The objective of this study was to evaluate the immobilization efficiency and sequential extraction of soluble phosphates (Na2HPO4 ·12H2O, Ca(H2PO4)2 ·H2O, (NH4)2HPO4) for the stabilization of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd) in abandoned mine soil. The application rate of stabilizers to soils was determinated PO4/Pbtotal molar ratio of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0. The immobilization efficiency was evaluate of TCLP (EPA method 1311) used in a landfill for heavy metals. After processing stabilization, the immobilization efficiency of Pb is more than 95% at molar ratio of 2.0 regardless kind of phosphate. For Cu Zn and Cd, on the other hand, the efficiency has the range of from 30% to 50%, even though molar ratio increase up to 4.0. It is relatively low in comparison with Pb. Leachability of heavy metals was reduced with increasing amounts of added phosphate. Phosphates, Na2HPO4 ·12H2O was more immobilization than Ca(H2PO4)2 ·H2O, (NH4)2HPO4. After sequential extraction, form of heavy metals in soil tends to increase strongly bond like forms of organic matter-bound(F4) and residual (F5). Especially the stable residual form increases in all metals. The growth rate of residual fraction was a little different heavy metals. The growth rate of Zn is greatest increased from 17% to 22% than other metals, it was followed by Zn > Cd > Pb > Cu. Phosphates, Ca(H2PO4)2 ·H2O was the greatest increased for residual fraction.

The purpose of this study was to develope the environmentally favorable method of roller compacted soil concrete pavement using industrial waste red mud. Red mud was the major solid waste produced in the process of alumina extraction from bauxite(Bayer process). For recycling purpose, red mud was treated and applied to use as concrete admixtures. To this end, laboratory test such as compressive strength of soil concrete, and field test such as construction characteristics of soil concrete pavement, had been conducted. From the study results, the compressive strength of soil concrete was strongly related to its matrix proportion and compaction energy. The optimum mix proportion was comprised of cement 300 kg/m3, water 110 kg/m3, fine aggregate 600 kg/m3, course aggregate 1400 kg/m3, red mud admixture 50 kg/m3 and compaction energy above 2.86 cm-kgf/cm3. The 7th-day and 28th-day mean compressive strength of soil concrete were 43.8 MPa and 53.3 MPa each under the optimum condition. Pavement application of soil concrete using red mud admixture indicated that the proposed method was simple in case of construction and showed a good surface texture.

흙의 응력-변형 관계는 흙의 종류, 밀도, 응력수준 및 응력경로에 의존한다. 이들 요소들을 통합한 구성모델의 개발을 통해 정확한 흙의 응력-변형관계가 예측되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 백마강 모래를 이용하여 등방압축-팽창실험과 일련의 응력경로를 달리한 배수삼축압축시험을 통하여 응력경로에 따른 Lade의 단일항복면 구성모델의 토질매개변수 특성에 대하여 알아보았다. 그 결과 항복기준에 관련된 토질매개변수 h, α는 응력수준 및 응력경로에 대한 영향이 미소하며, 응력-변형거동에 미치는 영향이 작은 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 항복함수에 관련된 토질매개변수 h와 α는 파괴규준에 관련한 토질매개변수와 관련성이 매우 높아 η1에 관한 식으로 대체할 수 있으며, 이 식을 이용한 수치해석 결과 양호하게 예측하고 있는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다.

For the development of Boxthorn organic cultivation techniques, we investigated effect of several organic compost as a foundation fertilizer and growing plant fertilizer. And we adopted partly opening rain shelter greenhouse to protect anthracnose. In organic compost applying test yield characteristics of ‘Mixed organic compost’ treatment was the best but in betaine content measurement of dried fruit, ‘Mixed organic compost and nitrogen guano ’ treatment was the best and it’s chlorophyll and 100 fruit weight were also betfer than the other treatments.

