The role of cytochrome P-450 2E1 (P450 2E1) in the early phase of alcoholic fatty liver was examined. Female rats were pretreated with either allyl sulfide (200 mg/kg, po), disulfiram (500 mg/kg, po), YH 439 (250 mg/kg, po) or pyrazine (200 mg/kg/day × 2 days, ip). Marked changes in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) elevation due to dichloromethane administration were observed in rats treated with one of the P450 2E1 modulators. A single dose of ethanol (6 g/kg, po) increased the hepatic triglyceride contents approximately 2 fold, which was inhibited completely by YH 439 pretreatment. However, the other P450 2E1 modulators failed to alter the ethanol-induced hepatic triglyceride accumulation. In vitro hepatic microsomal enzyme activity was determined in 4 week old premature and 12 week old adult rats. Aminopyrine-N demethylation was not different, but p-nitrophenol hydroxylation and p-nitroanisole O-demethylation were significantly higher in premature rats compared to adult indicating that the P450 2E 1 activity decreases with the maturity of rats. However, no difference in the triglyceride accumulation induced by an intraperitoneal dose of ethanol (3 g/kg) was noted between premature and adult rats. The results suggest that the P450 2E1 activity dose not play an important role in the induction of acute alcoholic fatty liver.

For the purpose of clarifying to what degree the mothers of developmentally delayed children are involved in treating their child at home. 193 mothers were sampled from 220 mothers of developmentally delayed children below 12 years of age who have visited one of four institutions: the Rehabilitation Hospital of Yonsei Medical Center, Inchon Severance Hospital, Disabled Welfare Center in Myongil-dong, and Nambu Disabled Welfare Hall. The study period was from Mar. 25, 1995 through Apr. 15, 1995. A questionnaire survey was conducted listing the characteristics of the developmentally delayed children, their mothers, mother's satisfaction with their therapists, and the actual conditions of the home treatment. 1. The mothers who treat their child at home for more than 31 minutes a day show a high involvement score, while the mothers of those who give treatment for less than 30 minutes a. day show a low involvement score. That is, the longer the treatment, the greater the involvement score. This indicates a statistically significant result(p<0.01). 2. In cases where a child's father is involved in the home treatment, his/her mother discloses a statistically high involvement score(p<0.001). 3. The result of analysis of cases where other family members, relatives or friends (fathers excepted) reveals a statistically significant high involvement score(p<0.05) for the mother. 4. Mothers in general represent a statistically significant high involvement in home treatment. In the meantime, the mothers in a nuclear family show a higher involvement home treatment than mothers in an extended family(p<0.01). 5. Among those respondents who think that home treatment is helpful and that mothers' involvement in home treatment is helpful, the mothers record a statistically significant high involvement score(p<0.05). When seen from the above perspectives, it seems of much significance that fathers and other relatives or family members play an important role in enhancing the involvement of mothers in home treatment. One point to note here is that providing a long home treatment time is crucial. Therefore, it is recommended that family members have access to rehabilitation treatment for training developmentally delayed children or their care giver; and moreover, we needed to carry out family training or at least arrange for meetings between the family members and medical personnel involved in the child's rehabilitation.

The objectives of the present study were to assess the preschool-children's awareness of nutrition, their level of control over foods and involvement in food-related activities and to examine the interrelationships among these variables. The children of this study demonstrated low levels of awareness of the concepts of food groups and the roles of both foods and exercise in energy balance. But the degree of children's awarences about the concepts of food transformations, food origins and food values was favorable. The range of possible scores was 0 to 18, while the range of the children's scores was 2 to 16. The mean score was 9.3, represently 52% of the questions answered correctly. Factors associated with the children's involvement in food-related activities were children's age, familly's income and mother's dietary balance. Children who were more involved in food related activities had significantly higher nutrition awareness scores.

This paper investigates the effect of the involvement of the board chairman in the audit committee (AC) on earnings management (EM). It examines Bursa Malaysia-listed companies with the lowest positive earnings for the years 2013 to 2015. The Modified Jones Model by Kasznik (1999) was used to determine discretionary accruals. An AC that includes its board chairman as an ordinary member is associated with greater discretionary accruals. However, a board chairman who is also the chairman of the AC does not seem to influence discretionary accruals. This paper supports the agency theory and policy-makers’ efforts to prevent board chairmen from sitting on ACs. It is the first study that uses the agency theory to describe the association between the board chairman’s involvement in the both AC and EM. This study alerts policy-makers, stakeholders and researchers to the influence of a board chairman serving on the AC in curbing EM. Furthermore, it provides empirical evidence that the majority of Malaysian companies whose board chairmen are involved in the AC appoint the chairman as an ordinary member of the AC. This indicates that executive directors may affect such actions. Hence, more policies are needed to improve AC independence.

