To understand the characteristics of low-level clouds (CLs), environmental variables are composited on each CL using individual surface observations and six-hourly upper-air meteorologies around the globe. Individual CLs has its own distinct environmental conditions. Over the eastern subtropical and western North Pacific Ocean in JJA, stratocumulus (CL5) has a colder sea surface temperature (SST), stronger and lower inversion, and more low-level cloud amount (LCA) than the climatology whereas cumulus (CL12) has the opposite characteristics. Over the eastern subtropical Pacific, CL5 and CL12 are influenced by cold and warm advection within the PBL, respectively but have similar cold advection over the western North Pacific. This indicates that the fundamental physical process distinguishing CL5 and CL12 is not the horizontal temperature advection but the interaction with the underlying sea surface, i.e., the deepening-decoupling of PBL and the positive feedback between shortwave radiation and SST. Over the western North Pacific during JJA, skyobscuring fog (CL11), no low-level cloud (CL0), and fair weather stratus (CL6) are associated with anomalous warm advection, surface-based inversion, mean upward flow, and moist mid-troposphere with the strongest anomalies for CL11 followed by CL0. Over the western North Pacific during DJF, bad weather stratus (CL7) occurs in the warm front of the extratropical cyclone with anomalous upward flow while cumulonimbus (CL39) occurs on the rear side of the cold front with anomalous downward flow. Over the tropical oceans, CL7 has strong positive (negative) anomalies of temperature in the upper troposphere (PBL), relative humidity, and surface wind speed in association with the mesoscale convective system while CL12 has the opposite anomalies and CL39 is in between.

Wild birds, especially aquatic birds, are the natural reservoir of avian influenza virus (AIV), and many kinds of water body can be contaminated with feces of these birds. Seasonally, AIVs can be dissolved in the environmental water from the feces of the infected birds, and this water can be a target for viral detection and identification. In this study, we employed and tested three different filters for concentrating AIV, and it was shown that high concentration factor in terms of viral density could be achieved with viral samples diluted with natural water. Wild bird fecal samples containing low pathogenicity H5 AIVs were successfully concentrated with the adsorption and elution method using mixed cellulose esters membrane; the recovery rate of virus was 35.5 % and the concentration factor was about 50 on average. For the larger volume of water sample, we proved that an inline disposable filter with high surface area, 300 cm2, has a comparable concentration factor to the adsorption and elution method and the filter could be used in the field conveniently by being plugged into peristaltic pump. These validated methods for water sampling may be used as a supplementary for virological surveillance on wild migratory birds or during the epidemiological investigation on the environment near affected premises by AIV.

Environmental noise occurring on ships has various negative impacts on sailors’ health conditions such as hearing loss, sleep disturbance, psychological stress, etc., so regulations on them are required, but the ship noise regulations are usually applied to only large merchant ships. Although regulations on fishing boats with strong fishing and work intensity are determined to be necessary, there has been little relevant research. This study, therefore, attempted to measure the environmental noise of coastal composite fishing vessels less than two tones and provide the results of basic research on the noise regulations for fishing vessels. It measured them by setting the measurement zones as after side, midship and fore side, and based on the criterion of IMO MSC 337(91). The findings showed that the noise of them often exceeded 75dB(A), the criterion of the open deck noise in the zones in which the load of main engines was increased. In particular, the noise of the stern was as high as 92.2dB(A) during the full ahead. Hence, hearing loss may be caused by such a noise, so a variety of regulations on it are determined to be necessary.

