Singapore changing social language environment has brought about two major reforms to the Chinese language education namely “teach less and learn more”and “making learning interesting and more relevant” .The objective is to motivate pupils to learn more and encourage the capable pupils to help the weaker pupils in the learning process. However, the author believes that this reform is just a breakthrough in teaching strategies, but the core problem is not resolved. The primary school Chinese literacy teaching in Singapore has not been resolved which include 3 basic aspects like word types, word content and word order. In this thesis, the author focuses on word frequency survey taken from the following: (1) 12 core units in the primary school Chinese text books from the Singapore Ministry of Education. (2) Reading books which are widely used by Singapore primary school “Memory is like abox”. (3)The front page of the auxiliary publications including "New Friends", “New World ", "New Train ”. (4) The front page of the Singapore Chinese newspaper "Lianhe Zaobao" which includes international, domestic and educational information. Based on the word species, the amount of words, word order and coverage of the four databases, statistics are compiled, analyzed and researched. It’s noted that the current Chinese language literacy teaching in Singapore primary schools is not so adequate. The literacy teaching materials in Singapore can be made more adequate by making them more featured, more scientific , reasonable and systematic. The author proposes the creation of two unique charts relevant to the Singapore children. Firstly "children’s high-frequency words” chart to be used for literacy teaching materials and secondly“ children’s common usage words” chart to integrate with literacy teaching using' rolling strategy' and put it into the lesson plan design process, so that learning is made more interesting .This goes hand in hand with the Ministry of Education promotion "making learning interesting and more relevant” .

Many scholars had examined the character (zi)of ‘hé’ (「和」). This papers expounds the pedagogical implications concerning the construction of ‘hé’ by looking at it’s diachronic and synchronic development. The change of the form of the ‘hé’ offers the bridge for pictures and characters (zi). The pronunciation of ‘hé’ protrudes the value of character-based (zi-based) teaching. The flexibility and stability meaning of ‘hé’ also reflects the strong vitality of Chinese characters (Hanzi). No matter weather it is a word derived from ‘hé’ or as a Chinese culture keyword, ‘hé’ stands alone as a word, spreads out to produce other words, it can help learners to study other Chinese characters (Hanzi). As for the teaching method of Chinese characters (Hanzi), some scholar proposes 50 kinds, but how much time that it really can be chosen to use in the general classroom? Very few! è：a book), ‘龠’(Yuè：a musical instrument name), ‘八’(Bā：eight), ‘一’(Yī：one). The Pedagogical Implications from it is: First, make use of its picture to Chinese character (Hanzi) in general class. Second, take time to explain its meaning from the construction. Third, take a constructive approach to its multiple pronunciations. Fourth, teach it from simple to complex. Fifth, teach with flexibly inspiring action. This paper hopes to facilitate Chinese character (Hanzi) teaching. It aims to increase student’s motion, their sense of accomplishment, and perseverance.

“Liushu（六书）” is a general term for the whole knowledge of an course about Chinese character in elementary education，which contains the source of pattern，reasons and rules of structure，relationship between different characters in a Chinese character cluster，and rules of using these characters to record Chinese language，etc. Based on all those knowledge，the teaching system of Chinese character but not a single style system has been found. In the past long time，the have been misunderstanding that “Liushu”（六书） represented six ways of character-maken，or six styles of character structure. The misunderstanding did not conform to initial fact of “Liushu”（六书）. In academic history of science of Chinese character，the study of “Liushu”（六书） came into being. But the study cannot be equated with “Liushu”（六书） itself. Because of misunderstanding，the study goes out of the scope of teaching. As a matter of fact，the selected points of knowledge and terms about “Liushu”（六书） are appropriate for elementary education requirement，its main value is in teaching，but not theorizing. If we want to correct mistakes in modern reading education，a possible solution may be to pick up “Liushu”（六书）.