The purpose of this study is to derive various clues for the establishment of marketing strategies for companies that produce and sell high-involvement products for Millennials who are not the subject of current consumption but who will lead future consumption. For this purpose, this study aimed to derive 17 factors of high-involvement product selection attributes through FGI, and its relationship on repurchase intention after make a variable through PCA. A total of 158 valid questionnaires were used, and IPA, independent sample t-test, regression analysis, and hierarchical controlled regression analysis were performed. The results showed that overall, external and internal selection factors had a positive influence on repurchase intentions, and in particular, appealing to internal and external selection factors in order to promote repurchase intention. Meanwhile, the Millennials were found to have no gender difference. Therefore, the company producing and selling high-involvement products suggests that it is necessary to make a priority effort to secure brand awareness, trust in product producers, store trust, and product self-reputation as components of internal selection factors. It was also concluded that more strategic efforts were needed to focus on and appeal to the characteristics of the Millennial itself rather than to consider gender differences.

음식은 세계인이 공유하는 공통의 언어이다. 최근 지구촌의 각 문화권이 보유하고 있는 독특한 음식문화의 가치는 관광을 통해 재발견되고 있다. 음식은 유.무형의 관광 상품과 서비스의 가장 중요한 요소이면서, 관광지의 이미지를 강화시킬 수 있는 핵심적인 요소이기 때문이다. 더 나아가 ‘음식’ 자체가 관광활동의 직접적인 동기가 되고 있고, 관광 활동의 한 부분을 차지하면서 문화, 역사, 관광지의 특성이 음식과 융화되어 특정지역이나 민족의 독특한 음식을 먹기 위한 미식관광(gastronomic tourism)이 점차 활성화되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 미식관광을 경험하거나 계획 중인 미식 관광객을 대상으로 설문조사를 하였으며, 총 300부의 연구 설문지 중 84부의 불성실한 답변 설문지를 제외한 216부의 설문지를 최종분석에 활용하였다. 분석에는 SPSS 23.0을 이용하여 신뢰도 분석, 요인분석, 상관관계 분석, 선형회귀분석을 하였으며 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 미식관여도의 미식관광동기에 유의한 영향을 미치고 둘째, 미식관여도는 만족과 추천의도에 유의한 영향관계를 형성하였으며 셋째, 미식관광동기와 만족·추천의도 간에 유의한 영향관계를 형성하였다. 따라서 본 연구의 모든 가설은 채택되었고 미식관여도와 미식관광 속에서 미식의 중요성에 대한 관심과 방향성에 대한 실무적 시사점 또한 제공하였다.

The purpose of this paper is to understand the influence of country personality dimensions and product involvement on European consumers purchase and visit intentions, considering the Portuguese context. The increasing economic globalisation has resulted in the reducing of trade barriers between nations and the availability of more foreign products and services across borders. Therefore, the place associations of these products and services might be regarded as a potential competitive differentiator in their respective markets. Despite the proliferation of literature devoted to assessing the effects of country-of-origin, the symbolic dimension of a country’s image remains understudied. A questionnaire measuring country personality dimensions, product involvement, and consumer´s purchase and visit intention was passed on a sample of 335 European consumers. Country personality indeed matters both positively and negatively. Findings show that while assiduousness positively influences consumer’s visit intentions, wickedness has a negative influence on consumer’s purchase intentions. Findings also reveal that product involvement has a positive significant influence on consumer’s purchase and visit intentions. On developing marketing strategies, international marketers and governmental decision-makers should consider product involvement attributes and specific country personality traits to provide the country’s products with a competitive edge, as well as to promote the country as a travelling destination.

