Red pepper powder (Capsicum annum L.) is an important seasoning as a kimchi ingredient in korea and most korean consumer tend to eat the korean red pepper powder as the better than other oriental country such as China. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was applied for discrimination according to geographical origin (Korea, China) of red pepper powder. The objective of this study is to determine if NIR technique could be used to discriminate between the korean red pepper powder and non-korean red pepper powder according to seed content and maxing ratio in red pepper powder by using the new method. Rapid, precise and nondestructive analysis method for determination of the geographical origin of red pepper powder by near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics were performed. It has been observed discriminant analysis with PLS is adequate to determinate the geographical origin of red pepper powder. It tend to difficult the discrimination of geographical origin according to increase the seed content of red pepper powder. The accuracy of discrimination in mixed red pepper powder was range from 95.2% to 100%.

To observe trends over time in the consumers' preference for food purchasing, a content analysis of food advertising in Women's Dong-A was conducted with the five-year intervals from 1968 to 1995. Advertisements for food were classified with the types of foods represented, the types of food products sold, and the types of promotional statements. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. The percentages of advertisements for Ingredients &Condiments group; Fats, Sugars & Desserts group; and Beverages group were peaked in the 1970s; advertisements for Protein foods, Dairy products, and Fruits & Vegetables began to increase in early 1980s; and advertisements for Starch & Cereals stabilized over time. 2. The percentages of advertisements for products classified as Fresh, Frozen and Bottled foods increased linearly; and Canned, Dry products (whether ready-to-eat or required reconstitution) decreased. 3. The percentages of promotional statements about General Health Nutrition and Contains specific nutrients were all very high, although they may decrease in recent decade; promotional statements about Minimizes or Eliminates Certain substances increased linearly over time. 4. The advertisements of Consumer-related statement were very high over time. The proportion of statement about Taste was 60.6% of all advertisements.

The contents of articles on food safety and policy in the Donga and Chosun Ilbo from January 1960 to June 1996 were analyzed for the evaluation of subjects and trends in mass media. Among the total of 490 articles, those on cereals were most frequently appeared (20.0%), followed by the articles on sea foods (10.6%) and meats (10.0%). Articles on fats and oils were the least (2.0%) in frequencies. The proportions of articles classified based on the 10-year interval were 28.0% in the 60's, 28.0% in the 70's, 20.6% in the 80's, and 23.4% in the 90's. Major contents of articles were the safety of imported foods, food contaminations by agricultural chemicals, heavy metals and harmful additives.

주(主) 재배품종인 의성종과 영천종의 유효성분을 HPLC 및 TLC로 분석한 결과 주(主)성분인 paeoniflorin 함량은 의성종이 영천종보다 높으며 albiflorin과 oxypaeoniflorin의 함량을 두 재배종에서 비교하면 의성종은 albiflorin 함량이 많고 영천종은 oxypaeoniflorin의 함량이 많았다. 생산지에 따른 paeoniflorin의 함량차이는 2.15% 에서 4.08% 의 범위였고 의성과 거창의 것은 비슷하였으며 영천의 것이 가장 낮았다. 18종의 재배종들은 품종에 따라 다양한 paeoniflorin 함량 차이를 보이며 작약성분분석의 HPLC 크로마토그랍을 albiflorin, oxypaeoniflorin 및 paeoniflorin 피크를 기준으로 비교해본 결과 크게 3가지 패턴으로 분류할수 있었다. 이 세가지 유형은 의성종 패턴 9종, 영천종 패턴 4종 풍기표준종패턴 5종 이었다. 수확시기에 따른 작약의 paeoniflorin의 함량변화를 조사한 결과 3월과 9월에 수확한 것이 낮았으며 5월과 11월에 수확한 작약의 paeoniflorin 함량이 높았다.

The contents of articles on nutrition in life cycle, health and disease in the Korean daily newspapers were analyzed for the evaluation of the trends in nutrition information in mass media. Among 922 articles pressed from January 1960 to June 1996, articles on nutrition in life cycle were most frequently appeared, which is followed by articles on nutrition in disease, health foods and other related food and nutrition informations. There was a deep contrast in that the proportion of articles on nutrition in life clyle decreased from 58% in the 60's to 33% in the 90's, and those of nutrition in disease, and health foods increased from 23% and 5% in 60's to 34% and 18% in 90's, respectively.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the important changes and the trends in Korean newspaper articles related to 1) food habits and food consumption patterns 2) nutrition, health and diseases 3) food safety and policy. The method used in this study was content analysis of the articles pressed in Donga ilbo and Choseun ilbo from January 1960 to June 1996. Among the total 1814 articles, those on nutrition, health and disease were 922 (50.8%), food safety and policy were 490 (27%) and food habits and consumption patterns were 402 (22.2%). The articles related to food habits and consumption patterns dealt with four contents, food habits reformation, changes in food consumption patterns, nutritional status and food habits. The frequencies of food habits content were highest (51.1%) and especially increased in 1980's and 1990's as the concerns on health and pursuit of convenience were increased. Most of contents related to food habits were health and longevity diet (44%) and eating out (27.5%). The percentile of food habits reformation, the changes in food consumption patterns and nutritional status were 20.1%, 18.4% and 10.0%, respectively. The contents of food habits reformation were most interested in 1960's when food shortage and poverty prevailed. Nowadays, the major subjects of food habits reformation were changed to the problem of wastage and the use of our agricultural foods. The frequencies of change in food consumption patterns were gradually increased from 1960's (7 item) to June 1996 (34 items). And the most of contents related to nutritional status were focused on suffering from food shortage especially in 1960's.

