The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality attributes and importance that affects their satisfaction with respect to lunchboxes amongst children from low-income families in Korea. In case of 1-3rd-grade elementary school, 57.1% received lunch box through the community child center, while 45.2%, 68.5% and 80.7% of 4-6th-elementary school, middle school, and high school students received the lunch box from home, respectively. Typically, in 40.2% of all grades, the time to eat the meal was within 1~2 hours of delivery, and 34.0% consumed the lunch within 2~6 hours of delivery. With respect to intake of the contents of lunchboxes, 72.0% of the participants answered that they ate 80% of the lunchboxes delivered and 24.9% only ate 50% of the content of lunchboxes. The largest leftover were vegetables (26.9%), and the reason for leaving food was ‘do not like to eat (36.1%)’ followed by ‘no taste (32.6%)’. Regarding improvements in delivery lunchboxes, elementary school students selected ‘taste’, while middle school and high school students selected 'variety of menu'. The ‘nutrition (3.69 point)’ of the lunchboxes was the highest satisfaction and the ‘variety of menu (3.34 point)’ was the lowest. In all grades, ‘nutrition’ and ‘hygiene’ were considered to be important as quality attributes of the delivery lunchboxes, and satisfaction was also high. On the other hand, in the 1-3rd-grade elementary school, ‘variety of menu’ and ‘amount of side dish’ were important but satisfaction was low. The 4-6th-grade elementary school, middle school and high school students stated that ‘taste’and ‘variety of menu’ were important, but satisfaction was low.

본 연구에서는 3~5세 유아교육기관 재원생 어머니들의 일상생활 속 미세먼지에 대한 인식을 알아보고 숲체험 프로그램 참가에 따른 숲과 미세먼지에 대한 인식의 차이를 분석하였다. 연구 대상은 숲체험 참가한 학모 61명과 숲체험에 참가하지 않은 학모 61명으로 총 122명에게 설문 조사를 하였다. 총 122명 중 82.8%의 학모들은 미세먼지에 대한 관심이 있고 자주 확인하는 빈도도 84.4%으로 높았지만 이에 대한 지식과 대처방안 및 줄이기 위한 적극적인 실천은 부족 하였다. 숲과 미세먼지에 대한 인식은 숲체험에 참여한 학모들에게서 숲의 역할 및 도심과 비교한 숲 환경의 차이에 대한 긍정적인 인식이 높았다. 따라서 어머니들이 먼저 숲을 적극적으로 체험 할 수 있는 기회가 확대 된다면 유･아동들의 숲체험이 활성화 될 뿐만 아니라 미세먼지를 비롯한 현재의 유해환경을 개선하는데도 기여 할 것이라고 생각한다.

This study was conducted to evaluate children’s purchase behavior (frequency of snack consumption and purchase) and preference for high protein snack products developed for weight control and nutritional balance. A total of 80 elementary school students (from the 3rd to 6th graders) in the Gyeonggi-do learning center were participated and 76 were used for the analysis. The most common response for liking snacks was taste (71.4%), and the most preferred types of snacks were chips (42.1%) and puff snacks (34.2%). The highest frequency of snack ingestion was 1-3 times per week (48; 63.2%), and the main purchasers were parents (65.8%). Cheese, corn and chili flavors were more preferred than the control, while yogurt taste was slightly less preferred than the control. The results of this study showed the possibility of commercialization of new protein snacks according to children’s seasoning preference and provide the insights into the snack preferences of children as main consumers.

