V=D2/(a+b/H)에서 0.0186으로 가장 낮았고, 0.0223으로 V=aD2H에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 변동계수는 V=aDbHc에서 30.4348로 가장 적합한 계수로 나타났다. 5개의 모델식 중 최적의 식은 V=aDbHc에서 나타났으며 V=aD2H에서 적합성이 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다.

제주도는 기후, 식생, 토양 등 자연환경이 독특해서 버섯의 종다양성은 내륙지역과는 크게 다를 것으로 예상된다. 제주도 물영아리오름과 곶자왈에코랜드에서 개최된 한국버섯학회 주관 2016년도 버섯생태조 사에서 51속 66종의 버섯이 관찰되었다. 구름송편버섯(Trametes versicolor) 등 5종은 물영아리오름과 곶 자왈에서 모두 발견되었으며, 물영아리오름에서는 털목이(Auricularia polytricha) 등 34속 36종이 발견되 었으며, 곶자왈(에코랜드)에서는 잔나비불로초(G. applanatum) 등 23속 29종이 발견되었다. 독특한 생태 환경을 보이는 제주도에서 발생되는 야생버섯자원은 새로운 소득품목개발과 신품종을 육성하는 매우 중요한 자산이다. 아울러 지속적인 생태조사를 통해 제주도의 자연환경을 보존하고 기후변화를 예측하 고 대비하는 데 기여할 것으로 전망된다. 물영아리오름은 제주도 서귀포시에 위치하며, 상록낙엽수(예 덕나무, 참식나무, 때죽나무 등), 큰천남성, 섬새우란, 금새우난, 사철난, 찔레나무 울타리, 습지식물인 고마리, 물고추나물, 보풀, 세모고냉이 등 식생이 다양하며, 국내 5번째로 람사조약습지로 지정되어 있 다. 곶자왈은 제주와 같이 용암분출로 형성된 지역에 잘 발달할 수 있으며, 난대림과 온대림을 중심으 로 광범위하게 숲을 형성하고 있으며, 식물종 다양성도 비교적 높다. 곶자왈지역에는 600여종 이상의 관속식물이 있으며, 제주고사리삼, 개가시나무, 으름난초, 수채, 제주물부터 등은 멸종위기식물이다. 섬 휘파람새, 직박구리 등 제주텃새와 긴꼬리딱새나 팔색조 등 희귀철새가 번식한다.

제주 감귤원에 피해를 주는 볼록총채벌레의 유입원 및 감귤원의 발생밀도와의 관계를 구명하기 위해 1차 기주식물 이면서 제주도내에 넓은 면적으로 재배되는 키위(품종 : 제스프리골드키위)와 망고(품종 : 애플망고)의 볼록총채벌레 발생 양상을 조사하였다. 서귀포시 신례리 키위과원 1곳, 동홍동 망고과원 1곳의 생육시기별 볼록총채벌레 발생밀도를 끈끈이트랩을 이용하여 조사하였다. 키위과원의 경우 8월 16일 여름순 전정을 실시하였고 이시기부터 인접감귤원의 볼록총채벌레 발생량이 급증하였다. 망고과원의 경우도 8월 16일 전정을 실시하였으며 망고 또한 이시기부터 볼록총채 벌레 밀도가 증가하였다. 망고과원의 경우 순이 굳는 1달 뒤부터 발생량이 줄어들기 시작하였다. 인접한 감귤원에서도 밀도조사를 실시하였는데 전정 후 밀도가 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며 이는 1차 기주식물과원의 밀도증가가 인접 감귤원의 밀도에 직접적인 영향을 끼치는 것을 단편적으로 보여주는 것이라 할 수 있다.

