1988년부터 2007년 사이에 수행된 붉은머리오목눈이(Paradoxornis webbianus)의 생태연구 과정에서 종내탁란으로 추정되는 현상은 4개 둥지(0.38%, n=1,062)에서 관찰되었다. 첫 번째는 1995년 경기도 양평군 부용리에서 붉은머리오목눈이의 한배산란수의 범위를 초과하는 9개의 알이 있는 둥지가 관찰되었다. 두 번째와 세 번째는 2001년과 2005년, 경기도 안산시 사동에서 하루 사이에 2개의 알이 산란된 둥지가 각각 관찰되었다. 마지막은 2007년 부용리에서 어미새의 산란 전에 어미새의 알과는 색이 다른 알이 하나 산란된 둥지가 발견되었다. 이러한 결과는 비록 낮은 빈도이지만 붉은머리오목눈이에서 종내탁란 현상이 나타나고 있음을 보여준다.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary sericite(SC) on laying performance, feed conversion ratio, egg quality and fecal ammonium nitrogen. Three hundreds and sixty 92-wk-old, Lohman Lite layers were randomly divided into 20 groups of 18 birds each and assigned to five experiment for 4 weeks (72 birds per treatment). Dietary treatments were Control (control diet), SC 0.5 (control diet +0.5% sericite), SC 1.0 (control diet +1.0% sericite), SC 1.5 (control diet +1.5% sericite), and SC 2.0 (control diet +2.0% sericite). Hen-day egg production tended to increase by the SC 1.0%, SC 1.5% and SC 2.0% supplementation in the diets. Egg weight also tended to increase by the SC 1.0% addition in the diets. Feed intake was increased (p<0.05) in SC 1.5 and SC 2.0 but feed conversion was improved (p<0.05) only in SC 1.0 (p<0.05). Digestibility of nutrients were not linearly affected by dietary supplementation of sericite although there was an inconsistent difference. Egg shell strength, albumin height, yolk color, and egg shell thickness were not affected (p<0.05) by treatments. Fecal NH3-N concentration was decreased (p<0.05) by dietary sericite supplementation compared to control. This study showed that dietary 1.0% sericite supplementation can be beneficial to improve egg production, egg weight and feed conversion and to decrease fecal NH3-N concentration.

천안시 입장면에 위치한 두 곳의 포도원에서 꽃매미의 산란위치에 따른 난괴수를 조사하였다. 또한 합판과 부직포, 인삼용 차광천을 이용하여 인위적인 산란장소를 제공하여 경사유무, 차광 정도, 표면 특성에 따른 산란 정도를 조사하였다. 포도원 내부보다는 외곽에(F=1860.97, p<.0001), 수직보다는 경사진 곳에(F=1941.73, p<.0001), 포도나무보다는 시멘트 지주에(F=905.71, p<.0001), 노출된 곳보다는 식물체에 가려진 곳에(F=4785.73, p<.0001) 더 많이 산란을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 포도원 외곽에 위치하고 경사져 있으며 식물체로 가려진 시멘트 지주에서 평균 51.1개의 난괴가 발견되었으며, 수직이지만 식물체로 가려진 시멘트 지주에서도 평균 23.5개의 난괴가 발견되었다. 인위적인 산란장소를 제공한 실험에서도 차광정도(F=6.76, p=0.0026), 표면특성(F=66.76, p<.0001), 경사유무(F=7.98, p=0.0069)에 따라 산란된 난괴수에 유의한 차이가 존재하여 포도원에서의 결과와 동일하였으며 차광정도와 표면특성(F=4.45, p=0.0169) 그리고 표면특성과 경사유무(F=4.90, p=0.03160) 사이에는 유의한 상호작용이 존재하였다.

