Mutation breeding is characterized by its merit, creation of new mutant characters and addition of very few traits without disturbing other characters of variety. Gamma ray is generally used to induce mutation in various crops. Heading dat is one of the key factors in the regional and seasonal adaptation of rice verity. This study was carried out to evaluate agronomic characteristics, genetic variation and grain quality of early heading rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Dongjin 1) lines derived from gamma-ray (Co60, 300 Gy) irradiation. The average heading date of the early heading lines in M7 and M8 generation was faster than that of mother verity as 11 (line γ-2), 10 Aug (line γ-5), 6 Aug (γ-1 line), 5 Aug (γ-3 and X-1), 4 (line γ-4) days, respectively. The selected lines showed shorter culm length and ear length compared with the control. Total spikelets per panicle, percent ripened grain and thousand grain weight of the lines were also mostly shorter or lower than those of the control except total spikelets per panicle of γ-4 and γ-5 lines. When genetic variations of rps16-trnK region were evaluated by nucleotide analysis, nucleotide length of the rps16-trnK region was 664 bp in all the early-heading lines and control. Out of 5 sites of nucleotide transposition detected in the region, however, 2 sites were appeared only in the early-heading lines. Amylose content of the early heading lines ranged from 18.3% to 18.4% and the content was included in high eating quality. Protein content of the lines ranged from 6.6% to 7.0%. The content belonged to Top-rice showing under 7% of protein content. Toyo taste value of the lines ranged from 76.3% to 84.8%.

A few high-mass X-ray binaries–consisting of an OB star plus compact companion–have been observed by Fermi andground-based Cerenkov telescopes like High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS) to be sources of very high energy (VHE;up to 30 TeV) γ-rays. This paper focuses on the prominent γ-ray source, LS 5039, which consists of a massive O6.5V starin a 3.9-day-period, mildly elliptical (e ≈ 0.24) orbit with its companion, assumed here to be an unmagnetized compactobject (e.g., black hole). Using three dimensional smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations of the Bondi-Hoyle accretionof the O-star wind onto the companion, we find that the orbital phase variation of the accretion follows veryclosely the simple Bondi-Hoyle-Lyttleton (BHL) rate for the local radius and wind speed. Moreover, a simple model,wherein intrinsic emission of γ-rays is assumed to track this accretion rate, reproduces quite well Fermi observations ofthe phase variation of γ-rays in the energy range 0.1-10 GeV. However for the VHE (0.1-30 TeV) radiation observed by theHESS Cerenkov telescope,it is important to account also for photon-photon interactions between the γ-rays and the stellaroptical/UV radiation, which effectively attenuates much of the strong emission near periastron. When this is included,we find that this simple BHL accretion model also quite naturallyfits the HESS light curve, thus making it a strong alternativeto the pulsar-wind-shock models commonly invoked to explain such VHE γ-ray emission in massive-star binaries.

식물유전자원의 소재를 확대하고자 동진 1호 벼의 건조 종자에 감마선(60Co, 300 Gy)을 조사하여 선발한 조기출수 계통의 유전적 변이성을 분석하였다. 선발한 조기출수 계통의 M7(2010년)과 M8(2011년) 세대에서 평균 출수기는 대조품종인 동진 1호(중만생종) 보다 각각 11일(γ-2 계통), 10일(γ-5 계통), 6일(γ-1 계통), 5일(γ-3 계통), 4일(γ-4 계통)이 빠르게 나타났다. ISSR 분석 결과, 선발계통의 유전적 다형성은 γ-2 계통 5.9%, γ-1 계통 7.5%, γ-4 계통 15.1%, γ-3 계통 15.3%, X-1 계통 19.4%, γ-5 계통 23.4%로 대조품종의 4.3% 보다 높게 나타나 방사선 조사로 DNA 수준에서 변이가 증가되었음을 확인하였다. 엽록체 DNA(rps16-trnK 영역) 분석 결과, 염기 길이는 대조 품종과 같은 664 bp인 반면, 총 5개 염기서열 영역에서 치환 변이가 발생하였고 그 중 6 bp 및 587 bp 영역의 변이는 선발 계통에서만 나타났다.