Countertrade transaction is considered as an alternative of traditional trade by companies or governments around the world, but it represents more than just alternative. This paper presents an analysis of Countertrade Outlook(weekly). First, the various forms of countertrade covered in this study are explained and illustrated with recently reported Korean countertrade transactions. Second, current data on countertrade transactions for 1988 and the first half of 1989 are analyzed. The analysis covers the frequency and relative importance of countries involved, forms of countertrade used, and types of products imported and exported by Korean consistent with earlier studies on countertrade. Finally, the implications are discussed. International marketing managers need to be aware of recent trends in countertrade, and developments in Korean government policy. This knowledge will enable them to identify, and to take advantage of, emerging opportunities in the Korean marketplace.

The objective of this study is to explore the whole process of fraud risk management strategies that should be implemented by the organizations. Secondly, this study discusses the governance issues that arise at each stage of the process. For the purpose of this study, a content analysis of previous literatures is used as a technique for gathering data. This process usually involves codifying qualitative and quantitative information into pre-defined categories in order to derive patterns in the presentation and reporting of information. Based on our content analysis, we found that the fraud risk management process should be made of at least five stages which are inculcating the culture of managing risks in an organization, identifying the risks, evaluating the risks, determining preventive actions and implementing and reviewing stages. Our extended analysis of the fraud risk management process finds that a lot of governance issues arise in the fraud risk management process that should be solved by regulators and companies in order to ensure that fraud risk management process is embedded as corporate culture, not merely as a process. Among them are how to create the risk culture in an organization and whether auditors and risk management committees identify risks from each available source.

The plasma cortisol of nurserypigs was examined using an outdoor efficacy testwith a digital content-based approach in animal welfare convergence types. Nine nurserypigs,without discriminating between female and male, were classified into 2 groups of 3 pigs each: control and group 1 (effect+nature), control and group 2(effect+nature+music). The control group was the same for group 1 and 2 to compare the effects using a t-test. There was no significant difference in plasma cortisol levels between the control group and group 1 until 4 h after stress induction. However, significant differences were subsequently found between the control group and group 1 from 8 h to 72 h (p<0.05). Further, plasma cortisol was not affected in group 2 at 0 h through 8 h and 72 h. At 12 h through 48 h, group 2 showed a reduction in plasma cortisol level compared to the control group(p<0.05). These results indicated that after stress induction, applying effect plus nature or effect plus nature plus music can effectively decrease plasma cortisol levels in nursery pigs within8 h through 72 h and may serve as a better model for digital content-based approach in animal welfare convergence types.

Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) is a traditional medicinal herb especially in Korea. It contains pyranocoumarins, which are major active components including decursin (D) and decursinol angelate (DA). This study was carried out to determine the change in active component content and antioxidant activity depending on the root diameter of AGN. Several processing steps are involved to use AGN roots as medicine. The dried AGN roots are divided into body (B), thick root (TkR), medium root (MR) and thin root (TnR) according to their diameter before cutting into medicine. The recovery rates of each root parts per 100 ㎏ were measured as 32.3±2.5, 9.0±1.0, 39.3±2.1 and 15.0±1.0%, respectively and the mean diameters were measured as 51.95±4.55, 7.05±0.89, 2.88±0.49 and 1.57±0.32 ㎜. Two index components, D and DA, were analyzed. The change of both D and DA content showed a similar tendency. Both D and DA content were increased as the root diameter decreased (higher in TnR). In addition, antioxidant activity was higher in B and TnR, and lower in TkR and MR than control. This study showed that the thinner the root diameter, the higher the D and DA content in AGN roots and that TnR has excellent antioxidant activity compared to other root parts, suggesting that the thinner root part of AGN could be used as a potential material.