도시의 인구가 증가함에 따라 도시민의 여가 공간으로 활용되는 도심지 공원의 중요성이 가중되고 있다. 그러나 과도한 인구 밀집으로 인한 공원 이용객의 증가는 도시공원 내 범죄 발생 증가로 이어지고 있으며, 이러한 공원 내의 범죄율은 매년 증가하는 추세를 보이고 있다(경찰청통계, 2012). 특히 최근에는 시체유기와 같은 강력범죄 또한 증가 하고 있는 실정으로, 사회적 관심 공간으로서 재조명되고 있다(김석진과 박미량, 2013). 이에 환경개선을 통한 범죄 예방설계(CPTED)기법 5원칙(자연적 감시, 접근통제, 영역 성, 활용성, 유지관리)이 적용된 공원설계 지침 등이 등장하였으며, 이 같은 범죄예방설계 기법이 조경 설계 및 공원설계에 적용됨에 따라 최근 범죄예방설계의 적용 및 실증분석 연구가 진행되고 있다. 공원의 범죄예방설계 연구로는 기존 도시와 건축물에 적용되던 범죄예방설계를 공원에 적용하기 위한 지침계선 연구가 주를 이루었으며, 이에 대한 실증분석을 통해 공원 내 실효성이 있는 범죄예방설계를 제시하는 연구가 주를 이루어 진행되고 있다. 반면 공원 중 규모가 큰 소공원이나 근린공원의 경우 안전에 대한 인식과 요구도가 높아 공원 내 폐쇄 회로 텔레비전(CCTV)과 비상벨 등 다양한 범죄예방설계 요소에 대한 실증분석 연구가 다수 진행되고 있는 반면 어린이 공원의 경우 범죄예방설계 관련 연구가 다소 미비한 실정이다. 특히 어린이 공원의 경우 사회적 약자의 이용이 잦기 때문에 더욱이 안전성 확보가 절실한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 상대적으로 범죄예방설계에 대한 연구가 부족한 어린이공원을 중심으로 실사용자의 설문을 통해 요구도와 이용자평가를 분석하여 어린이공원에 직･간접적으로 필요한 범죄예방설계 요소를 도출하였으며, 이를 통해 어린이 공원의 범죄예방설계 적용 및 관리를 위한 보완사항 및 개선방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 어린이공원의 사용자 설문을 위한 대상지는 충청북도 충주시 어린이공원 12곳을 선정하였으며, 설문지의 경우 리커트 척도의 5점 척도를 사용하여 체크리스트와 이용자평가 를 조사하였다. 분석을 위한 체크리스트와 이용자평가는 범죄예방설계 원리를 중심으로 자연적 감시 7문항, 접근통제 및 영역성 6문항, 활용성 7문항, 유지관리 3문항으로 20문항이었으며, 수집된 설문지를 통해 요구도 분석과 이용자평 가를 진행하였다. 이용자 평가를 통한 범죄예방설계의 요구도 분석결과 자 연적 감시의 경우 휴게공간과 놀이 공간의 시야 확보가 가장 필요한 것으로 분석되었으며, 가로등에 의한 빛 차단에서 가장 낮은 요구도를 보였다. 접근통제 및 영역성의 경우 CCTV의 사각지대가 가장 요구도가 높게 분석되었으며, 지름길의 유･무가 가장 낮은 것으로 분석되었다. 활용성의 경우 휴식공간의 그늘 조성이 가장 중요한 것으로 분석되었고 생태성 증진이 다소 낮은 경향을 보였다. 유지관리의 경우 공원의 청결한 환경에서 요구도가 가장 높은 것으로 분석되었으며, 공원 내 잡초 관리가 낮은 요구도를 보였다. 이용자 평가의 경우 자연적 감시에서 시야 확보가 가장 잘 되어 있다고 평가하였으며, 가로등의 빛 차단을 가장 낮게 평가하였다. 접근통제 및 영역성은 공원경계의 명확성이 잘되어 있다고 응답하였으며 음주 및 흡연 통제가 가장 안 되어 있다고 응답하였다. 활용성의 이용자 평가 분석결과 휴식공간의 그 늘 조성이 잘되어 있다고 응답하였으며, 조경요소의 만족도 가 낮은 것으로 분석되었다. 유지관리의 경우 시설물의 유지 관리가 잘 되어 있다고 응답하였으며, 공원의 청결성이 결여 되어 있다고 응답하였다. 전반적으로 남성보다 여성의 요구도가 높았으며 현장평가에서도 낮은 점수를 부여했다.

Oxya chinensis sinuosa Mistshenko(Orthoptera:Acrididae) was lived in clean and non polluted area. grasshopper was approved as a general food ingredient by Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. general component contents was 67~75% crude protein, 5~11% crude fat in a dried state. grasshopper is a high protein food. amino acids is high. In the composition and content of amino acids, which consists of the protein is the hightes alanine, glycine(soft and sweet) and arginine, histidine(essential amino acid of children) consequently, we developed a snack for children added with grasshopper powder. general composition of snack is 8~11% crude protein, 0.2~0.75% crude fat. The protein content increased with increasing addition ratio. 3% grasshopper powder was the best in general preference.