Supplying rate of nitrogen at HV was 172.8 kg ha-1, HV/B was 64.3 kg ha-1 and B was 38.6 kg ha-1. The Rice yield was 7.05 ton ha- I when the nitrogen supply was the largest with HV and 5.42 ton ha- I was produced on HV/B. The chemical characteristics of soil have lower pH and exchangeable cations(Ca and Mg) at B, HV and HV/B, rather than at CF because green manure was applied at the former step. However, the physical characteristics of the soil and the porosity showed different tendency which was that it was better at the green manure crops than CF. Nitrogen nutrient balance was showed the most balanced at CF and field of application of green manure crops were required the appropriate management if future crops would be cultivated because nitrogen nutrient could be exhausted or accumulated. Introduction

항만 및 공장용지 확보를 위한 해안 매립 시 해저 펌프준설 등의 방법을 이용하여 준설토를 활용하고 있으며, 육상의 경우에도 조립준설토를 성토재로 활용하려는 노력이 진행되고 있다. 서해안 지역의 해저바닥에 분포하는 원지반은 실트질 모래 또는 모래질 실트가 남해안과 동해안에 비해서 많이 분포하고 있고, 다른 연안에 비해 입자 또한 크다. 이러한 특성을 지닌 준설토는 침강과 압밀의 과정도 준설점토와 다른 거동 특성을 보인다. 본 연구에서는 서해안 지역의 비소성준설토를 매립재료로 활용하기 위한 연구의 일환으로 서해안(새만금)지역의 준설매립지반에 대해 모형실험을 실시하여 동다짐 에너지 변화에 따른 원지반의 상대밀도 및 N값의 변화를 예측할 수 있는 예측식을 제안하고, 효율적인 지반설계를 위한 동다짐 에너지를 산정하였다.

In this study, a series of soil concrete mixtures were tested for the compressive strength according to ratio of aggregate to binder, compaction energy, maximum aggregate size, ratio of silica fume to cement, and ratio of water to binder. The optimum mixing ratio of soil concrete mixtures composed of volcaniclastic, cement, silica fume, concrete polymer and water were analysed. The test results for optimum proportion were as follows ; ①ratio of aggregate to binder was 4 : 1, ②compaction energy level was level 2, ③maximum aggregate size was 13 mm, ④ratio of silica fume to cement was 10%, ⑤ratio of water to binder was 25%. Also, dry type construction techniques were applied using the optimum soil concrete mixture. From the results of this study, the compressive strength of soil concrete and construction techniques were suitable for making eco-friendly soil pavement.

The purpose of the study was to analyze the persistence of HCH in atmosphere, soil, sediment and waterof the western and southern regions of Korea. The samples from the western region were collected from Anmyeon Island, and the samples from the southern region were collected from Kimhae and Busan. The concentration of HCH isomers in atmosphere showed the pattern of α-HCH>γ-HCH>ß-HCH. The regions with high HCH concentration in the atmosphere are the regions that have been highly exposed to HCH used in the past, and the areas that have been influenced by the long range transport. The HCH that persists in the soil, water and sediment evaporates into the atmosphere, showing the characteristics of Air-Surface exchange. When the regional concentration distributions arecompared, the concentration of HCH was higher in the atmosphere of a plain and the cities near the plain, than the urban areas. In this study, the ratio of α/γ-HCH was used as an indicator for estimating the source of Technical HCH and Lindane. According to the result, the contribution of Lindane was high in Kimhae plain and Kimhae urban areas. However, in Busan, the contribution of Technical HCH was higher than Lindane. In case of Anmyeon Island, the western region of Korea had high contribution from Tehcnical HCH. In soil and sediment, ß-HCH was dominant. In water, γ-HCH was dominant among other isomers. Such results are due to γ-HCH inLindane. Furthermore, the source of γ-HCH in urban areas is assumed to be the use of medicine, medical supplies and other living supplies. Based on the results of this study, the management of HCH, a newly list up emerging POPs, should be strengthened by further research on sources, fate, persistency, accumulation and exposures and etc. to the risk assessments.

The objectives of this study were to compare growth of Pllioblastus pygmaed and soil characteristics as affected by difference of soil thickness and mixture ratio in shallow-extensive green roof module system, and to identify the level of soil thickness and mixture as suitable growing condition to achieve the desired plants in green roof. Different soil thickness levels were achieved under 15cm and 25cm of shallow-extensive green roof module system that was made by woody materials for 500×500×300mm. Soil mixture ratio were three types for perlit: peatmoss: leafmold=6:2:2(v/v/v, P6P2L2), perlit: peatmoss: leafmold=5:3:2(v/v/v, P5P3L2) and perlit: peatmoss: leafmold=4:4:2(v/v/v, P4P4L2 ). On June 2006, Pllioblastus pygmaed were planted directly in a green roof module system in rows. All treatment were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replication. The results are summarized below. In term of soil characteristics, Soil acidity and electric conductivity was measured in pH 6.0∼6.6 and 0.12dS/m∼0.19dS/m, respectively. Organic matter and exchangeable cations desorption fell in the order: P4P4L2> P5P3L2> P6P2L2. P6P2L2 had higher levels of the total solid phase and liquid phase, and P4P4L2 had gas phase for three phases of soil in the 15cm and 25cm soil thickness. Although Pllioblastus pygmaed was possibled soil thickness 15cm, there was a trend towards increased soil thickness with increased leaf length, number of leaves and chlorophyll contents in 25cm. The growth response of Pllioblastus pygmaed had fine and sustain condition in order to P6P2L2 = P5P3L2 > P4P4L2. However, The results of this study suggested that plants grown under P4P4L2 appear a higher density ground covering than plants grown under P6P2L2. Collectively, our data emphasize that soil thickness for growth of Pllioblastus pygmaed were greater than soil mixture ratio in shallow-extensive green roof module system.