현대화와 글로벌화는 사회 전형과 문화 변동을 초래하고 이로 인해 무형 문화재는 전승의 위기를 직면하게 되였다. 중국의 오천년 문명 세례 후 보존된 진귀한 유산으로서 단순히 문화 시스템 자체의 힘으로는 더 이상 진행이 어려워 외부 환경에서 새로운 보완 조치를 모색해야 한다. 애니메이션은 문화 전파의 중요한 운반체의 하나로서 개방성, 민간성, 다양성, 포용성의 특점과 강대한 문화 홍보 능력을 가지고 있어 무형 문화재를 보호하는 현대화 방법과 수단으로 문화 전승의 의무와 책임을 질수 있다. 본 문은 중국의 무형 문화재의 발전을 연구 배경으로 하고 동서방 애니메이션 예술의 차이를 분석 대조하여 중국 애니메이션 예술의 표현 특징 및 외연 발전을 정리하고 중국 애니메이션이 전통 문화와 결합하고 공통 발전하는데 더 적합하다는 관점을 표명하였다. 애니메이션 예술과 중국 전통 문화의 융합 각도에서 상세하게 논술하여 양자의 융합은 대중들에게 문화재 지식을 최대한 직관적이고 생동하게 전파할수 있다는것을 알게 되고 동시에 전통 문화의 정수를 섭취하여 중국 애니메이션 산업의 글로벌 영향을 확대할수 있고 중식 심미를 갖춘 애니메이션 특징을 보완할수 있다. 본 문은 우시 박물원 “자옥금사” 전시관의 실천 연구를 기초로 하여 자사호를 알고 인지하는 응용 스포트웨어 “자옥금사”를 개발 시도하고 360 전경 전시 기술로 서로 다른 형태의 자사호를 전모 전시하며 선묘 애니메이션의 표현 수법으로 자사호의 유지보수 및 선출 절차를 해석하여 중국 무형 문화재의 애니메이션화 변환 및 표현은 가능하다는 것을 논증하였고 이는 중국 전통 문화의 새로운 발전, 새로운 번영에 중요한 조치이다.

Purpose - In the development of new products, suppliers involvement and developing products jointly can be said to be strategic activities that utilize the lack of knowledge from external organizations. In this new product development, supplier involvement has been proven to have a positive impact on new product development performance for a long time by previous research. However, sufficient academic research has not been conducted on the influence of supplier involvement in various product strategies or sales strategies that buyers make in order to secure a competitive advantage in the market. This study argues that product strategy and sales strategy used by buyers in the development of new products will control the effect of supplier involvement on new product development performance in order to compensate the lack of these academic aspects. Research design, data, and methodology – Specifically, we selected the modularization strategy of the product as the product strategy, which is considered as an important strategy in the new product development through the preceding research, and the mass customer satisfaction strategy was chosen as the sales strategy. In order to achieve these research objectives, regression analysis was conducted using data from manufacturing productivity panel collected jointly by the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Industry and the Korea Productivity Center. Results - As a result, supplier involvement and new product development performances (development cost efficiency, customer satisfaction) were positively related. The product modularity strategy proved to have an interactive effect on the relationship between supplier involvement and new product development performances (development cost efficiency, customer satisfaction). However, it has not been confirmed that there is a statistically significant interaction effect between supplier involvement and new product development performances. Conclusions - Supplier involvement has positive relationships with NPD performance. In addition, product modularity strategies have interaction effects with supplier involvement and affect new product development performance (development cost efficiency and customer satisfaction). The results of this study are of academic significance in the case of lack of empirical studies on the effect of supplier participation on the effect of buyer 's strategy when a supplier participates and develops new products jointly.

Human adult stem cells have widely been examined for their clinical application including their wound healing effect in vivo. To function as therapeutic cells, however, cells must represent the ability of directed migration in response to signals. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced migration of the human abdominal adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) in vitro. A general matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor or a MMP2 inhibitor significantly inhibited the PDGF-induced migration. PDGF treatment exhibited greater mRNA level and denser protein level of MMP1. The conditioned medium of PDGF-treated cells showed a caseinolytic activity of MMP1. Transfection of cells with siRNA against MMP1 significantly inhibited MMP1 expression, its caseinolytic activity, and cell migration following PDGF treatment. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor reduced the migration by about 50% without affecting ERK and MLC proteins. Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor mostly abolished the migration and MLC proteins. The results suggest that PDGF might signal hADSCs through PI3K, and MMP1 activity could play an important role in this PDGF-induced migration in vitro.

Previously we observed that human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) could form aggregation during culture in the presence of human serum (HS). In the present study, we have examined if the aggregation might result from the cell migration and analyzed the difference of cell adhesivity after culture in various conditions. When cells were cultured in fetal bovine serum (FBS) alone, there was no morphological change. Similarly, cells pretreated with FBS for 1 day or cultured in a mixture of FBS and HS showed little change. In contrast, cells cultured in HS alone exhibited formation of cell-free area (spacing) and/or cell aggregation. When cells cultured in FBS or pretreated with FBS were treated with 0.06% trypsin, almost cells remained attached to the dish surfaces. In contrast, when cells cultured in HS alone were examined, most cells detached from the dish by the same treatment. Treatment of cells with forskolin, isobutylmethyl xanthine (IBMX) or LY294002 inhibited the formation of spacing whereas H89 or Y27632 showed little effect. When these cells were treated with 0.06% trypsin after culture, most cells detached from the dishes as cells cultured in HS alone did. However, cells treated with IBMX exhibited weaker adhesivity than HS alone. Based on these observations, it is suggested that HS treatment might decrease the adhesivity and induce three-dimensional migration of hADSCs, in the latter of which cAMP signaling could be involved.