2000년 이후 급격한 생활환경의 변화와 근래에 발생한 예측 불가능한 전염병 등의 영향으로 국내․외의 여행과 이동을 자제하고 건강을 위한 야외활동은 기존에 조성되어 온 유명한 둘레길, 숲길 등의 공익적 가치가 더욱 중요하게 부각되고 있다. 본 연구는 CVM을 활용하여 충청도와 경상도를 가로지르는 숲길을 연결하는 가칭 ‘동서트레일’에 대한 환경적 가치를 추정하였다. 연구는 동서트레일을 방문한 탐방객을 대상으로 하였으며, 723부를 분석에 이용하였다. 조사대상지 를 방문한 응답자의 기본적인 이용행태는 주 2-3회 정도 운동하는 건강에 관심이 많은 사람들이며, 거주지에서 멀지 않은 곳의 숲길을 친구나 가족들과 방문하고, 1회 방문 시 약 5만원 이상을 소비하는 경향을 보이고 있다. 둘레길을 방문할 때 숲길코스에 대한 안내판이 부족하다는 것을 느끼고 있으며, 적절한 장소에 쉼터를 설치해 주기를 원하는 것으로 나타났다. 동서트레일의 보존가치를 추정하기 위한 방법은 Hanemann식 이중경계 로짓모형을 이용하였다. 동서트레일 방문자가 1회 방문 시 얻을 수 있는 환경적 가치는 30,087원으로 추정할 수 있었다. 추정된 금액을 동서트레 일 인근 직접이용권에 속한 인구로 환산하면 동서트레일의 연간 환경가치는 약 940억원으로 추정할 수 있다. CVM을 이용한 숲길에 대한 환경의 가치추정에 대한 연구는 현재까지 진행된 적이 없으며, 추정된 연구 결과는 국가 숲길 정책에 대한 타당성을 제시해 줄 수 있을 것이다.

Korea is a country where the population is concentrated in metropolitan areas that have undergone rapid industrial development. As of 2020, more than 43% of the total population lives in large cities, and about 18.5% of the total population lives in Seoul. A basic human need living in such a metropolis is a pleasant environment. In this study, complex odors and designated odors were evaluated at the boundary areas and at the outlets for 15 public environmental facilities selected from among odor sources in Seoul. As a result of measuring the complex odor intensity was 3 ~ 6 times at the boundary areas and 100 ~ 4,481 times at the outlets. In food waste treatment facilities, incineration facilities, and waste transfer station facilities, the compound making the largest contribution to odor is acetaldehyde, which was recorded at 46%, 25%, and 32% respectively. At a sewage treatment facility and agro-fisheries wholesale market, hydrogen sulfide was the largest contributing compound at 71% and 29% respectively.

Recently, with the development of genetic technology, interest in environmental DNA (eDNA) to study biodiversity according to molecular biological approaches is increasing. Environmental DNA has many advantages over traditional research methods for biological communities distributed in the environment but highly depends on the established base sequence database. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the habitat status and classification at the genus level, which is mainly used in eDNA (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, COI, and CYTB), focusing on Korean registration taxon groups (phytoplankton, zooplankton, macroinvertebrates, and fish). As a result, phytoplankton and zooplankton showed the highest taxa proportion in 18S rRNA, and macroinvertebrates observed the highest ratio in the nucleotide sequence database in COI. In fish, all genes except 18S rRNA showed a high taxon ratio. Based on the Korean registration taxon group, the gene construction of the top 20 genera according to bio density observed that most of the phytoplankton were registered in 18S rRNA, and the most significant number of COI nucleotide sequences were established in macroinvertebrates. In addition, it was confirmed that there is a nucleotide sequence for the top 20 genera in 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and CYTB in fish. These results provided comprehensive information on the genes suitable for eDNA research for each taxon group.

The types and distribution ratio of odor removal systems installed in publicly owned environmental facilities such as sewage treatment, wastewater treatment, manure treatment, livestock manure treatment, and food waste treatment were investigated. Since the intensity of the odor and the composition of the odor substances are different depending on the type of each public treatment facility, different odor removal efficiencies were derived depending on the applied odor removal technology. In addition, the removal efficiency of complex odors and individual odor substances of odor removal systems such as those applying biofilters, scrubbers, and adsorption towers were also compared and evaluated. Although it depends on each odor removal technology and application facility, about 50% of various odor removal systems presented an odor removal performance of less than 30%. The odor removal systems with an odor removal efficiency of 70% or more were evaluated to be less than 30% of the total number. Therefore, we suggest that odor removal efficiencies should be improved through continuous monitoring, diagnosis, reinforcement of maintenance, and improvement of systems.