Restraint to drying shrinkage is the most common cause of concrete cracking. In many applications, drying shrinkage cracks are inevitable. In this paper, the surface cracks of soil concrete caused by drying shrinkage were considered to become an one of concrete textures. So, laboratory shrinkage tests were conducted and the results were applied to the field applications. The study results were summarized as follows; First, the use of vinyl sheets and concrete polymers helped to control the concrete cracking. Second, crack propagation usually started at the interfaces of soil concrete slabs and the cracks grew to the inner slabs. Third, surface cracks of soil concrete slabs could be an one of good concrete textures.

본 연구는 다양한 옥상의 환경조건을 감안해 볼 때 지속적인 생장과 생존이 가능한 범위 내의 토양 토심 및 토양배합비에 따른 토양수분변화를 검토함으로써 현재 일률적으로 규정되어 있는 토심을 줄여 하중을 줄이고, 최소한의 관수만으로도 적정수준의 생육에 필요한 토양층 조성을 도출하고자 하였다. 또한 순비기나무 생육에 효과적인 관리방법과 토양조건의 조합형을 탐색제안함으로써 설계 및 시공관리기술의 개발에 필요한 기초자료와 정책에 반영할 수 있는 방안을 모색하고자 하며, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 대체적으로 모든 실험구에서 토양수분함량이 점점 감소하는 경향을 보이다가 관수를 포함한 강우 시 수분함량이 올라갔으며, S10, S7L3, S5L5 실험구의 경우에는 강우 후 수분함량이 급격히 떨어지는 경향을 나타내었다. 이에 비해 피트모스와 펄라이트가 포함된 P7P1L2, P6P2L2, P5P3L2, P4P4L2 실험구는 완만하게 감소하여 저관리를 위한 옥상에서의 인공토양 사용은 불가피할 것으로 판단된다. 인공토양을 이용한 적정토심 및 토양 배합비는 관수시점 및 강우와 밀접한 관련이 있다고 판단되며, 7㎝ 토심의 경우 잦은 수분관리가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 15㎝ 실험구의 14일 무관수에서도 충분히 순비기나무가 생육한 점과 P6P2L2 이상의 피트모스 배합비에서 왕성한 생육이 이루어진 점에서 미루어 볼 때 15일 이상의 저관리에 필요한 인공토양의 배합비는 펄라이트 피트모스 부엽토가 6:2:2, 5:3:2, 4:4:2가 될 것으로 판단된다. 다만, 펄라이트가 많이 배합된 토양에서는 토양이 물을 흡입하는 힘인 토양수분장력(kPa)이 높은 수치로 올라가 추후 순비기나무가 활발히 성장할 수 있는 수분장력의 범위를 설정하는데 연구가 지속되어야 할 것이다. 토심 및 토양배합비에 따른 순비기나무의 광합성특성을 살펴보면 수분함량이 적은 7㎝ 실험구에서는 거의 이루어지지 않았으며, 15cm나 25㎝ 실험구 중 인공토양이 배합된 곳에서 활발하게 이루어진 것으로 나타났다. 또한 통계적으로 살펴볼 때 수분함량이 1%씩 증가할 때 광합성률은 2.82%씩 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며 99%의 유의수준을 보였다. 추후 연구에서는 순비기나무의 생육에 필요한 최소한의 수분함량을 판단하고 그에 따른 토양토심별 적정 관수시점을 찾아내 저관리 옥상녹화와 더불어 식물소재 개발에 이바지 하고자 한다. 또한 순비기나무 이외에 옥상녹화에 적합한 목본을 선정하고, 도시열섬현상 완화 효과를 규명하며, 이를 바탕으로 우리나라 중부지역에 알맞은 저관리형 옥상녹화시스템을 구축하고자 하는 연구가 진행되어야 할 것이다.