유채(Brassica napus L.) '내한', '탐미', '한라' 등 3품종의 종자에 양성자 및 감마선을 0~2,000 Gy로 처리하여 조숙, 단간, 다수성 등 농경상 유용형질을 갖고 기름함량과 지방산 중 올레인산 함량이 높은 바이오디젤용 품종을 육성하고자 본 연구를 실시하였다. M5세대까지 세대를 진전시키고 특성조사를 실시하여 고정성이 높고 농경형질이 우수한 조숙 단간 1 계통, 조숙 1계통, 단간 2계통과 대화 1계통, 엽록소변이 1계통을 선발하

TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) is broadly regarded as an excellent methodology for reverse genetics applications. Approximately 15,000 M3 TILLING lines have been developed via the application of gamma-ray irradiation to rice seeds (cv. Donganbyeo), followed by subsequent selections. In an effort to evaluate the genetic diversity of the TILLING population, we have employed the AFLP multiple dominant marker technique. A total of 96 (0.64%) TILLING lines as well as Donganbyeo were selected randomly and their genetic diversity was assessed based on AFLP marker polymorphisms using 5 primer combinations. An average of 100.4 loci in a range of 97 to 106 was detected using these primer combinations, yielding a total of 158 (31.4%) polymorphic loci between Donganbyeo and each of the 96 lines. A broad range of similarity from 80% to 96% with an average of 89.4% between Donganbyeo and each of the 96 lines was also observed, reflecting the genetic diversity of the TILLING population. Approximately 28 polymorphic loci have been cloned and their sequences were BLAST-searched against rice whole genome sequences, resulting in 20 matches to each of the gene bodies including exon, intron, 1 kb upstream and 1 kb downstream regions. Six polymorphic loci evidenced changes in the coding regions of genes as compared to the rice pseudomolecules, 4 loci of which exhibited missense mutations and 2 loci of which exhibited silent mutations. Therefore, the results of our study show that the TILLING rice population should prove to be a useful genetic material pool for functional genomics as well as mutation breeding applications.

In order to breed the useful mutants in black raspberry, cultivated in Gochang-gun, leaf-petiol explants from shoot-proliferating culture was regenerated after irradiated with 30, 50 and 70 Gy gamma-ray. The LD50 dose of leaf-petiol explants was identified as 30Gy after two months. Morphological characteristics of the variants were observed such as stem variation, existence and nonexistence of spine, spine color, anthocyanin content, width of leaf, thick of leaf compared with donor cultivar. Of the 701 mutants, 14 lines with the useful mutant characters were selected and random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) was carried out to confirm mutation state at the molecular level with 20 primers. There are many bands be revealed only in mutants and disappear in mutants reversely. RAPD analysis revealed a high level of genetic diversity among Control and mutants. Compared to Control, No. 14 mutant showed the highest genetic diversity. Also, the co-dominant SSR markers have allowed the evaluation of heterozygosity. Valuable mutants obtained will be useful for developing new cultivars and studying gene function in molecular level.

TILLING (Targeting Induced local Lesions IN Genomes) is known to be an excellent methodology for reverse genetics approach. About 15,000 M3 TILLING lines have been developed after gamma-ray irradiation to the rice seeds of Donganbye. In order to assess genetic diversity of the TILLING population. we have employed a multiple dominant marker technique, such as AFLP. A total of 96 (0.64%) lines including Dongganbye were randomly selected and their genetic diversity was assessed on the basis of AFLP marker polymorphism by using 5 primer combinations. An average of 100.4 loci with a range of 97 to 106 were detected by using the primer combinations, resulting in 173 (34.6%) polymorphic loci among 96 lines. A broad range of similarities with 80% to 96% was evidenced between Donganbye and each of 96 TILLING lines, reflecting genetic diversity of the TILLING population. About 30 polymorphic loci have been cloned and their sequences have been blasted against rice whole genome sequences. The sequences evidenced highly significant matches to each of genes including exons and introns, upstream sequences and downstream of genes, and intergeneic sequences. Therefore, the TILLING rice population would be valuable genetic sources for rice functional genomics.