가루이류, 응애류, 나방류 알과 어린유충 등을 포식하는 참딱부리긴노린재에 대한 발육과 산란에 미치는 온도의 영향을 구명하기 위하여 25, 30, 35, 37.5, 40℃와 습도 70±10% 조건에서 조사하였다. 참딱부리긴노린재의 알 부화율은 25～35℃에서 80%이상이었으나, 37.5℃는 59.98%였고, 40℃는 전혀 부화하지 않았다. 알 발육기간은 25℃가 13.22일로 가장 길었고, 37.5℃가 4.98일로 가장 짧았다. 약충(1～5령)의 발육기간은 25, 30, 35, 37.5℃에서 각각 30.68 18.95, 14.34, 12.35일로 온도가 높을 수 록 짧아졌으며, 40℃에서는 발육하지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 약충 발육기간 동안 생존율은 25℃에서 56.1%로 가장 높았으나, 나머지 온도에서는 28.4%이하로 매우 낮아 대량사육과정에서 생존율을 높일 수 있는 기술이 필요하다. 성충의 평균 산란기간은 25℃가 37.93일로 가장 길고, 40℃가 6.46일로 가장 짧았으며, 성충 우화 후 70%산란기간은 25, 30, 35, 37.5, 40℃에서 각각 39, 23, 19, 11, 5일이었다. 총 산란수는 35℃에서 111.19개로 가장 많았고, 40℃가 22.11개로 가장 적었다. 성충의 수명은 25, 30, 35, 37.5, 40℃에서 각각 62.45, 39.32, 33.81, 17.00, 9.31일로 온도가 높을 수 록 짧아지는 것으로 나타났다. 참딱부리긴노린재는 35℃의 고온에서 정상적인 발육과 산란을 하는 것으로 보아 비닐하우스 고온 조건에서 재배되는 참외 등 포복성 작물에 발생하는 가루이류 등의 해충 생물적방제 천적으로 이용이 가능할 것으로 추정된다.

Bumblebees are widely used to pollinate crops in greenhouses and fields. Here we firstly developed an apparatus for the oviposition induction of the bumblebee Bombus ignitus using electricity. The apparatus consists of boxes for colony initiation, part of temperature control, part of heat transfer, and moving shelf. The result shows that the rates of oviposition and colony foundation in the newly developed apparatus are respectively 3.9% and 5.2% higher than in the existing apparatus using hot water. More importantly, the newly developed apparatus is 75% cheaper in costs and can more save energy than existing apparatus. These results indicate that the newly developed apparatus could serve as an effective apparatus for the oviposition induction of B. ignitus.

We present a Monte-Carlo simulation code, which solves the problem of dust-scattering in interstellar dust clouds with arbitrary light source distribution and dust density structure, and calculate the surface brightness distribution. The method is very flexible and can be applied to radiative transfer problems occurring not only in a single dust cloud, but also in extragalactic dust environment. We compare, for performance test, the result of Monte-Carlo simulation with the well-known analytic approximation for a spherically symmetric homogeneous cloud. We find that the Code approximation gives a very accurate result.

This study was performed to investigate the escape of pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, from two vector species (Monochamus alternatus and M. saltuarius) through oviposition and feeding behavior. First, we checked number of PWNs escaped from M. alternatus emerged from three different cases of pine logs. In case A, healthy pine trees were cut into logs and left in pine forest infected with PWN. In case B, healthy pine trees were cut into logs, left in large screen cage, and let them oviposited by M. alternatus emerged from pine trees infested with PWN. In case C, pine trees which were harboring M. alternatus were cut into logs, and PWN was inoculated artificially. The M. alternatus adults emerged from the above three cases of pine logs were checked in the next year to know how many PWN they were harboring in their bodies. The percentages of M. alternatus harboring PWN (18.3 and 15.6%, respectively) and number of nematodes per vector (5,713.1±9,248.3 and 2,034.1±4,746.8 PWNs, respectively) in case A and B logs are similar to each other. However, the percentage and the number in case C (38.3% and 20,083.1±32,188.3 PWNs) were higher than those of case A and B. Among 52 M. alternatus adults harboring PWN from all the three cases, 20 adults (38.5%) were harboring more than 5,000 PWNs per beetle. And these 20 adults were harboring 97.9% of the total PWNs in 52 adults. Second, we checked the daily escape of PWNs from M. alternatus and M. saltuarius collected at pine forest infested with PWN. The PWN escaped from their vector body for 34.9±12.4 days for M. alternatus, and for 23.9±16.2 days for M. saltuarius, reaching at peak escape during the 2nd week of emergence of the two vector species. A 44.5 and 47.2% to the total PWNs escaped from vector body within 2 weeks of vector emergence for M. alternatus and M. saltuarius, respectively. The number of PWNs escaped from each vector was 3,570.6±5,189.2 and 1,556.2±1,710.3 for M. alternatus and M. saltuarius, respectively.