The survey was conducted to investigate biomass and distribution of fisheries resources using a quantitative echo sounder and a fixed gillnet around Marado coast of Jeju to obtain the scientific basic data for dispute resolution with a large purse seine fishery and coastal fishing and policy establishment of reasonable fisheries resources. Hydroacoustic surveys were conducted six times (November 28~29, 2015 (night), February 23~24, 2016 (night) and March 3~4, 2016 (night/day), March 30~31, 2016 (night/day)) using a quantitative echo sounder. The pelagic fish densities were relatively higher around Marado in November 2015, February 2016 and March 3~4, 2016. However, demersal fish densities were relatively higher in Jeju coastal waters on March 30~31, 2016. Catch data using fixed gill net were used to calculate biomass. Based on the hydroacoustic data, fish length-weight function and target strength information of dominant fish, the biomass of fishes were estimated as follow: 5.64 ton CV = 70.2% at night on November 28-29 2015, 7.14 ton CV = 35.8% of pelagic fish and 530.77 ton CV = 34.6% of demersal fishes at night on February 23-24 2016, 2.34 ton CV = 56.7% of pelagic fish and 571.93 ton CV = 40.3% of demersal fish at daytime, 1.39 ton CV = 48.4% of pelagic fish and 194.59 ton CV = 54.3% of demersal fish at night on March 3~4 2016, 0.37 ton CV = 72.9% of pelagic fish and 338.79 ton CV = 99.7% of demersal fish at daytime, 0.24 ton CV = 21.3% of pelagic fish and 68.61 ton CV = 53.8% of demersal fish at night on March 30~31 2016.

Jeju Eoseungsaeng lake which is a main water resource of Eoseungsaeng water treatment plant(Q=15,000 m3/d) experienced high chromaticity(40 CU) and pH(9.46) in 2013. This could decline customer's confidence on drinking water quality unless proper identification and removal of chromaticity were implemented. To find cause of chromaticity, water monitoring on various water parameters including TOC, algal cell count, Chl-a, turbidity, SS, conductivity, etc. were implemented. Iron and manganese were excluded from the cause of chromaticity due to its low concentration (i.e., < 0.02 mg/L). Correlation among water parameters showed that relationship between algal cell count and chromaticity was the highest(R=0.43), which suggested that presumably the main reason of chromaticity occurrence in Jeju Eoseungsaeng lake was algae.

The purpose of this study is to estimate the economic value of skin scuba marine tourism activity in Jeju Island. The economic value is estimated as consumer surplus using count data models including the truncated Poisson model and the truncated negative binominal distribution model. This study collects the effective 369 questionnaires from skin scuba marine tourists through three times in Jeju Island. The truncated Poisson model was statistically more suitable and valid than other models. The truncated Poisson model was applied to estimate consumer surplus as economic value from skin scuba in Jeju Island. A consumer surplus value per trip was estimated as about 4,081,633 won. The annual economic value from skin scuba marine tourism activity was estimated as 8,428,571 won in Jeju Island. Consequently, skin scuba marine tourism activity has a very large economic value in Jeju Island.