We deduced the proper estimation methodology for the amount of carbon sequestration by damaged trees for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The nine development projects related to renewable energy, damaged trees occur, assessment status and used method of evaluating the carbon storage of damaged trees were summarized. And after re-calculating the carbon storage of damaged trees through allometric equations, the difference between the two groups, re-calculated the damaged trees carbon storage and the damaged trees carbon storage in the report, was validated. As a result, damaged trees carbon storage in words was more than the re-calculated damaged trees carbon storage, and it was statistically significant (p<0.005). This result means that the existing method for calculating damaged tree carbon storage is overcalculated. It was judged that it was necessary to improve the calculation method. Therefore, allometric equations suitable for each dominated-tree species should be used when calculating the damaged tree carbon storage. Furthermore, we propose to establish a carbon storage calculation system based on actual data from the ecosystem so that researchers can efficiently and accurately the damaged trees carbon storage. Key words: damaged vegetation, carbon sequestration, allometric equation, environmental impact

미역(Undaria pinnatifida) 포자를 사용한 생태독성 시험법은 연중 상시 이용하기에 어렵다. 미역 의 암배우체는 실험실에서 배양할 수 있기 때문에, 포자의 단점을 보완하고 상시 생태독성 시 험에 사용할 수 있다. 따라서 미역의 암배우체를 생태독성 시험에 활용하기 위해 다양한 환경 조건에 노출된 미역의 암배우체 생존율과 상대성장률의 변화를 분석하였다. 미역 암배우체는 염분(5~40 psu), 온도(5~30℃), pH (2~10), 광량(0~120 μmol photon m-2 s-1)에 노출되었다. 암배 우체의 생존율은 최고 평균값을 기준으로 온도 20℃, 염분 27.5 psu, pH 8, 광량 30 μmol photon m-2 s-1에서 가장 높았다. 상대성장률은 최고 평균값을 기준으로 온도 15℃, 염문 35 psu, pH 9, 광량 60 μmol photon m-2 s-1에서 가장 높았다. 본 연구결과를 통해 미역 암배우체의 생존율과 상대성장률을 활용하여 연안환경을 상시 신속하게 평가하기 위한 효율적인 방법으로 활용이 기대된다.

본 논문은 환경예술에서 환경 공간의 기능성을 바탕으로 특 수교육을 위한 환경 공간에 대한 기능적 디자인을 탐구하려는 목적이다. 본 연구는 특수교육 환경 공간의 기능성 디자인 원 칙과 디자인 방법 및 디자인 동향으로 나누어 진행한다. 이를 위하여 특수교육 수용자의 기능적 공간 수요를 발굴하고, 특수 교육 체계에서 환경 공간디자인 모듈을 보완하여 환경예술 디 자인을 각 사회집단에 가장 적합하게 하려고 한다. 결과적으로 인문적 배려를 강화하여 공간환경을 기능적 장벽을 제거하여 수용자의 감성적 장벽을 해소할 수 있도록 개선하는 방법을 마 련하는 것이 본 논문의 취지이다.

본 연구의 목적은 대학생의 개인 환경적 요인, 사회적 지지, 교육만족도 간의 관계를 분석하는 데 있다. 연구 대상은 중국 랴오닝성 선양시 소재한 대학생을 대상으로 설문 조사하였다. 분석은 SPSS 21.0 통계분석 소프트웨어를 이용하여 빈도분석, 신뢰도 분석, 타당도 분석 및 일원 변량분석, 다중회귀 분석 등 을 수행하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 개인 환경적 요인이 교육만족도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 사회적 지지가 교육만족도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으 로 나타났다. 셋째, 개인 환경적 요인이 사회적 지지에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 연구 결과는 대학생들의 교육만족도는 개인 환경 적 요인, 사회적 지지가 중요하다. 따라서 대학생들의 개인 환 경적 요인 및 사회적 지지를 증진시키는 것이 필요함을 시사한 다.