인삼 논재배 안전생산기술을 개발하기 위해 배수불량지와 배수약간불량지 논토양에서 청3+흑1중직 차광망, 청색차광지 및 은박차광판 해가림을 처리하여 3년생 천풍의 생육특성 및 진세노사이드 함량을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 해가림 유형별 투광량과 기온은 차광지 > 은박차광판 > 차광망 순이었다. 배수불량지의 토양수분장력은 평균 64mbar (절대토양수분함량 25%)로 과습한 조건이었으며, 배수약간불량지에서는 평균 123 mbar (절대수분함량 17%)이었다. 배수불량지의 토양수분장력은 계절과 해가림 유형별 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았지만 배수약간불량지에서는 60~200 mbar의 범위에서 계절적 변화를 보였으며, 해가림유형에 따라 약간의 차이를 보였다. 배수불량지의 수량성은 황증과 적변 발생율의 증가로 배수약간불량지보다 현저히 감소되었다. 해가림 유형별 수량성은 배수불량지에서 차광지가, 배수약간불량지에서 차광망이 가장 높았다. 적변 발생율은 배수등급과 해가림 유형에 따라 일정한 경향이 없었다. 배수불량지는 Panaxatriol 계열 (Rg1, Re 및 Rf)의 진세노사이드 함량이 감소되고 Panaxadiol 계열 (Rb1, Rc 및 Rd)의 함량이 증가되었다. 총 진세노사이드 함량은 배수불량지보다 배수약간불량지에서 높았으며, 해가림 유형별 총 진세노사이드 함량은 배수등급에 관계없이 차광지에서 가장 높았다.

The removal characteristics of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and heavy metals in contaminated soils with ultrasonic washing have been studied. The ultrasonic washing was evaluated on a laboratory scale. In this investigation, the effects of factors such as ultrasonic frequency, power intensity, duration of irradiation, contents of the TPHs and heavy metals and mixing ratios between the contaminated soils and water, were considered. Experimental results suggested that the rates for contaminant extraction of the TPHs and heavy metals in the contaminated soil increased considerably with the ultrasonic washing. Therefore, the ultrasonic washing has previously been to be an effective method to remediate the contaminated soils with the TPHs and heavy metals.

To selection of optimal shading material, two-year-old ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) of new cultivar, 'Cheonpoong' (CP), and native species 'Hwangsookjong' (HS) were cultured under three kinds of shading materials such as three-layered blue and a one-layered black PE (polyethylene) net (TBSB), blue PE sheet (BS), and aluminium coated PE sheet (AS) in imperfectly drained paddy soil. Growth characteristics, yield and ginsenoside contents were investigated under three shading materials. Yield and ginsenoside contents of ginseng were distinctly affected by intensity and quality of sunlight penetrated through shading materials. Light transmission ratio, air and soil temperature according to shading materials were higher in order of BS, AS, and TBSB. However, ratio of aerial phase and porosity of the soil were higher in order of AS, BS, and TBSB, respectively. There was no significantly difference in the ratio of rusty colored root by shading materials. CP showed higher stem length, leaf area, and root weight than that of HS, while the former showed distinctly lower discolored leaf ratio than that the other. Eight kinds of ginsenosides content of CP were higher than that of HS in Rg1, Re, Rf, Rb1 and Rc except Rg2, Rb2, and Rb3. Total ginsenoside contents of CP was distinctly higher than that of HS. Total ginsenoside contents as affected by shading materials was higher in order of BS, TBSB, and AS in CP, while TBSB, BS, and AS in HS.

비닐하우스 내에서 일평균 투광율을 21.2%, 24.8%, 30.3%와 같이 3수준으로, 토양수분을 11.0%, 12.5%, 15.3%, 18.9%와 같이 4수준으로 조절하여 묘삼의 생육 및 수량을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 엽록소 함량은 투광율이 낮은 조건에서 토양수분함량의 감소에 따라 완만히 감소되었으나 투광량이 높은 조건에서 토양수분함량이 낮아지면 엽록소 함량은 현저히 감소되었다.고온장해율은 투광율이 낮은 조건에서 토양수분함량이 11.0%처럼 매우 낮을 때에만 현저히 증가되었지만 투광량이 높은 조건에서는 토양수분함량의 감소에 따라 고온장해율은 급격히 증가되었다. 3.3m2(칸)당 생근중, 주당 생근중 및 사용가능묘삼수는 투광율이 증가되고 토양수분함량이 감소될수록 뚜렷이 감소되었는데, 토양수분함량이 적절한 조건(18.9%)에서는 투광율이 증가되어도 묘삼수량의 감소는 적었으나 토양수분함량이 부족한 조건에서는 투광율이 증가될수록 묘삼수량은 현저히 감소되었다. 적변율은 투광율이 높고 토양수분함량이 많을 때 현저히 증가되었는데, 투광율이 높은 조건에서 토양수분함량이 감소되면 적변율도 차차 감소되었으며, 투광율이 낮은 조건에서 적변율은 토양수분함량에 따라 큰 변화를 보이지 않았다.