This study was carried out to investigate the bat (Chiroptera) fauna in Jeju Island. Bat distribution has been monitored for last eleven years (since July 2006 to April 2016). We visited and survey the bat distribution in fifteen natural lava tubes, three sea caves, nineteen artificial cave encampments constructed during 20th century, five natural forest regions nearby Hallasan (eco-corridors) and one sea-shore area. Bat specimens were also confirmed at two local museums in Jeju Island. From the present study, we found 9 species of 6 genera belong to 3 families, which was quitely different from the records had previously described in Jeju Island since 1928. Five species (Rhinolophus ferrumequium, Myotis bombinus, Myotis rufoniger, Myotis macrodactylus and Miniopterus schreibersi) were commonly found to live in lava tubes and cave enforcements. But only Rhinolophus ferrumequium was found in a sea cave and five species including Murina leucogaster and Pipistrellus abramus were found in eco-corridors. Myotis aurascens were only observed in the cave enforcements. We have also confirmed the existence of specimens, including Tadarida insignis, stored at the local museums. From the results of this study, we actually could not found the remaining seven species (Hypsugo savii, Miniopterus fuscus, Myotis mystacinus, Myotis ikonnikovi, Myotis branditii, Myotis petax and Pipistrellus endoi). From the investigation of bat species, Myotis rufoniger which is known as one of endangered species were detected in four different locations including two lava tubes, one forest region, and one cave enforcement. This is the first time of finding for Myotis rufoniger in the artificial architecture. In addition, one of rare finding species Myotis bombinus in Korean Peninsula, which were found in several lava tubes and cave enforcements, in some cases they were observed in the large population over one-hundred individuals. The Tube-nosed bat (Murina leucogaster) was discovered for the first time through this study in 2009, which was found in the mountainous forest regions nearby Hallasan in summer season. Interestingly, Myotis aurascens were also discovered firstly in spring season of 2015. Myotis aurascens were discovered three locations of cave enforcements but the localities were restricted only in the western region of Jeju Island. Using the bat specimens fo Myotis aurascens collected from three different locations, we tried to examine the morphometric and phylogenetic relationship among the records in the East Asia. The bat population of Jeju Island had smaller levels of HBL and Hfcu, but greater levels of TL, EL, FAL, and Tra than those of the Korean Peninsula population. Jeju bats had wide range in the lengths of FAL and Hfcu comparing to those of European bats. From the bimonthly monitoring to each finding site, we have actually failed to observe those again, estimating that they use those CEs as the daily-roosting place in activating seasons. The sequences of CYTB and COI genes showed identical sequences among Jeju Myotis aurascens bats tested, indicating that they are maternally related. The results from molecular phylogeny showed that the sequences of these bats located on the same branch with those for Myotis aurascens in the phylogenetic trees. Besides, the nucleotide sequences of the Jeju Myotis aurascens bats showed the closest relation with those of Korean Peninsula. Consequently, these findings indicate that the bats of Myotis aurascens, verified the natural distribution in Jeju Island, have originated from a single maternal origin and differences in morphological and genetic backgrounds form those of Korean Peninsula and the other countries, and had probably immigrated via Korean Peninsula from the northwest. The results of this study showed that it should be carried out to reconstruct the bat fauna and to reveal the natural habitation status of each species in this island in the future. In addition, these findings will contribute as basic information for understanding the migration history and biogeographic relationship of bats in East Asia, and for planning the conservation and management programs of the wildlife in Jeju Island.

Seagrasses, sea flowering plants, comprise approximately 60 species globally and are often called ‘ecosystem engineers’ because they create their own habitats by modifying the surrounding environments, which provide coastal zones with a number of crucial ecosystem services. Zostera marina (the common name ‘eelgrass’) is one of the seagrass beds-forming species distributed widely in northern hemisphere including the Korean coast, which plays a pivotal role in ecosystem as a primary producer and a nursery habitat or refuge for other marine organisms. However, due to global climate change and anthropogenic activities such as reclamation and dredging, there has recently been a drastic decline in population sizes of Z. marina in Korea. In order to develop effective conservation and restoration management programs of Z. marina populations, it would be helpful to consider all biological aspects of this species such as genetic characteristics as well as ecological and physiological features. This study first provides information on genetic diversity and genetic structure of Jeju Island and Namhae populations of Z. marina, which will contribute to the establishment of appropriate conservation and restoration management plans for future persistence of this species. Using six microsatellite markers, we investigated the level of genetic diversity and genetic structure among 10 geographic populations of Z. marina inhabiting Jeju Island (Hamdeok, Tokki-seom, Sungsan, Woljeong, Ojo) and Namhae (Gamak bay, Jindong bay, Nampo, Anggang bay, Geoje) on the southern coast of Korea. The level of genetic diversity within Jeju populations (mean allelic richness [AR]: 1.57 ~ 3.09) was found to be significantly lower than Namhae populations (AR: 3.09 ~ 4.29) (Mann-Whitney U-test, P < 0.05). These findings suggest that effective population sizes (Ne) of Jeju populations are generally smaller than those of Namehae populations. Within Jeju Island, Hamdeok population had the smallest population size (coverage: 138 m2) and the lowest genetic diversity (AR: 1.57), while Ojo population had the largest population size (coverage: 275,736 m2) and the greatest level of genetic diversity (AR: 3.09). Hamdeok population showed evidence of genetic bottleneck. These results again suggest that Ne of Jeju populations is generally low (except Ojo population). Among Jeju populations, all pair-wise comparisons of FST values (i.e., degree of genetic differentiation) were highly significant (FST = 0.0612 ~ 0.7168, P < 0.001) despite Jeju populations that were geographically closely located, indicating that these local populations are genetically divergent, probably due to a lack of gene flow among the populations. The observed strong population structure was substantiated by evidence that five genetic clusters are most likely, based on population assignment test (STRUCTURE). The Mantel test showed a positive relationship between genetic distance (FST) and geographic distance (km) across all the populations sampled (R2 = 0.4118, P < 0.05), suggesting that our data follow Isolation By Distance (IBD) model. Woljeong population revealed the highest level of FST values compared to other populations within Jeju Island in IBD. STRUCTURE and factorial correspondence analysis (FCA) further showed that some Woljeong individuals included genotypes of Namhae populations. Population size of Woljeong (coverage: 310m2) was approximately 50 % smaller than that of Sungsan (coverage: 841m2); however, extent of its genetic diversity (AR: 2.39) was even higher than that of Sungsan population (AR: 1.77). We speculated that Woljeong population underwent a transplantation from Namhae populations with relatively higher level of genetic diversity. FST values within Namhae populations were relatively lower (compared to within Jeju Island) despite the populations that were geographically more distant. It means that level of gene flow is higher among Namhae populations than among Jeju populations. Z. marina is known to have different life histories by water depth. In subtidal zone (deep water depth) populations predominantly undertake sexual reproduction through seeds such as annual life history, whereas those of intertidal zone (shallow water depth) undertake both sexual and asexual reproductions through horizontal rhizomes i.e., perennial life history. STRUCTURE analysis showed no clear differences between shallow and deep populations at Namhae, but some FST values were statistically significantly different despite their low values. For Geoje population sampled in 2005, intertidal and subtidal populations were not significantly different (FST = 0.0045, P = 0.033), but these populations sampled in 2015 showed a significant difference (FST = 0.0328, P < 0.001). It means that genetic structure of Geoje has been changed over the 10 year period between shallow and deep populations. Overall, the Jeju and Namehae populations analyzed in the current study have relatively low levels of genetic diversity and distinct genetic compositions, which warns the message that this ecologically important species should be conserved separately in the local populations and with high priority. We propose that future conservation and restoration plans for seagrasses should consider genetic characteristics particularly because a close relationship between genetic diversity and ecological performance in marine species has been well documented.