본 연구는 인터넷 게임중독 아동을 위한 효율적인 심리치료적 접근으로써 창의적이고 통합적인 표현예술치료 적용 방안을 탐색하는데 목적이 있다. 아동은 주어진 환경의 영향에 취약하므로 부정적 인터넷 게임 환경이 이후 발달에 미치는 영향은 매우 강력하다. 아동의 게임중독과 관련된 문제를 해결하고 이후의 건강한 성장을 위하여 심리치료적 개입이 필요하다. 게임중독 아동의 발달적 특성을 바탕으로 문제의 원인과 결과를 이해한 후 치료적 개입 목표와 전략을 설정하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구를 위한 논문들의 선정은 한국교육학술정보원(KERIS)에서 제공하는 학술연구 정보서비스(http://www.riss4u.net)와 한국학술정보원((http://kiss.kstudy.com), 한국상담심리학회와 한국상담학회 등 한국연구재단 등재(후보)학술지 인터넷 데이터베이스를 활용하였다. ‘아동’이라는 검색어로 산출된 결과 내에서 ‘게임중독’과 ‘예술치료’의 키워드를 재검색하여 자료를 수집하였다. 아동의 게임중독에 대한 표현예술치료 개입에 대한 방향성을 모색하기 위하여 선행연구들을 Flow of PRISMA(Preferred Peporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis)을 통하여 분석하였다. 이와 함께 문헌연구를 통하여 게임중독 아동에 대한 창의적이고 통합적인 표현예술 치료 개입과 적용 방안에 대하여 제시하였다.

본 연구는 부모의 스마트폰 중독이 유아의 놀이성에 미치는 영향에서 유아의 스마트기기 이용수준의 매개효과를 밝히고자 했다. 이를 위해 만 3∼5세 유아와 그들의 어머니 259명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 수집된 자료는 R version 3.5.1과 Mplus Version 7.4 Base Program Single-User을 이용하여 분석했다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 부모의 스마트폰 중독은 유아의 놀이성에 부적인 영향을 미쳤으나 유아의 미디어기기 이용수준에는 정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 그리고 유아의 놀이성에 대해 유아의 미디어기기 이용수준은 부적인 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 부모의 스마트폰 중독과 유아의 놀이성의 관계에서 유아의 미디어기기 이용수준도 부분 매개역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 스마트 기기를 사용할 수밖에 없는 현대인의 삶에서 유아의 스마트기기 이용 수준이 유아의 놀이성에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 주요한 요인임을 시사한다.

보육교사의 전문성은 역할 수행에 있어서 중요한 요인이며 보육의 질적 제고를 위한 필수적인 과제로서 보육의 지속적 성장을 위한 전문성확보가 필요하다. 전문성이 확보되면 직무만족도가 높아지고 보육교사들의 이직률을 낮출 수 있다. 보육교사의 이직률이 낮아지면 영유아와 보육교사 사이의 애착관계형성에 있어 긍정적인 영향을 끼침으로 영유아 발달에 있어 매우 바람직한 상호 관계를 형성한다.

목적 : 본 연구는 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 아동(Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; ADHD)의 타이밍과 운동기능 및 실행기능의 상관관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 연구 대상은 부산 지역에 거주하며, ADHD 진단을 받은 만 6~12세 아동 32명을 대상으로 하였다. 연구도구는 타이밍 기능 평가를 위해 상호작용식 메트로놈, 운동기능을 평가하기 위해 Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of motor proficiency, Second edition(BOT-2), 그리고 실행기능 평가를 위해 스트룹 아동 색상 단어 검사와 아동 색 선로 검사를 실시하였다. 타이밍과 운동기능 및 실행기능과의 상관관계를 알아보기 위해 상관분석을 사용해 분석하였다. 결과 : ADHD 아동의 타이밍과 운동기능과의 상관관계를 알아본 결과, 타이밍과 BOT-2 영역 중 미세한 손의 조절, 신체 협응에서 음의 상관관계가 있었다. BOT-2 하위 영역에서는 미세 운동 정확성, 양측 협응과 음의 상관관계가 있었다(p<.05). ADHD 아동의 타이밍 기능과 실행기능과의 상관관계를 알아본 결과, 타이밍과 스트룹 아동 색상 단어 검사의 단어 점수와 아동 색 선로 검사의 Children’s Color Trails Test(CCTT)-1 점수에서 음의 상관관계가 있었다(p<.05). 