This study examined the maturation and main spawning season of Japanese spear lobsters, Linuparus tirgonus(Von Siebold) captured around Jeju island from January to September, 2008. Carapace length(CL), body weight(BW) and gonad weight(GW) were measured. Gonadosomatic index(GSI) and sex ratio were calculated. In female group, CL showed the highest value in June and decreased after August. GW showed a peak in July and decreased rapidly after August. The mean gonadosomatic Index(GSI) reached a maximum value between June and August. Number of egg ranged from 143,360 to 189,504.

Maturation and spawning of the jack mackerel, Trachurus japonicus was investigated based on the samples captured in the coastal waters around Jeju Island from January 2007 to December 2008. Gonadosomatic index began to increase in March, and reached a maximum between April to June. After spawning it began to decrease from August. Reproductive season was estimated to March-July, with peak in April. Fecundity was proportional to the size of the female, with the clutch size varying from 33,493 eggs in the smallest female(FL=27.0cm) to 627,061 eggs in the largest(FL=40.6cm). Size at 50% sexual maturity(FL50), determined from mature females, was 26.6cm FL. Annual reproductive cycles of this species could be divided into six successive stages; immature stage(September-December), nucleolus stage(January-February), yolk vesicle stage(February-March), vitellogenic stage(March-April), ripe stage(April-July) and spent stage(July-September).

To develop the artificial spawning seaweeds of the sandfish, Arctoscopus japonicus, the effects by the material type of artificial spawning seaweeds were investigated at Dongsan port in Gangwon-do from December 2006 to March 2007. Sargassum fulvellum, S. horneri, rope and net were used as materials for artificial spawning seaweeds, and the most effective thing among them was S. fulvellum. A. japonicus began to attach the egg mass to artificial spawning seaweeds when sea temperature dropped below 10℃ in December, spawned heavily when it was around 8℃ in January, and completed the behavior when it started to increase over 10℃ in February. The hatching period of eggs was estimated to be about 60 days. The middle position in artificial spawning seaweed had the highest number of egg masses and the diameter of the egg mass ranged from 25mm to 62mm. Based on the result for the effects, the artificial spawning seaweeds of A. japonicus were developed and it is possible to use them to form seaweed forests or spawning grounds of other species.

The effect of light scattering layers (400 nm, TiO particle) of 4 m thickness on the dye-sensitized solar cell has been investigated with a 12 m thickness of photo-anode (20 nm, TiO particle). Two different structures of scattering layers (separated and back) were applied to investigate the light transmitting behaviors and solar cell properties. The light transmittance and cell efficiency significantly improved with inserting scattering layers. The back scattering layer structure had more effective transmitting behavior, but separated scattering layer (center: 2 m, back: 2 m) structure (9.83% of efficiency) showing higher efficiency (0.6%), short circuit current density (0.26 mA/cm) and fill factor (0.02). The inserting separating two scattering layers improved the light harvesting, and relatively thin back scattering layer (2 m of thickness) minimized interruption of ion diffusion in liquid electrolyte.

전남 신안군 증도면의 함초재배지에서 대발생하여 큰 피해를 주는 퉁퉁마디뿔나방(Scrobipalpa salinella)을 채집하여 충태별 형태, 발육기간 및 산란특성을 조사하였다. 알의 크기는 직경이 0.25mm, 폭이 0.51mm인 캡슐형태로 노란색이며 여러 개의 알을 모아 난괴형으로 산란하고, 부화유충은 두폭이 0.16mm이고, 길이는 0.68mm로 매우 작으며 부화한 후 엽육 속으로 잠입한다. 이후 유충은 함초의 엽육에 거미줄을 치고 갉아먹으며, 종령유충이 되면 번데기를 형성하기 위해 거미줄을 친 여러 가닥의 함초 엽육속에서 번데기가 된다. 번데기는 일반 나방류 번데기와 형태와 비슷한 갈색이며, 번데기 배끝의 모양에 따라 암수의 구분이 가능하다. 25℃ 조건에서 퉁퉁마디뿔나방의 충태별 발육 및 산란특성을 조사한 결과, 알, 유충, 번데기는 각각 4.4일, 20.9일 및 10.1일 이었다. 퉁퉁마디뿔나방 성충은 우화 후 4～5경부터 산란하기 시작하였고, 산란 후부터 5일까지가 최대 산란시기를 보였다. 퉁퉁마디뿔나방의 산란특성은 함초의 위쪽 보다는 아래쪽의 목질화된 마디 부위에 약 10～20개씩 난괴처럼 모아서 산란하였다.