Cymbidium kanran Makino is being threatened in its own habitats due illegal collecting and habitat changes by vegetation growth along historical landuse change. In this study, we established habitat restoration model for conservation of C. kanran based on ecological diagnosis. Through exploration to Jeju Island in 2014 and 2015, we identified 27 unknown habitats of C. kanran and in there, abiotic variables and vegetation structure and composition were quantified. Altitudinal distribution of C. kanran was between 200 m ~700 m a.s.l. and compared to distribution in 2004, Area of Occupation (AOO) decreased at 82%. Specific habitat affinity was not observed by evenly found in mountain slope and valley and summergreen and evergreen broadleaved forests, but likely more abundant in valley habitats with higher soil and ambient moisture. Total of 96 individual of C. kanran was observed with an average density of 942.6 individuals ha-1. The plants showed relatively short leaf length (average=10.7 cm±1.1 cm) and small number of pseudo bulbs (1.2±0.2). Flowering and fruiting individuals were not observed in field. C. kanran was classified into endangered plant species as CR (Critically Endangered) category by IUCN criteria. Phenotypic plasticity of C. kanran was likely support to sustain in more shaded habitat environment and recent habatat changes to closed canopy and low light availability may exhibit negatively effects to C. kanran’s life history. Restoring C. kanran habitat should create open environment as grassland and low woody species density.

Pollutants removal efficiency in pretreatment(GAC filter, multi-media filter, disk filter) and RO facilities was investigated for the Jeju Samyang spring water source where raw water intake has been stopped due to sea water intrusion. In addition, preliminary feasibility analysis was conducted between RO and groundwater intake systems. Turbidity removal in 4 different pretreatment processes was less than 25% due to low concentration of turbidity(i.e., less than 0.21 NTU), while multi-media filter is recommended for the pretreatment facility based on the low organic content in raw water as well as cheaper operation and maintenance cost. The average concentration of Cl- in raw water was 691.4 mg/L, while that of RO permeate was 9.1 mg/L(i.e., removal efficiency was 98.4%). In addition, TDS removal efficiency was 98.1%, which was quite high. The production cost for RO system(Q=4,000 m3/d) was 362.1 won/m3 considering installation, operation and maintenance cost for 30 years. While that of groundwater was 262.6 won/m3 which was low compared to the RO system. However, it is recommended to introduce RO system for Samyang water source rather than new groundwater development because Samyang water source has been discharged to the sea without any usage, while groundwater can be used for other purpose as a sustainable water source.