결론 : 본 연구의 결과를 통해 타이밍과 운동 및 실행기능의 상관관계를 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 타이밍 평가를 통해 ADHD 아동의 운동기능과 실행기능을 예측할 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구는 어린이급식소를 대상으로 체계적인 위생관리 및 영양관리를 지원하고 있는 어린이급식관리지원센터 기반 유아 당류 줄이기 교육프로그램 개발 및 운영을 위한 기초자료 마련의 일환으로 센터의 예산규모에 따른 유아 당류 교육실태 및 요구도를 비교․분석하였다. 본 조사는 2015년 10월 온라인 설문조사를 통하여 전국 115개 어린이급식관리지원센터의 팀장 또는 팀원을 대상으로 이루어졌다. 센터의 예산규모에 따라 1~2억원 센터(21.7%), 3~4억원 센터(52.2%), 5~7억원 센터(26.1%)로 분류하였다. 1~2억원 센터는 읍면지역이 72.0%로 가장 많았고, 3~4억원 센터와 5~7억원 센터는 대도시가 각 46.7%, 56.7%로 가장 높아 유의적인 차이를 보였다(p<0.001). 유아 대상 당류 섭취 줄이기 교육 실태조사 결과, 교육을 실시하는 비율은 1~2억원 센터 8.0%로 낮았고, 3~4억원 센터의 경우 16.7%, 5~7억원 센터의 경우 16.7%로 예산규모에 따른 유의적인 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 유아의 당류 섭취 관련 영양교육을 실시하지 않는 이유에 대하여 조사한 결과, 1~2억원 센터는 ‘영양교육 자료 부족’이 47.1%로 가장 많았고, 3~4억원 센터와 5~7억원 센터는 ‘당류 교육보다 더 시급한 영양교육 내용이 많음’이 각각 66.7%와 50.0%로 높게 타났다. 유아의 학부모를 대상으로 한 유아 당류 섭취 관련 영양교육 실시여부를 조사한 결과, 실시 비율은 1~2억원 센터가 8.0%로 가장 낮았고, 3~4억원 센터 28.3%, 5~7억원 센터 23.3%로 예산규모에 따른 유의적인 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 유아 당류 줄이기 교육의 필요성에 대한 조사에서 ‘매우 필요하다’와 ‘필요하다’의 비율이 예산규모에 따른 유의적인 차이 없이 90% 이상 높게 나타났다. 유아를 대상으로 한 효과적인 교육방법에 대한 질문에 대하여 예산 규모에 상관없이 75% 이상의 높은 비율을 보인 것은 동화나 인형극을 활용한 교육 방법이었고, ‘영양교육 활동지를 통한 교육’은 1~2억원 센터에서 낮았고(p<0.05), ‘실험활동을 통한 교육’은 3~4억원 센터에서 낮았다(p<0.05). 효과적일 것으로 생각하는 유아 대상 교육 담당자로는 모든 센터에서 ‘어린이급식관리지원센터 영양사+담임교사’가 80.0% 이상으로 나 타났다. 이상을 통해 어린이급식관리지원센터에서의 유아 당류 섭취 관련 교육에 대한 필요성과 효과적일 것으로 생각하는 교육 방법 및 시간 등에서는 사업 규모별 차이가 없었지만, 교육 실태는 사업 규모에 따라 유의적인 차이를 보여, 1~2억원 규모의 소규모 센터의 경우 유아 당류 섭취 관련 교육의 실시율이 낮고, 교육 자료의 부족을 느끼고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 현재 어린이급식관리지원센터의 사업비 분배는 회원 어 린이집의수에 따라 1억원 단위로 비례적으로 정해지고 있다. 비록 본 연구는 영양교육 프로그램에 한정된 결과를 보여주고 있기는 하지만, 1~2억원 규모의 소규모 센터의 경우 예산 및 인력부족으로 사업의 운영에 어려움을 보이고 있고, 이로 인해 큰 센터에 비하여 상대적인 사업의 질 저하를 초래할 가능성이 높음을 보여준다. 그러나 소규모 센터의 경우, 인구가 적은 읍면 지역에 위치하는 경우가 많기 때문에 대상자가 여러 가지 사회․문화적 혜택으로부터 소외되어 있는 계층일 가능성이 높다. 따라서 국가에서 시행하는 사업에서 이러한 부분을 보완해야 할 책임 또한 더 클 것으로 사료된다. 따라서 사업의 규모에 따른 차이 없이 질적으로 평준화된 교육프로그램의 제공 및 소규모 센터의 예산 및 인력부족으로 인한 교육프로그램 개발 및 운영의 어려움을 해결하기 위해서 표준화된 유아 당류 섭취 줄이기 관련 교육프로그램의 개발 및 보급과 함께 어린이급식관리지원센터 사업 예산 분배에 대한 재고의 필요성이 큰 것으로 생각된다.