The autothermal reforming reaction of methane was investigated to produce hyd rogen with Ni/CeO2-ZrO2, Ni/Al2O3-MgO and Ni-Ru/Al2O3-MgO catalysts. Honeycomb metalli c monolith was applied in order to obtain high catalytic activity and stability in autothermal r eforming. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET and SEM. The influence of various catalysts on hydrogen production was studied for the feed ratio(O2/CH4, H2O/CH4). The O2/CH4 and H2O/CH4 ratio governed the methane conversion and temperature profile of reactor. Th e reactor temperature increased as the reaction shifted from endothermic to exothermic reactio n with increasing O2/CH4 ratio. Among the catalysts used in the experiment, the Ni-Ru/Al2O3-MgO catalyst showed the highest activity. The 60% of CH4 conversion was obtained, and th e reactor temperature was maintained 600℃ at the condition of GHSV=10000h-1 and feed ratio S/C/O=0.5/1/0.5.

This study examines the usage of the character Shen (甚) presented in the Great Chinese-Korean dictionary. The importance of this study lies in pointing out the appropriate usage of a Chinese character Shen (甚) in relation to the items, meanings, and example sentences. The items in the dictionary include meanings, interpretations, and subsequent example sentences. It is essential to present items correctly when compiling a dictionary. If the items, meanings, and example sentences of any letter are not accurate, the influence of the dictionary will be reduced by half. The methodology used in this study is to exemplify a Chinese character Shen (甚) by comparing its usage in eight dictionaries and to analyze the inappropriate usage of the character with respect to sources, sequence order, meaning interpretation, and example sentences in the reference. The findings of this study involve identifying the basic types of errors and suggesting appropriate changes for the future revision of the Great Chinese-Korean dictionary. Therefore, not only the scholars in the academic field but also the next generation should be able to understand the proper usage of the character Shen (甚) and use the character without errors mistakenly transmitted from the dictionary.

본 논문은 서울고판 2006. 10. 26. 선고 2006나14693 판결에 대한 평석이다. 해당 판례는 산모가 병원과 체결한 분만계약으로 인하여 태아가 피해를 입은 채로 출생하였다면, 이로 인하여 발생한 계약상의 손해배상책임을 통하여 물을 수 있는지에 관한 판결인데, 판결이유에서 제3자를 위한 계약의 법리에 따라 태아가 생존하여 출생한 경우 법정대리인의 수익의 의사표시에 의하여 태아 자신이 수익자인 제3자의 지위에서 분만계약상 권리를 취득한다고 보는 것이 당사자인 의사와 산모의 의사에 합치한다고 보았다. 이 판결은 제3자를 위한 계약이 인정되는 적용범위의 문제이기도 하면서도 당사자들이 실제로 체결한 분만계약의 해석과도 연관되어 있다고 할 수 있다. 또한 급부청구권을 인정하지 않은 제3자를 위한 계약을 인정할 수 있는지 그리고 인정한다면 어떠한 방식으로 인정할 수 있는지가 고찰의 대상이 되어야 할 것이다. 한편 통설·판례에 의하면 신체의 전부가 노출된 시점, 즉 사실상 분만계약이 거의 종료한 시점이기 때문에 분만이 시작되어 분만계약이 이행된 상태에서도 태아의 권리능력을 인정하는 법적인 이론구성이 필요하게 된다. 이에 필자는 현행 민법이 제도적으로 급부청구권을 제3자에게 취득시키는 경우만 제3자를 위한 계약으로 규정하고 있다고 하여, 당사자의 의사에 의하여 제3자가 급부청구권을 취득하지 않은 상태에서 급부의 수령자로서 이익귀속주체가 되고 계약상 기타의 의무의 보호대상이 된다는 계약유형을 부정하는 것은 아니라고 본다. 때문에 제3자가 형식적으로 급부청구권을 행사할 수 있는 채권자의 지위에 있지는 않지만 계약의 해석상 실질적으로는 채권자의 지위에 있는 사례군에서만 제3자의 법익침해를 이유로 한 채무불이행책임을 인정하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 독일법의 “제3자보호효 있는 계약”에 관한 논의와 영국법의 “영국 1999년 계약(제3자의 권리)법” 등을 논거로 들고 있다. 필자의 견해에 의하면 분만계약에 태아가 갖는 수익자의 지위는 급부이행청구권을 취득하는 것이 아니므로 수익의 의사표시를 하지 않아도 된다. 따라서 대법원이 증여계약에서 태아가 당사자가 될 수 없다고 보았던 논거는 여기에 해당할 수 없을 것이다. 제3자를 위한 분만계약을 인정하게 된 계기는 분만계약으로 인한 급부의 이익을 태아에게 귀속시키고 더 나아가서 채무불이행으로 인하여 발생한 손해배상청구권을 태아에게 인정하기 위한 목적이 있으므로 유추의 대상이 되는 불법행위로 인한 손해배상청구권에서 태아의 권리능력을 인정하는 제762조이다. 분만계약상의 급부이행을 하면서 산모는 물론 태아에게도 손해가 발생할 수 있으므로 손해배상청구권과 관련하여 불법행위에서와 마찬가지로 채무불이행에서 태아에게 권리능력을 인정할 필요성은 동일하게 인정될 수 있을 것이다.이러한 입장을 취한다면 태아는 분만계약과 관련하여 급부이익의 귀속주체가 될 수 있고 그 손해발생과 관련하여서 이미 출생한 것으로 보는 제762조의 규정을 유추적용을 통하여 태아인 상태에서 손해가 발생하였더라도 급부의무위반으로 인한 확대손해 또는 부수적 주의의무위반을 이유로 채무불이행책임을 물을 수 있을 것이다.