Recently, the construction of tall buildings utilized by high strength-concrete in the whole world is tending to be on the rise. The application of high-rise structural system in buildings results in the excellent cut-down effect in construction materials due to section reduction. Therefore, in order to investigate the CO2 and resource reduction effect for the high-rise structural system, comparisons of GWP and ADP in embodied energy of structural materlais between 4 type of high-rise structural system have been performed. As a result, GWP emission increased in the order of steel structure outrigger system, RC shear wall system, and RC outrigger system. On the other hand, ADP emissions increased in the order of RC shear wall system, RC outrigger system, and steel structure outrigger system.

Contemporary environmental issues require the joint actions of the global community, which may assume many forms but always depend on developed and harmonized national legislations. States develop environmental law by implementing provisions of multilateral environmental agreements into national legislation. However, the implementation process sometimes prevents the effective adaptation of international legal norms. While the structure and mechanism of the implementation process have been frequently discussed from the relationship between international and municipal law, few studies have been dedicated to the implementation process of international environmental norms. Consequently, this study will analyze the implementation of multilateral environmental agreements with special references to the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article will present cases of implementation and the resulting issues in the national environmental legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Moreover, it will examine national measures to solve these issues that will be relevant for all countries with similar ecological questions.

목적 : 본 연구는 신체장애인을 대상으로 이동 보조기기 사용에 대한 심리적 요인과 환경적 요인이 삶의 만족도에 어떠한 영향을 주는지 분석하고자 한다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 한국장애인개발원의 장애인삶 패널조사 데이터(2019)를 활용하여 이동 보조기기 이용하는 신체장애 인의 심리적 요인인 장애수용, 우울, 자아존중감과 환경적 요인인 활동제한, 주거환경, 일상생활의 의존성이 삶의 만족도 에 미치는 영향요인을 파악하기 위한 이차자료분석 연구이다. 신체장애인에 대한 일반적 특성은 기술통계와 교차분석을 하였고, 신체장애인의 이동 보조기기 이용 여부에 따른 집단 간의 비교를 위해서 독립표본 t-검정하였다. 신체장애인의 삶의 만족도와 장애수용, 우울, 자아존중감, 활동제한, 주거환경, 일상생활의 의존성 간의 상관관계를 분석하기 위해서 피 어슨 상관분석을 실시하였다. 이동 보조기기를 이용하는 신체장애인의 삶의 만족도에 영향을 주는 요인을 분석하기 위해 서 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 또한 현재 사용하고 있는 이동 보조기기의 만족도에 대한 백분율은 그래프로 제시하였다. 결과 :이동 보조기기 사용 여부에 따른 두 집단의 비교에서 심리적 요인, 환경적 요인, 삶의 만족도에서 유의한 차이를 확인하였다. 신체장애인의 삶의 만족도는 장애수용, 자아존중감, 주거환경과 양의 상관관계를 보였으며(p<.01), 우울, 활 동제한, 일상생활의 의존성과 음의 상관관계를 보였다(p<.01). 이동 보조기기를 이용하는 신체장애인의 삶의 만족도에 영 향을 주는 요인은 나이(ß=-.122, p<.001), 장애수용(ß=.263, p<.001), 우울(ß=-.288, p<.001), 활동제한(ß=-.181, p<.001), 주거환경(ß=.102, p<.01)으로 분석되었다. 결론 : 이동 보조기기를 이용하는 신체장애인의 삶의 만족도를 높이기 위해서는 기능에 맞는 이동 보조기기를 선택하고 이에 적응하기 위한 재활프로그램이 활용되어야 할 것이며, 정책적인 지원이 필요할 것이다.