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a species of the Brassicaceae family and an important root vegetable crop, produced worldwide. A total of 82 radish accessions with various morphological and physiological characteristics analyzed for total sugars content. These accessions includes five subspecies and classified as wild, wild-relative, traditional and improved cultivar. The four sugars, glucose, fructose, sucrose and maltose, showed various contents in 82 accessions. Total sugar content ranged from 5.64 to 46.68 ㎎/g and showed average 25.33 ㎎/g. Total sugar content was not statistically significant among the five subspecies, but individual sugar ratio varied. The wild, wild-relatives and traditional cultivars were not significantly among average total sugars content compared with improved cultivars. On the other hand, the wild and traditional cultivars were showed high ratio of individual sugars. These results could be valuable information for the development of new radish cultivars and regulation of sugars biosynthesis in radish.

김정은 시대, 북한의 교육과정 개편에 따라 발행된 새로운 역사 교과서에는 이전 교과서에서는 수록되지 않았던 독도에 관한 북한의 역사교육 내용을 확인할 수 있다. 독도에 대한 북한의 역사 인식을 좀 더 자세히 살펴보기 위해 본고에서는 북한 역사 교과서의 내용 중 독도에 관한 텍스트, 학습 자료 등을 남한 역사 교과서와 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 양 체제의 역사 교과서에서 다음과 같은 공통점을 발견할 수 있었다. 첫째, 남북한 모두 일본의 역사 왜곡 주장에 대한 부당성을 강조한다. 둘째, 독도에 관한 내용서술의 측면에서는 독도의 위치와 통사적 안내가 제시되고, 일본의 역사왜곡에 대한 문제를 지적하 고 있다. 셋째, 역사 교과서에 수록된 모든 지도에는 독도의 형상이 표현되었으며, 독도를 다루는 비중은 비슷하였다. 양 체제의 역사 교과서에서 특징적인 차이점은 다음과 같다. 북한 역사 교과서는 인민을 강조해서 인물 위주로 내용을 서술한 반면, 남한 교과서에는 다양한 학습 자료를 통해 내용이 구성되었다. 남북한 역사 교과서에서 독도 관련 내용은 공통적으로 조선시대를 중심으로 다뤄지는데, 남한의 경우 현대사 시기의 학습단원에서 강조되고 있다. 이상의 공통점과 차이점을 개진하며, 독도에 관해서만은 남․북한이 하나의 관점과 의지로 함께 문제를 해결할 수 있기를 기대한다.

예부터 한국, 중국, 일본 등 동아시아 국가들은 경중의 계약을 체결할 때 도장과 인주를 사용하는 문화가 있다. 인주의 주성분은 유화수은이고 이를 사용하는 대표 국가인 일본은 인주에서 발생하는 수은을 무기 수은 화합물로 규제하고 있다. 국내에서는 관-공서, 일반가정 등 인주가 보편적으로 이용되고 있으나 이와 관련된 규정이 없어 인주의 사용량, 발생량 등에 대한 정보가 부족한 실정이다. 수은에 대한 국제적인 관심은 2013년 일본 구마모토에서 미나마타 협약을 채결하면서 높아졌다. 또한, 바젤 협약에서 수은 폐기물에 대한 수은 함량 기준을 5 mg/kg 이하로 논의되면서 수은 처리에 대한 관심도 증가하였다. 본 연구에서는 폐 인주에서 발생하는 수은함량을 분석하여 바젤 협약에서 논의된 기준과 비교해 폐 인주의 유해성을 파악하여 국내의 추가적인 규정이 필요한 지를 검토하였다. 수은 함량 분석을 위한 시료는 국내에서 주로 판매 및 유통하고 있는 3개사의 제품을 대상으로 설정하여 분석을 실시하였다. 시료는 US EPA(United States Environmental Protection Agency)method 7473이 적용된 Direct Mercury Analyzer(DMA-80)으로 분석하였다. 인주의 수은 함량 분석결과 폐 인주에 관련된 별도의 규제는 필요하지 않으나, 이에 대한 위험성은 다소 의식하여야 한다.

Background : Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) is a perennial plant found in East Asian countries and an crucial medicinal herb especially in Korea. It contains several chemicals like pyranocoumarins, which are major active components including decursin (D) and decursinol angelate (DA), essential oils and polyacetylenes. This study was carried out to determine the change in active components depending on the root diameter of AGN. Methods and Results : Several processing steps are involved to use AGN roots as medicine. The dried AGN roots are divided into body (B), thick root (TkR), medium root (MR) and thin root (TnR) according to their diameter before cutting into medicine. Among them, B and TkR are mainly used as medicine. The mean diameter of dried each root part (B, TkR, MR, TnR) were measured as 51.95, 7.05, 2.88, and 1.57 ㎜, respectively. The water content of each root part was slightly reduced depending on the size of the diameter (higher in B). In addition, the two active components, D and DA, were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The change of both D and DA content showed a similar tendency. Both D and DA content were increased as the root diameter decreased (higher in TnR). Conclusion : This study showed that the thinner the root diameter, the higher the D and DA content in AGN roots, suggesting that the thinner root parts of AGN could be used as potential materials.