Purpose – Research shows that increased workload and psychological pressure produces tensions in organizations. Such tensions can increase employee aggressive workplace behavior. This study attempted to discover the relationship among verbal aggression, job involvement, and turnover intention. Research design, data, and methodology – A survey of administrative workers in colleges was done between May 20 and May 26, 2015. Result – The findings were as follows. First, verbal aggression directly increased employee turnover intention. Second, stress recognition also created turnover intention among employees, which was detected in the interviews conducted after the survey. Third, both the survey and the interviews showed that stress recognition did not have a significant effect on job involvement. Fourth, both the findings and the interviews after the survey showed that stress increased turnover intention. Last, the finding on the role of self-esteem showed that self-esteem had a positive moderating effect on the relationship between the influence of verbal aggression and stress recognition. Conclusion – Having strong talent at work should lower turnover intention and turnover rates and develop the organization continuously.

Diffuse involvement of the right pulmonary artery (PA) associated with fistula between the PA and coronary artery is report-ed in a woman with Takayasu’s arteritis. Both the subclavian arteries were totally occluded and drained by the meanderinged artery arising from both common carotid arteries. Lung perfusion scan revealed perfusion defect of right lung. Two fistulas were identified. A large fistula was between the right PA and left circumflex artery. A small fistula was between the right PA and left anterior descending artery. This is a rare case of Takayasu’s arteritis presenting with a coronary – pulmonary artery fistula that is secondary to a diffuse unilateral involvement of PA.

This study investigated possible involvement of photoperiodic regulation in reproductive endocrine system of female olive flounder. To investigate the influence on brain-pituitary axis in endocrine system by regulating photoperiod, compared expression level of Kisspeptin and sbGnRH mRNA in brain and FSH-β, LH-β and GH mRNA in pituitary before and after spawning. Photoperiod was treated natural photoperiod and long photoperiod (15L:9D) conditions from Aug. 2013 to Jun. 2014. Continuous long photoperiod treatment from Aug. (post-spawning phase) was inhibited gonadal development of female olive flounder. In natural photoperiod group, the Kiss2 expression level a significant declined in Mar. (spawning period). And also, FSH-β, LH-β and GH mRNA expression levels were increasing at this period. However, in long photoperiod group, hypothalamic Kiss2, FSH-β, LH-β and GH mRNA expression levels did not show any significant fluctuation. These results suggest that expression of hypothalamic Kiss2, GtH and GH in the pituitary would change in response to photoperiod and their possible involvement of photoperiodic regulation in reproductive endocrine system of the BPG axis.

광고표현의 ‘임팩트’는 지금까지 0.3초에 눈에 띄는 것으로 만족하였다. 눈에 띄는 것에 대한 광고표현의 임팩트는 광고디자인의 획일적이며 차별이 없는 미적가치의 준거기준에 전적으로 의존하고 있다. 이로써 동종제품에서조차 다양하고 개성적인 제품이 생산되고 있는 경쟁적인 현실에서 광고표현 임팩트의 차별화를 위한 새로운 인식에 대한 요구가 커지게 되었다. 따라서 이번 논문은 광고표현의 임팩트는 단순한 ‘눈에 띔’의 시각표현영역이 아닌 소비자개성에 따른 ‘스며듦’의 ‘임팩트과정듬체계’를 강조하고자 한다. 연구방법으로는 ‘스며듦’의 다양한 인식구조 가운데 대표적인 5가지 리듬체계를 추출하여 제품관여도에 따른 실험물에 피험자의 직접 체크리스트 방식을 채택하여 실시하였다. 결과적으로 제품관여도에 따른 소비자의 ‘스며듦’ 과정에 유의미한 차이가 있음을 확인하였다. 결론적으로 광고표현의 ‘차이’를 위한 ‘스며듦’의 리듬체계를 정립하였으며, 이 ‘스며듦’의 리듬체계를 통해 획일적인 미적준거기준에서 벗어나 소비자개성에 따른 다양한 임팩트가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.