목적 : 본 연구는 장애인들을 둘러싼 환경적 요인이 여가활동 참여에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 2021년 10월부터 2021년 12월까지 전라도 지역의 장애인복지관을 이용하는 성인 장애인 128명을 대상으로 하였다. 환경적 요인 평가를 위해 물리적, 사회제도적 환경, 문화적 환경 척도를 사용하였고 여가참여정도척도 를 사용하였다. 수집된 자료에 대해 SPSS 20.0 프로그램을 사용하여 기술통계, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson 상관분석, 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 결과 : 30대~50대 장애인은 61세 이상의 장애인들에 비해 여가참여정도가 높게 나타났고 환경적 요인들 중 사회제도적 환경과 물리적 환경 순으로 여가활동 참여의 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 그리고 다중회귀분석 결과 사회제도적 환경만이 여가참여정도에 유일한 설명변수로 나타났다. 결론 : 장애인들의 여가활동 참여 확대를 위해서는 여러 환경적 요인 중 물리적 환경뿐만 아니라 사회제도적 환경에 초점 을 둔 거시적 접근이 필요하며 포괄적인 여가활동 참여 개선방안이 마련되어야 할 것이다.

A conventional porous carbon is still a very promising material for the removal of gaseous pollutants because of its abundant surface functional groups and a high specific surface area. Here, we prepared an environment-friendly uniform N-rich narrow micropore activated carbon, for the removal of formaldehyde, based on steam activation and N-rich with chitin as the starting material. A sample carbonized at 500 °C and steam activated at 800 °C (CAC800) showed a reasonable yield (55%) with uniform and narrow micropores without mesopores but having a balanced nitrogen functionality. CAC800 possesses outstanding formaldehyde removal capabilities under both dry and wet (humidity 45%) conditions. In addition, when compared with commercial activated carbon materials, we clearly demonstrated that the existence of high nitrogen content with uniform and narrow micropores simultaneously removed formaldehyde, effectively.

해수면온도는 해양-대기의 현상을 이해하고 기후변화를 예측하기 위해 사용되는 중요한 변수이다. 마이크로파 영역의 인공위성 원격탐사는 구름과 강수와 같은 기상현상 위성 관측 측기의 경로에 존재하더라도 해수면온도 획득을 가능하게 한다. 따라서 마이크로파 해수면온도의 높은 활용도를 고려하면 위성 해수면온도를 정확도를 지속적으로 검증 하고 오차 특성을 분석할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 2014년 3월부터 2021년 12월까지 약 8년 동안 Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM)/GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) 마이크로파 해수면온도의 정확도를 표층 뜰개 부이 수온 자료를 사용하여 검증하였다. GMI 해수면온도는 실측 해수면온도에 비해 0.09 K의 편차와 0.97 K의 평균 제곱근 오차를 보였 고, 이는 기존 연구 결과에 비해 다소 높게 나타났다. 이외에도 GMI 해수면 온도의 오차 특성은 위도, 연안과의 거리, 해상풍 및 수증기량과 같은 환경적 요인과 관련성이 있다. 오차는 육지에서 300 km 이내의 거리에서 해안 지역에 가까 운 지역과 고위도 지역에서 증가하는 경향이 있다. 또한 낮에는 약한 풍속(<6 m s−1 ), 밤에는 강한 풍속(>10 m s−1 ) 범위 에서 상대적으로 높은 오차가 나타났다. 대기 수증기는 30 mm 미만의 매우 낮은 범위 또는 60 mm보다 큰 매우 높은 범위에서 높은 해수면온도 차이에 기여했다. 이러한 오차들은 저수온에서 GMI 자료의 정확도가 떨어지는 기존 연구와 일치하며, 연안으로부터의 거리, 풍속, 수증기량에 의한 오차의 경우 육지와 해양의 방사율 차이 및 바람에 의한 해수 면 거칠기 변화, 수증기의 마이크로파 대기 흡수에서 기인하는 것으로 추정된다. 이는 한반도 주변해에서 마이크로파 위성 계산 SST를 보다 광범위하게 활용하기 위해서는 GMI 해수면온도 오차의 특성에 대한 이해가 필요함을 시사한다.