본 연구는 어머니의 놀이신념 및 참여와 유아의 스마트폰 과몰입 간의 관련성을 살펴봄으로써, 디지털 시대를 살아가는 현대 유아기 부모의 바람직한 역할 및 놀이지도 방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 만 3-5세 유아 어머니 267명을 대상으로 놀이신념 및 참여도, 자녀의 스마트폰 몰입수준을 알아보고 그 관계성을 분석하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 어머니의 놀이 신념 중 놀이지지 신념이 학습중심 신념보다 높았으며, 놀이신념 수준이 높은 것에 비해 놀이참여 수준은 낮게 나타났다. 둘째, 어머니의 배경변인 중 취업유무, 자녀수, 월 소득, 학력 등에서 놀이신념의 차이가 있었고, 자녀의 출생순위에 따라 놀이참여 빈도수준이 다르게 나타났다. 스마트폰 과몰입 수준은 어머니의 연령대에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였다. 셋째, 어머니의 놀이신념과 놀이참여, 유아의 스마트폰 과몰입 간의 관계에서 어머니의 놀이지지 신념과 스마트폰 과몰입 간에 부적 상관을 보였으며, 학습중심 신념과 스마트폰 과몰입 간은 정적 상관이 나타났다. 또한 어머니의 놀이참여에서 평일과 주말 놀이시간, 놀이참여 빈도, 놀이참여 수준이 높을수록 유아의 스마트폰 과몰입은 낮은 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구는 유아의 요리활동을 통하여 재료의 물리적인 변화를 즐겁게 관찰하여 체험함으로써 얻어지는 다양한 개념 학습에 대한 내용을 연구하였다. 이는 요리가 단순히 먹기 위한 활동이 아닌 과정 자체를 유아들이 즐기는 시간이 되고, 결과를 예측하고 추론하는 과정을 통해서 과학적이고 합리적인 사고의 과정을 경험하는 시간이 되었다. 유아들의 선 경험이 활동 전 다양한 예측을 하게하고 자신의 생각이 다양한 요리활동을 통해 검증이 되었을 때 기쁨을 느끼고, 다른 결과로 보여 질 때 새로운 경험적 개념의 변화를 가능하게 하였다.

This research analyzes the influence of children on their parents’ personal purchases. Prior research focuses on children’s influence on family purchases and products consumed by children themselves. There is a knowledge gap in whether and how children influence personal purchases of their parents. Building on reciprocal theory, this research proposes that children have influence on their parents’ personal item purchases because of attitude exchange. This reciprocal influence and attitude exchange should be derived from co-shopping frequency. That is, the greater the interaction between the two parties – especially at the point of purchase, which is co-shopping – the greater the reciprocity. Additionally, this influence increases as parents age. In order to test the research questions, mothers were chosen as respondents because they are the primary caregivers for children, and as a result, there should be high reciprocal influence between mothers and their children. A sample of 304 mothers with a mean age of 46.6 years participated in this study. The results support the first hypothesis that the co-shopping frequency between parents and children positively influences parents’ personal purchases. The results also support the second hypotheses that the parents’ age positively influences the children’s influence on parents’ personal purchases. This is in line with prior research which determined that children become more influential as they grow older. To my knowledge, this paper is the first to extend the knowledge of children’s influence on family-decision making – beyond selecting products for the children and products for the family – to the influence on personal purchases of parents.