The potato tuber is known as a rich source of essential nutrients, used throughout the world. Although potatobreeding programs share some priorities, the major objective is to increase the genetic potential for yield through breeding or to eliminate hazards that reduce yield. Glycoalkaloids, which are considered a serious hazard to human health, accumulate naturally in potatoes during growth, harvesting, transportation, and storage. Here, we used the AMMI (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction) and GGE (Genotype main effect and genotype by environment interaction) biplot model, to evaluate tuber yield stability and glycoalkaloid content in six potato cultivars across three locations during 2012/2013. The environment on tuber yield had the greatest effect and accounted for 33.0% of the total sum squares; genotypes accounted for 3.8% and G×E interaction accounted for 11.1% which is the nest highest contribution. Conversely, the genotype on glycoalkaloid had the greatest effect and accounted for 82.4% of the total sum squares), whereas environment and G×E effects on this trait accounted for only 0.4% and 3.7%, respectively. Furthermore, potato genotype ‘Superior’, which covers most of the cultivated area, exhibited high yield performance with stability. ‘Goun’, which showed lower glycoalkaloid content, was the most suitable and desirable genotype. Results showed that, while tuber yield was more affected by the environment, glycoalkaloid content was more dependent on genotype. Further, the use of the AMMI and GGE biplot model generated more interactive visuals, facilitated the identification of superior genotypes, and suggested decisions on a variety of recommendations for specific environments.

국내 폐기물 발생량은 급격한 산업화와 인구 증가 등의 요인으로 인해 꾸준히 증가하고 있으며 이에 따라 다양한 폐기물 처리방법이 수행되고 있다. 폐기물 처리방법 중 하나인 고형연료제품 제작은 폐기물 발생을 최소화할 수 있고 폐기물 중 가용 자원의 재활용을 극대화 할 수 있기 때문에 신재생에너지로 간주되고 있다. 고형연료는 고체폐기물 중 폐합성수지류, 폐지류, 폐목재류 등 가연성 물질을 선별하여 파쇄, 건조 등의 처리과정을 거쳐 연료화시킨 것을 통칭하며 소각시설이나 발전시설에서 연료로 사용되고 있다. 하지만 최근 미세먼지 문제가 심각해지면서 고형연료에 대한 부정적 인식이 늘고 있으며 이를 극복하기 위해서는 고형연료가 안전한 제품으로 인식될 수 있도록 다수의 품질기준 적합성 검사가 필요하다. 고형연료 품질기준 중 중금속 함량 분석은 이러한 인식 제고에 반드시 필요한 시험 항목이기 때문에 정확성이 확보되어야 하며 현재 고형연료 품질시험방법에 따른 중금속 분석방법은 전처리 과정에서 고형연료 시료가 완전히 분해되지 않는 문제점이 발견되었다. 본 연구에서는 기존 고형연료의 중금속 함량 분석 방법을 개선하기 위해 마이크로파 전처리 조건의 산 종류, 마이크로파 전력(W), 반응시간에 변화를 주어 이에 따른 17종의 중금속(As, Cd, Pd, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, Sb, Sr, Ti, V, Zn)함량 변화를 확인하였다. 대상 시료는 인증표준물질 ERM-EC680k를 사용하였고 마이크로파 전처리를 통해 제조된 액상시료는 유도결합플라즈마 분광분석기(ICP-OES)를 통해 분석하였다.

Moisture content is an important factor in landfill gas production and effective landfill stabilization management at bioreactor landfills. Moisture content was experimentally estimated by applying the rainfall hydrograph theory through cover materials, such as the general and bio-solid soil, in the Sudokwon landfill site. The rainfall hydrograph theory was used to analyze the water balance, in which moisture can be strongly affected by infiltration in the water balance. Cover material characteristics, such as bulk density, porosity, specific gravity, and hydraulic conductivity, were used to estimate the water balance of the landfill site. From the results of the water balance, runoff was increased, but evaporation and infiltration were decreased with increasing rainfall rate for both general and bio-solid soil. As the bulk density increased in both general and bio-solid soil, runoff was increased, but infiltration was decreased, because hydraulic conductivity in the cover material was decreased with increasing bulk density. Finally, the moisture content of landfill waste increased linearly, with increasing infiltration through the cover materials, even though the increment in moisture content was decreased along the depth of landfill.