Nymphal development, adult longevity, and oviposition of six different species of stink bugs were compared on seeds of a soybean cultivar, Taekwangkong, and two mung bean cultivars, Kyungseonnogdu and Jangannogdu in the insect rearing room (28±2℃, 16L:8D). Nymphs of six species of stink bugs normally developed on Taekwangkong seed. While nymphs of Riptortus clavatus, Halyomorpha halys, and Dolycoris baccarum developed on seeds of Kyungseonnogdu and Jangannogdu normally, all nymphs of Plautia stali, Piezodorus hybneri and Nezara antennata died after 4th instars on Kyungseonnogdu and after 3rd instars on Jangannogdu. Each instar period tended to be increased as nymphal stages were progressed. Nymphal period was shortest on Taekwangkong seed, followed by Kyungseonnogdu and Jangannogdu, irrelevant to stink bugs species. Emergence rate, adult longevity, and preoviposition period of 6 stink bugs were different depending on the reared seeds. Of 6 different species examined, Riptortus clavatus, Halyomorpha halys, and Dolycoris baccarum which fed on Jangannodu did not emerge, Plautia stali, Piezodorus hybneri, and Nezara antennata which fed on Jangannodu did not oviposit.

Due to change of various marine environments according to seawater temperature rising, Japanese common squid(Todarodes pacificus), which was distributed in East Sea, was recently caught in Yellow Sea during a summer season from 2006. The fishery resources density research was carried out in Korea-China Provisional Water Zone using trawl fishing gear and acoustics in National Fisheries Research & Development Institute in Korea. This paper showed the analysis on the acoustical backscattering strength by two frequencies(38kHz, 120kHz) for Japanese common squid by acoustical scattering theoretical model based on size distribution for survey period, and estimate the density distribution for squid s integrated layer which was extracted from any scatterers distributed in water column using two frequency difference method which has been used to distinguish fish shoals or specific target scatterers from sound scattering layer which is composed of various zooplankton. Furthermore, the entire range of their density estimation was suggested using by Monte Carlo simulation under considering each uncertainty such as size distributions or swimming angle and so on in survey area.

Changes in the surface morphology and light scattering of textured Al doped ZnO thin films on glasssubstrates prepared by rf magnetron sputtering were investigated. As-deposited ZnO:Al films show a hightransmittance of above 80% in the visible range and a low electrical resistivity of 4.5×10-4Ω·cm. The surfacemorphology of textured ZnO:Al films are closely dependent on the deposition parameters of heater temperature,working pressure, and etching time in the etching process. The optimized surface morphology with a cratershape is obtained at a heater temperature of 350oC, working pressure of 0.5 mtorr, and etching time of 45seconds. The optical properties of light transmittance, haze, and angular distribution function (ADF) aresignificantly affected by the resulting surface morphologies of textured films. The film surfaces, havinguniformly size-distributed craters, represent good light scattering properties of high haze and ADF values.Compared with commercial Asahi U (SnO2:F) substrates, the suitability of textured ZnO:Al films as frontelectrode material for amorphous silicon thin film solar cells is also estimated with respect to electrical andoptical properties.