Introduction Despite the rise of digital media, TV remains the number one place children spend their media time (Moses, 2014). Past research has shown that less healthy food and beverages such as those containing high fat, sugar, and salt (HFSS) are prominent in TV commercials (e.g., Carter, Patterson, Donovan, Ewing, & Roberts, 2011). In these commercials, various persuasive techniques (e.g., taste/smell, convenience), which promote the purchase of the products, have been used (Hebden, King, & Kelly, 2011). Extensive studies have found that exposure to advertising for HFSS products, including confectionery, soft drinks, crisps or savory snacks, fast food, pre-sugared breakfast cereals, is associated with children‟s cognition, food consumption, and obesity (e.g., Harris, Bargh, & Brownell, 2009; Macklin, 1994; see also Moore, Wilkie, & Desrochers, 2017). Since younger children, especially those in the “perceptual stage” of development, may not understand the persuasive or selling intent of commercials (e.g., John, 1999), they may be vulnerable to this advertising. As a result, several countries such as UK and Ireland (Hawkes, Lobstein, & For the Polmark Consortium, 2011) have introduced restrictions or regulations for broadcasting food and beverage commercials for children. The commercials of HFSS food and beverage have sometimes introduced these products with healthier images and words / phrases like health and nutrition claims. Health claims refer to any representation that states, suggests, or implies that a relationship exists between a food (/beverage) or a constituent of that food (/beverage) and health. Nutrition claims mean any representation which states, suggests or implies that a food (/beverage) has particular nutritional properties including but not limited to the energy value and to the content of protein, fat and carbohydrates, as well as the content of vitamins and minerals (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States & World Health Organization, 2013). Using health messages for HFSS food presents the risk of a biased image of the products (i.e., they are „healthy‟), which may result in unhealthy life styles and conditions. In recent years, there has been regulatory pressure on food advertisers to market their products responsibly (e.g., WHO regulations; Kraak et al., 2016). At the same time, the Children‟s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (CFBAI) emerged, in which several leading companies pledged to market their products to children responsibly (see editorial by Boyland & Harris, 2017). Therefore, we were interested in seeing if food and beverage advertising had changed in 2017. Specifically, the purpose of this study was to examine the relative frequency of food and beverage commercials targeting children with a focus on healthy aspects of the products, their health and nutrition claims, as well as other persuasive techniques. Method A total of twenty hours of programming targeting children was recorded on Nickelodeon and Cartoon Networks in the United States during the hours of 5 p.m. to 10 p.m. on two weekdays in September 2017. The advertisements were coded for product type (“food”, “beverage”, fast-food restaurant (“Restaurant: Quick-service/fast food restaurant”), and sit-down restaurant (“Restaurant: Sit-down restaurant”), food type (e.g., “confectionary”, “savory snacks”, “pre-prepared convenience foods”, “bread”, “fruits”, and “vegetables”) (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations & World Health Organization, 2016; Suzuki, 2018), and persuasive techniques (e.g., “health claims”, “nutrition claims”, “taste/smell/flavor”, “convenience”, “scientific information”, “celebrities/a well-known person”, and “eating /drinking behavior”) (e.g., Hebden et. al., 2011; Jenkin, Madhvani, Signal & Bowers, 2014; Kraak & Story, 2015; Warren, Wicks, Wicks, Fosu, & Chung, 2008). Food type can be classified into two categories; Less healthy (“confectionary”, “savory snacks”, “sweet bakery wares”, “other sweets/desserts”, “Sugared breakfast cereals”, “pre-prepared convenience foods”) or healthier categories related to other food categories (Ofcom, 2004; Nutrition Australia, 2013; Suzuki, 2018). Seven coders independently evaluated the advertisements, with two coders assigned to every programming block. They were trained for about three weeks to read the coding manual, practice coding and discuss the coding scheme, and revise their coding after receiving feedback of the trial coding. To check coding reliability, two independent coders evaluated the same programs. 94.3% agreement was achieved for product type. Results and discussion A total of 856 commercials appeared. Food and beverage advertisements represented 29.0% (N=248). On average, children were exposed to 12.4 food and beverage advertisements per hour. Of all the food, beverage and restaurant advertisements, “food” and fast-food commercials were frequently broadcasted; 40.7% (N=101) were for “food” commercials, and fast-food restaurant commercials accounted for 43.5% (N=108). 12.1% (N=30) “beverage” commercials and 3.6% (N=9) sit-down restaurant commercials were included. Food, beverage and restaurant commercials were more likely to appear on Nickelodeon (36.2%, N=129) than on the Cartoon network (28.4%, N=419) (χ2=5.43, df=1, p<.05). As for the appearances of product type, “food” advertisements frequently appeared on Nickelodeon (54.6%, N=65), whereas the programs of Cartoon network included a lot of fast food commercials (61.2%, N=79). In examining the appearances of “beverage”, “food”, “fast food”, and “others (except food, beverage, and restaurant)” between the channels, the results showed that the programs of Cartoon network were more likely to broadcast “fast food” commercials than those of Nickelodeon, whereas the programs of Nickelodeon were more likely to broadcast “food” commercials (χ2=38.23, df=3, p<.01)1. The majority of food types were “confectionary” (25.7%, N=26), “savory snacks” (16.8%, N=17), “breakfast