본 연구에서는 달천광산 토양 내 중금속의 함량을 알아보고 지화학적인 형태를 알아보고자 달천광산의 광미와 인근 저수지의 토양을 채취하여 화학분석법(전함량분석, 연속추출분석)을 적용하였다. 분석결과 달천광산 토양 내 중금속은 철 〉 비소 〉구리 〉 납 〉 크롬 순으로 높은 값을 보이며 특히 63 μm 이하의 토양에서 가장 높게 나타나 As, Cu, Pb 등 유해 중금속의 거동이 미립질 토양을 구성하는 광물과 연관되어 있음을 알려주었다. 연속추출 분석 결과, 인근 저수지 토양의 경우, 63 μm 이하의 입도에저 철 〉 납 〉 구리 〉 비소 〉 크롬의 순으로 나타났다. 달천랑산 광미에서 측정된 비소는 양이온교환 형태로 존재하는 비율이 다른 형태에 비하여 가장 높은 값을 보이고 따라서 상대적으로 이동이 훨씬 용이한 것으로 추정된다. 광미와 인근 저수지의 토양 내 포함된 중금속의 전함량과 더불어 물리 화학적 결합상태에 따른 중금속의 존재형태를 규명하는 것은 중금속으로 오염된 토양을 복원하기 위한 기초 자료로 매우 중요하다. 더 나아가서 As와 Cr과 같은 독성 유해중금속의 화학종에 따른 유해성 평가를 위한 기초자료로 중요성이 있으며 지표수 및 지하수 환경오염의 정밀 연구를 위해 필수적이다.

본 연구에서는 개발한 Chemical Compaction Pile(이하 CCP)공법의 연약지반 개량의 적용성을 평가하기 위하여 모형 아크릴 토조와 CCP 전용 토조를 제작하였으며, CCP를 구성하는 주재료인 Bottom Ash, 생석회 및 첨가재의 배합비를 실험변수로 하여 지반의 종류에 따른 함수비, 전단강도의 변화를 측정하였다. 실험결과, 지반의 함수비 감소나 강도증진효과는 생석회의 함유량이 많을수록 크게 나타났으며, 지반개량효과도 짧은 시일 내에 나타나는 것이 확인되었다. 또한, 지반개량에 따른 전단강도의 증진과 함수비의 변화는 지반의 종류에 따라서도 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 그 외에도 개발된 CCP는 충분한 지지력도 확보하고 있어 연약지반개량과 함께 지지말뚝으로써의 기능성이 있는 것으로 평가되었다.

In this study, CN value was estimated by using detailed soil map and land cover characteristic against upper basin of Kumho watermark located on the upper basin of Kumho river and the hydrologic morphological characteristic factors were extracted from the basin by using the DEM document. Also the runoff analysis was conducted by the WMS model in order to study how the assumed CN value affects the runoff characteristic. First of all, as a result of studying the soil type in this study area, mostly D type soil was identified by the application of the 1987 classification criteria. However, by that in 1995, B type soil and C type soil were distributed more widely in that area. When CN value was classified by the 1995 classification criteria, it was estimated lower than in 1987, as a result of comparing the estimated CNs by those standars. Also it was assumed that CN value was underestimated when the plan for Geum-ho river maintenance was drawn up. As a result of the analysis of runoff characteristic, the pattern of generation of the classification criteria of soil groups appeared to be similar, but in the case of the application of the classification criteria in 1995, the peak rate of runoff was found to be smaller on the whole than in the case of the application of the classification criteria in 1987. Also when the statistical data such as the prediction errors, the mean squared errors, the coefficient of determination and other data emerging from the analysis, was looked over in total, it seemed appropriate to apply the 1995 classification criteria when hydrological soil classification group was applied. As the result of this study, however, the difference of the result of the statistical dat was somewhat small. In future study, it is necessary to follow up evidence about soil application in many more watersheds and in heavy rain.