잣나무에 소나무재선충병을 매개하는 매개충인 북방수염하늘소의 잣나무 수체내 분포상황과 성충의 탈출공 크기 등을 조사하기 위하여 2007년 1월 초 순경에 경기 광주시 소재 잣나무림의 재선충병 발생지내에서 고사된 잣나무 를 벌채하여 주간부와 가지부분으로 일정한 크기(80cm)로 조제한 후 야외 망 실(4m×2m×2.5m) 내에서 2007년 4월부터 5월까지 우화시기와 매개충 탈출공의 수체내 분포양식을 조사하였다. 또한, 망실 내에서 국내에 많이 분포하여 피 해가 우려되는 소나무류(해송, 잣나무, 낙엽송, 리기다소나무)를 선별하여 투 입하고 산란선호도를 조사하였다. 북방수염하늘소 성충이 번데기방에서 우화하여 잣나무의 목질부를 가해하 고 탈출할 때 생성되는 탈출공의 직경을 조사한 결과(n=858) 최대 9.62mm, 최 소 2.02mm, 평균 5.83±0.74mm로 나타났고, 잣나무의 경급별 탈출공의 분포는 공시목 직경이 8-14cm 범위가 49.3%로 가장 많이 분포하였다. 또한, 2-4cm는 0.8%, 4-8cm는 14.3%, 14cm이상은 35.5%로 나타났다. 잣나무에 있어서 북방수 염하늘소의 분포는 주간 상부 쪽과 가지의 직경이 비슷한 크기의 수준으로 존재하기 때문에 잣나무 내 어느 위치에서도 우화탈출하여 소나무재선충을 전파 할 수 있을 가능성이 있으나 직경 8-14cm가지가 많은 중․상부쪽에 주 로 분포하는 것으로 보인다. 이는 소나무에 있어서 솔수염하늘소의 분포양식 과 비슷하다. 소나무류 수종별 산란선호도와 관련된 침입공수의 출현빈도는 해송 18.8%, 잣나무 54.0%, 리기다소나무 7.7%, 낙엽송, 20.2%로 조사되었으 며, 각각 8.2%, 31.3%, 23.8%, 56.4%의 우화탈출율을 보였다.

지각내에서 지진파의 감쇠기구는 매질 고유의 흡수와 에너지의 산란에 의하여 조정된다. 한반도 남부에서 전체 감쇠로부터 산란과 고유의 에너지 손실량을 분리하여 추정했다. 전체감쇠를 고유 Q와 산란 Q로 분리하기 위하여, 단일 후방산란된 coda Q와 다중산란 이론의 관계로부터 유도되는 공식이 사용되었다. Q는 주파수 대역 1.5-20Hz 범위내에서 고유 Q가 산란 Q보다 훨씬 작은 것으로 나타났다. 이것은 한반도 지각내에서 고유 흡수에 의한 에너지 손실이 산란효과에 의한 손실보다 더욱 크다는 것을 의미한다. 1.5-3Hz범위의 고유 Q를 제외하고는 고유 Q와 산란 Q가 지진학적으로 활동적인 다른 지역에 비하여 큰 것으로 나타났다.

We present analytical approximations for calculating the scattering and escape of non-ionizing photons from a plane-parallel medium with uniformly illuminated by external sources. We compare the results with the case of a spherical dust cloud. It is found that more scattering and absorption occur in the plane-parallel geometry than in the spherical geometry when the optical depth perpendicular to the plane and the radial optical depth of the sphere are the same. The results can provide an approximate way to estimate radiative transfer in a variety interstellar conditions and can be applied to the dust-scattered diffuse Galactic light.

Scattering of incident light by the interstellar dust is usually approximated by Henyey-Greenstein scattering phase function. Recently, Draine (2003) proposed a new analytic phase function with two parameters. We describe an algorithm to generate random numbers distributed according to the Draine’s function, and compare two phase functions. It is also derived exact solutions of two parameters for given values ⟨cosθ⟩ and ⟨cos2θ⟩ . It is found that Henyey-Greenstein function with g = ⟨cosθ⟩ provides a good approximation for ${\lambda}\;>\;2000{\AA}$. At shorter wavelengths, more realistic phase function may be needed for radiative transfer models.

Oviposition preference of the bean bug, Riptortus clavatus to sites on a plant and within a field, to plants at different developmental stages, and to different leguminous germplasms was observed. The insect layed its eggs mainly on the back surface of leaf in the upper half of plant in both observation from oviposition cage and soybean field. The egg number in fields were observed at a statistically-same rate in marginal and inside area, and at a median value of one egg per leaf in oviposited leaves. Full seed stage of soybean hardly affected oviposition preference of the insect. A statistically-significant difference in oviposition to different leguminous germplasms was observed.