cereals” (14.9%, N=15), and “pre-prepared convenience foods” (13.9%, N=14). In classifying various kinds of foods into two big categories related to health (healthier or less healthy) as above-mentioned, less healthy food accounted for 88.1% (N=89). No commercials were categorized into three of the healthier categories (bread, fruits, and vegetables). As persuasive techniques for consumers, “health claims”, and “nutrition claims” were low (8.9%). For example, grape juice produced by Welch‟s used the appeal “sugar free”. In the commercials with nutrition claims, there was no significant difference in the appearance between the “beverage” and “food” commercials (χ2=1.70, df=1, n.s.). The other persuasive techniques like “convenience” (75.8%, N=188), “taste/smell/flavor” (51.2%, N=127), and “eating/drinking behavior” (49.2%, N=122) were frequently used. In contrast, the rates of some techniques (e.g., “celebrities/a well-known person”, “scientific information”) were very low. As for the persuasive technique of “celebrities/a well-known person”, the category of product type was classified in only the “beverage” category. Thus, this study indicated that there were not many less-healthy food commercials that appealed to health and nutrition aspects of the products by using health and nutrition claims, or scientific information. In previous studies, the rate of health and nutrition claims varied between less than 10% to more than 30% (Jenkin et al., 2014). This may be due to the differences in the definitions of health and nutrition claims. Our study referred to the international standard definitions. Therefore, the findings regarding the rate of health and nutrition claims in this study can contribute to overall knowledge about the current spread of health and nutrition claims in “less healthy” food commercials of children‟s television programs. It may also be the case that food companies are acting more responsibly by limiting their persuasion techniques to those that relate to taste or convenience and not by misrepresenting the products as healthy. However, overall, the proportion of less healthy food commercials was high, and various persuasive techniques were used. At the same time, there were no commercials for fruits or vegetables presented during this time frame despite governmental regulations for eating these healthier foods. These findings suggest that more attention should be paid to the ways that certain foods are promoted (or are not promoted) among parents and policy-makers. As the sample used in this study was recorded only on weekdays and through the two kids' channels. It would be expected that the future study develop the analysis for the recorded commercials on weekends and on the other local channels. The sample used in this study was analyzed only on weekdays and through two children‟s channels. Future research might examine food and beverage advertising across different time frames and channels.

Introduction Advertorials promote products by appealing-to and entertaining audiences. These ads increasingly target children aged 5 and younger, a segment of growing importance due to their influence on family buying decisions (McNeal, 1999). A new type of advertorial can be described as video advertisements (videotisements) and currently appear in online channels like YouTube that receive little regulation. They feature products like the Minecraft game or Barbie doll as the main story-line element, with many being viewed tens of millions of times. Videotisement hosts may produce thousands of episodes that feature the same game/doll, forming miniseries encouraging children to return and watch. Videotisements differ from “online influencers”, they exclusively promote one product over a long period (years) and use storylines to demonstrate product use. Advertisers have long promoted products through entertainment shows. This format has been stable for a long time, only recently morphing into videotisements. In the 1950s, TV shows like The Mickey Mouse Club carried embedded persuasive messages (Palmer & Carpenter, 2006). In the 60s, children’s TV featured products like toys. By the 70s, companies were conducting research into ways to attract children, trying to convert their interest into sales. This led the FTC to suggest, in 1978, banning children’s advertising. This proposal accelerated academic research into how children processed TV programs and ads (Ward, Wackman, & Wartella, 1977). These studies investigated covert product placements in shows or movies, lyrics, books (Gupta & Gould, 1997) and online media (Balasubramanian, Karrh & Patwardhan, 2006). Product placements could increase sales, overcome consumer ad resistance and media-fragmentation (Palmer & Carpenter, 2006). This prompted studies of attitudesto (Gupta & Gould, 1997) and effectiveness-of placements (Russell, 2002). There were also unsuccessful calls to ban or disclose placements. The early 2000s saw child-targeted ads flowing to the internet; young children were consuming more web-entertainment and less TV, 80% of children below age 5 used the internet at least once a week (Gutnick, Robb, Takeuchi, & Kotler, 2011) to play games online (Marsh, 2010). The web enabled advertisers to interact directly with children by providing ads that masqueraded as games (advergames), containing commercial logos, mascots and trade characters (Mallinckrodt & Mizerski, 2007). Advergames quickly became among the top five ways to reach children (Vanwesenbeeck, Walrave, & Ponnet, 2017). Some advertisers also started “online communities where children can meet and interact with new and existing friends and play games” (Rozendaal, Slot, van Reijmersdal, & Buijzen, 2013, p.142). Some advergames are distributed through social media like Facebook (Terlutter & Capella, 2013) and its “stealthy nature” (Hudders, Cauberghe, & Panic, 2016) has attracted ethical and regulatory attention (Swanepoel, Lye, & Rugimbana, 2009). The advergame market is now cluttered and advertisers