다수요 새싹채소 중 무순과 적양배추의 종자를 선택하여 전자선과 감마선(0, 1, 3, 5 kGy)을 처리한 다음 생리적 특성과 발아과정 중 미생물 제어효과를 비교하였다. 무순과 적양배추 종자의 총세균 농도는 각각 5.02와 2.86 log CFU/g 이었으나 3 kGy 이상의 방사선 조사에 의해 log cycle 정도 감소하였다. 새싹의 재배과정 중 총세균의 농도는 점차 증가하는 경향이었으나, 재배 3일까지는 조사구와 비조사구의 차이가 크게 나

In order to breed the useful mutants in black raspberry, cultivated in Gochanggun, leaf-petiol explants from shootproliferating culture was regenerated after irradiated with 30, 50 and 70 Gy gamma-ray and seeds were irradiated with 100, 130, 150, 170 and 200 Gy gamma-ray. The LD50 dose of leaf-petiol explants and seeds in black raspberry was identified as 30 and 150 Gy after two months and one month, respectively. The mutants such as leaves with increasing width, chlorophyll content and increasing anthocyanin were selected in regenerated explants and seeds irradiated. The increased rate of leaves width and chlorophyll were 33.3% and 23.1% compared to the control. Also, antocyanin concentration in leaf of mutnats from irradiated seeds was increased till 17.3%. For the breeding of black raspberry, valuable mutants obtained will be expected for improving photosynthesis efficiency and functional components, and will be useful for developing new cultivars.

To facilitate an active breeding strategy for rice quality improvement, mutation were induced by treating rice variety Sindongjin seeds with gamma ray(300 Gray) and its fertilized eggs with MNU(1mM). Endosperm and grain shape of mutants were classified and selected in M2 population. From M2 generation, 48(7.6%) endosperm mutants and 179(11.9%) grain shape mutants were selected. White belly and White core were the most frequent. Selected grain mutants were classified into 16 types according to their morphological phenotypes. The overall segregation ratio was 3 : 1, controlled by one gene. Specially, SM-17 and SM-20 displayed segregation ratio of 9 : 7 and 1 : 15 respectively. Grain mutants showed generally earlier heading dates, shorter culm length and ear length than the parent. Grain length, grain width, and 1,000 grain weight were also mostly shorter and lower than the parent. In SEM analysis, each mutant type showed unique starch particle size and starch accumulation pattern. The density of polygonal cells and small inner corpuscles depending on amylose content decreased as following order - Waxy>Dull>Parent >White core. In SDS-PAGE analysis, SM-22 of Opaque group and SM-34 of Giant embryo group showed high glutelin polypeptide concentration. SM-23 of Floury group, SM-26 of Shrunken group, and SM-31 of Sugary group showed low concentration of total protein with variations in bands over 55kDa.

We bred a new green-kerneled glutinous rice variety that can be cultivated in the whole area of Korea, because only one native green-kerneled glutinous rice cultivar, “aengdongchalbyeo” has been cultivated in the southern coastal area due to its late heading. The seeds of “aengdongchalbyeo”were irradiated with 200 Gy of gamma ray in 1995. A promising mutant variety, “ogwonchalbyeo”(“onnong 17” was selected through line selection and regional yield trials. In particular, the new variety revealed at the earlier mid of August compared to that of “aengdongchalbyeo” the early of September, and it was considerably tolerant to a field lodging due to its shortened culm length. Also, “ogwonchalbyeo”had a higher ripened grain ratio and 1,000 grain weight compared to the original variety. The brown grain yield of the new variety was about 5.40 MT/ha, which was 11.3% higher than that of the original variety, in the regional yield trials at 3 different fields during 2000∼2001. The brown and milled grains of the new rice variety contained 20 to 65% higher amount of total amino acids, respectively than that of the original and two checks. For chlorophyll -a, -b and total chlorophyll, the new variety showed nearly two-fold higher than the checks, and for the carotenoid, it had 5.3 –7.6 times higher amount. These results showed that the new variety can be cultivated as a special green-kerneled glutinous rice with high functional compounds.

양성자와 감마선 조사한 추파형 유채 M2 세대의 화뢰의 소포자 배발생에 대해 조사하였다. 세 가지 유채품종 '한라', '내한'과 '탐미' 유채종자를 각각 400 Gy와 600 Gy의 양성자와 감마선으로 전처리 하였다. 일부 종의 양성자와 감마선 조사구에서 배발생이 증가되었고 대조구보다 높았다. 품종별로는 '내한'유채가 배발생 빈도가 가장 높았고 '탐미' 유채가 가장 낮았다. 드물게 배상체로부터 바로 소식물체가 형성되었고 대부분은 비정상적으로 multilobe가 형성되었다. 배상체로부터 식물체가 성공적으로 재분화 되었고 화분에 순화되었다