In this article, we analyze the general Chinese Characters in China and Korea on their types and font style through the comparison of 7,000 general Chinese Characters in China and three contemporary Word Tables in Korea. Through the comparison, we got related data and point out the crucial problems which need to be settled of those contemporary Chinese Characters in Korea. The use of Chinese Characters is vital to the inheritance of Korean history and culture. It is also important to the source sharing in Asia. Therefore, this research has significant meaning to the research about the common Chinese Characters in Asia.

본 연구에서는 “S”자 다리우스 형 블레이드는 입체적 곡선의 형상으로 미적인면을 고려하여 독창적으로 고안 하였다. 실험용 모형제작을 위하여 4가지 단면 블레이드모형을 K-표준 모델을 기초로 한 CFD 시뮬레이션을 통해 그 성능을 상대적으로 평가하였다. 수치해석은 풍향을 0°, 90°, 180°, 270°로 그 주위의 유동장과 압력장을 해석하였으며, 각 블레이드에 작용하는 Torque와 Power 값을 확인하였다. 블레이드의 효율은 전체적으로 풍향이 0°일 때 높게 나타났으며, Type D에 비해 Type A, B, C는 높은 것으로 나타났다.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been a focus of cancer prevention studies due to the fact that it occurs by a multistep process and that a precancerous lesion in the oral mucosa is easily accessible. The present study was aimed at developing an optical detection system using autofluorescence spectrum measurements for the early detection of oral cancer. The optical detection system was designed to use an excitation wavelength of 337 nm emanating from a Xenon lamp. Precancerous and cancerous lesions were created in the hamster buccal pouch by treatment with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). Four groups of five hamsters each were used in this experiment. The right buccal pouch was treated with 0.5% DMBA to induce carcinogenesis while the left buccal pouch was treated with mineral oil as a control. The autofluorescence of both buccal pouches was measured weekly. A difference in the excitation pattern between the normal and the carcinogen-treated tissue was noticed after three weeks. Specifically, the intensity of the autofluorescence spectrum in the DMBA-treated buccal pouch was increased at wavelengths between 400 and 450 nm. The results of the autofluorescence measurements were compared to histological findings and show that the intensity of the autofluorescence increased along with the stage of epithelial dysplasia. Based on the fact that one of the autofluorophores in this tissue is NADH, we measured the fluorescence at the 450-nm NADH wavelength to conclude that the increased autofluorescence in the dysplastic areas may be caused by NADH. Based on these data, we suggest that autofluorescence optical methods are a useful tool for the early detection of oral cancer.

The research is based on the existing statistic study, which is built upon oracle-bone inscriptions’components with different formats. The quantative statistics of oracle-bone inscriptions’components rested on the frequency of characters engraved on oracle bones is accomplished in this study for the first time. Further, the study compares the quantative statistics of oracle-bone inscriptions’components from the perspectives of characters’formats and frequency. Consequently, the study obtains more authentic information about the quantity of oracle-bone inscriptions’components. Aside from that, the study also reveals the phenomenon that the slow development of oracle-bone inscriptions is associated with the intensive apprearances of oracle-bone inscriptions’components at the highest frequency and the lowest frequency.

This paper addresses capacity expansion planning model of distribution center under usability of public distribution center. For discrete and finite time periods, demands for distribution center increase dynamically. The capacity expansion planning is to