When the leakage of radioactive material or radiation to the environment or a concern, it is important to accurately understand the impact on the environment. Therefore, environmental effects evaluation using modeling based on meteorological data and source-term data is carried out, or environmental radiation monitoring which is an emergency response activity that directly measures dose is performed. As lessons learned from the Fukushima accident, environmental effects evaluation and modeling cannot utilize during the emergency and decision-making process for protective action for the public. Thus, rapid environmental radiation monitoring is required. In Korea, when an emergency is issued at a nuclear facility, urgent environmental radiation monitoring is conducted based on the national nuclear emergency preparedness and response plan, which can provide important information for decisionmaking on public protective actions. A review of strategies for urgent environmental radiation monitoring is important in performing efficient emergency responses. The main purpose of urgent environmental radiation monitoring is to gather data for decisionmaking on public protective actions to minimize the damage from the accident. For effective data collection and distribution, support from the national and local government and local public organizations and radiation expertise groups, and nuclear facility licensee are required. In addition, an emergency environmental radiation monitoring manual is required to immediately perform environmental monitoring in an emergency situation. The manual for emergency monitoring should include the activities to be conducted according to the phases of the emergency. The phases of the emergency are divided into pre-leakage, post-leakage, intermediate, and recovery. The reasons for establishing strategies are government and public information, the implementation of urgent population protection countermeasures, predicting and tracking plume trajectory, and detection of any release, the protection of emergency and recovery workers, the implementation of agricultural countermeasures and food restrictions, the implementation of intermediate- and recovery-phase countermeasures, contamination control. Besides meteorological data, ambient dose rate and dose, airborne radionuclide concentration, environmental deposition, food, water, and environmental contamination, individual dose, and object surface contamination data are also required for making information for the public.

The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) states that every environmental report prepared for the licensing stage of a Pressurized Water Reactor shall contain a statement concerning risk during the transportation of fuel and radioactive wastes to and from the reactor. Thus, the licensee should ensure that the radiological effect in accidents, as well as normal conditions in transport, do not exceed certain criteria or be small if cannot be numerically quantified. These are specified in 10 CFR Part 51 and applied in NUREG-1555 Supplement 1 Revision 1, which deals with Environmental Standard Review Plan. Corresponding regulations in Korea would be the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission Notice No. 2020-7. In Appendix 2 of the Notice, guides on the radiological environmental report for production and utilization facilities, spent nuclear fuel interim storage facilities, and radioactive waste disposal facilities. In this guide, unlike the regulations in the U.S., there are no obligations for radiological dose assessment for workers and public during the transportation. Therefore, overall regulations and their legal basis related to risk assessment during transportation conducted for the environmental report in the U.S. were analyzed in this study. On top of that, through the comparison with regulations in Korea, differences between the two systems were figured out. Finally, this study aims to find the points in terms of assessing transport risk to be revised in the current regulatory system in Korea.

Considering the domestic condition with small land area and high population density, it is necessary to develop technology that can reduce the disposal area than the deep geological disposal method. For this, KAERI is developing a nuclide management process that can reduce the environmental burden of spent fuel, and establishing an evaluation model that can evaluate the performance of various process options. It is expected that an optimal option of the nuclide management process can be derived from disposal perspective by applying the evaluation model. The mass flow between processing steps of the radionuclide management process is the basic quantity required to quantify the evaluation criteria. Therefore, we built a generalized block model on GoldSim, which can simulate mass flow of various radionuclide management process options. In addition to the mass flow, this model was established to derive the amount of wastes generated by each processing step, the composition of nuclides, and radiological properties (decay heat, radioactivity, etc.). The mass flow and waste property derived from the models are closely related to the factors that determine the area of disposal concepts. Based on this, a disposal area calculation model was established as a model to evaluate the effectiveness of the radionuclide management process on environmental burden reduction. For verification, three process options, which can manage radionuclides having high decay heat (Cs, Sr) or large volume (U), were selected and evaluated as reference processes. And two disposal options, deep geological disposal and deep borehole disposal concepts were considered to be linked with the processes. As a result, it was confirmed that the disposal area could be reduced in the process separating radionuclides having high decay heat. In the future, other evaluation models for economic viability and safety will be added in the GoldSim model.