The twenty six specimens of leptocephali (15.8–32.6 mm TL) of the family Congridae, collected from southeastern waters offshore of Jeju Island during August 2014, and were identified by means of morphology and genetics. Those specimens were identified as belonging to the family Congridae based on various combinations of morphological characters. An analysis of the partial 12S rRNA sequences (886 base pairs) of mitochondrial DNA showed that our specimens must be Gnathophis nystromi, because their sequences were concordant with those of G. nystromi adult (genetic distance= 0.001), furthermore their total myomeres being consistent with those of G. nystromi adult. Catch rates of G. nystromi leptocephali were higher in the offshore regions than coastal regions of Jeju Island. The smallest leptocephali (< 20 mm TL) were collected offshore from Jeju Island. We hypothesize that one of the spawning grounds of G. nystromi is located offshore in the Jeju Island. In conclusion, the hatched preleptocephali of G. nystromi might have been transported from offshore near Jeju Island to the Korea Strait by the Kuroshio Current and Tsushima Warm Current.

This study was carried out to investigate the bat (Chiroptera) fauna in Jeju Island. Bat distribution was monitored in lava tubes, sea caves, cave encampments and eco-corridors from July, 2006 to June, 2015. Bat specimens were also confirmed at the museums in Jeju Island. From the present study, we found 8 species of 6 genera belong to 3 families, which was different from the records had previously described in Jeju Island since 1928. Five species (Rhinolophus ferrumequium, Myotis bombinus, M. formosus, M. macrodactylus and Miniopterus schreibersi) were commonly found to live in lava tubes and cave enforcements. But only R. ferrumequium was found in a sea cave and five species including Murina leucogaster and Pipistrellus abramus were found in eco-corridors. We have also found seven species including Tadarida insignis in the specimens stored in local museums. From the results of this study, we actually could not found the remaining seven species (Hypsugo savii, Miniopterus fuscus, Myotis mystacinus, Myotis ikonnikovi, Myotis branditii, Myotis petax and Pipistrellus endoi). Interestingly, Myotis formosus which is known as one of endangered species and Myotis bombinus which is very rare in Korean Peninsula were currently found in Jeju Island. In addition, Tube-nosed bat (Murina leucogaster) that was discovered for the first time through this study. A variety of habitats for Chiroptera were identified, but the information is still not sufficient to understand. These results will be useful to provide a fundamental data in preserving the diversity of bats and in ecological study in Jeju Island.

동절기에 제주도 지역에서 도래하는 떼까마귀의 유전적 특성과 집단 간 유연관계를 구명하기 위해, 미토콘드리아 COI 유전자 서열의 다형성에 기반한 모계 계통 구조와 계통 유연관계를 분석하였다. 떼까마귀 DNA는 우도와 제주도 내에서 발견된 깃털과 사체 시료에서 분리하였다. 결정된 COI 서열들(n=41)은 떼까마귀(Corvus frugilegus)에서 기존 에 보고된 서열들과 97.0% 이상 일치하였다. 제주도 떼까마귀 COI 서열들은 3가지 haplotype(J01-J03)으로 구분되었으 나 지역-특이적인 양상을 보이지 않아, 이들이 하나의 모계 기원에서 유래한 집단임을 알 수 있었다. 떼까마귀 전체 COI 서열에서 8개의 COI haplotype들이 발견되었다. 이 중 3가지 haplotype들은 러시아 동부, 몽골, 한국 등 동북아시 아의 COI 서열들을 포함하였고, 나머지 5가지는 중앙아시아, 중동아시아, 러시아 서부, 유럽국가의 떼까마귀에서 발견 되었다. 계통수 상에서 떼까마귀의 COI 서열들은 측소적 종분화 단계인 2아종, C. f. frugilegus와 C. f. pastinator인 2개의 모계 계통으로 뚜렷하게 구분되었다. DNA barcoding 분석을 통한 연구결과는 모계 계통의 구조, 계통 유연관계 및 분자생태를 이해하는 데 중요한 정보를 제공할 것이다.