have moved to videotisements. We know very little about this format, this is the impetus for our preliminary study about how children use videotisements. These findings will lead to a more comprehensive study. A videotisement is typically posted on YouTube, Youku and Tudou. The entire video is a covert ad. A host narrates entertaining product information, as the product is used/played with. This is attractive to young children because the videotisement mimics watching other children play – just like watching their friends play games. The clips look professionally produced, suggesting some are linked to product manufacturers (see www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7FX_EnrW1k). A comparative format is the TV infomercial. However, infomercials declare as advertising that sells products – you can order by calling the advertised phone number – videotisements do not do this. Videotisements are produced as video-series. The episodes explore different areas or versions of a game/toy and build on earlier episodes, encouraging children to revisit to follow the story. In some cases, the host becomes a celebrity. For example, Grace Mulgrew who hosts the Grace’s World YouTube channel has over 1 billion views from more than a million subscribers (Stewart, 2018). The episodes show Grace (an “ordinary” 12-year-old) playing with her Barbie dolls. As the storylines develop, Grace displays the latest Barbie characters and accessories. Barbie provides Grace with free dolls and YouTube works with Grace to produce kid-friendly content and educational clips (House, 2015). However, Grace’s World hides these ties. She continues to create, post and promote Barbie videos. Stealthy videotisements are now common; YouTube hosts 56 million videotisements for the Minecraft game. Most of these ads are watched hundreds of thousands of times within the first week, and millions of times by the second week after release. Videotisements also contain commercials and web advertising and children are encouraged to provide personal contact information for membership, competitions or free gifts. So far, this format has not received any attention from researchers. We seem to be the first to study this media and explore children’s exposure-to and preference-for videotisements. Observation of the authors’ children suggest that there is brand preference, the children only watch videos featuring certain games with certain hosts. Socialisation to Videotisements Video sharing sites like YouTube are among the first that children below age nine visit (Holloway, Green, & Livingstone, 2013); two thirds of children watch videos on these sites (Hoh, 2017). On average, children up to age two watch games and videos online for two hours daily (Brown, 2011) and five to fifteen year olds are online for 15 hours each week (Ofcom, 2016). Typically, parents enable young children’s access to the web through their phones and tablets, socialising (Sonck, Nikken, & de Haan, 2013) and guiding (Shin & Li, 2017) them to certain content. The frequency of parental and child internet use is positively correlated (Holloway et al., 2013). Older siblings also socialise younger siblings to media and influence what the younger ones do online (Wartella, O’Keefe & Scantlin, 2000); unsurprisingly children with older siblings start using the internet at a younger age (Teuwen, De Groff, & Zaman, 2012). Consequently, three year olds are knowledgeable about multiplayer networked games like Plants vs. Zombies, Minecraft and Mario long before they attain the dexterity to play the games (Dickey, 2007). One way socialisation occurs is when siblings watch videotisements together, these videos are attractive to younger children who cannot yet play the game – they can participate by watching. This raises our research question: What is the level of young children’s exposure to videotisements? Methodology As two to five year olds cannot respond adequately about their videotisement use, we surveyed their parents/carers. Respondents were informed of the study’s purpose, providing written consent in the way approved by the University Research Ethics Team. [Insert Table 1 about here] Parents were recruited from early childhood learning centres in Singapore (n = 31), a childcare centre and a convenience sample in Australia (n = 17). They were asked about the number of media devices they had at home (access), the amount of time spent using these devices (use), whether the child observes or plays with other children when using these devices (socialisation). We also asked whether parents and siblings watched videotisements with the child (socialisation). Parents answered only about their youngest child. The children’s mean age was 3.12 (SD = 1.07), there were 19 girls (40%) and 29 boys (60%). Most parents were in full time work (Singapore 90%, Australia 88%) and university qualified (Singapore 66%, Australia 82%). All respondents possessed internet enabled devices in their homes that the child could access (Table 1). Results A chi-square analysis showed no significant differences between the Singapore and Australia children’s use of media during weekdays (X2 = 1.357, p>.5) or weekends (X2 = 2.212, p>.5), thus we combined the responses for analysis (n = 48). TV was the most popular media, 88% watched on weekdays and 94% on weekends. Videos and videotisements was ranked second and third, followed by playing video/digital games and playing online (Table 2). [Insert Table 2 about here] In our sample, 38% have watched videotisements with others, with 56% of this group watching with parents and 22% with siblings (Table 3), 66% of our sample’s parents watched videotisements with their child. Thirty three percent of the children had older siblings, 21% (n=7) of this group watched videotisements together. [Insert Table 3 about here] Conclusion This article provides one of the first looks at children younger than age five’s use of videotisements. While the sample size was small (n = 48), 100% of the parents surveyed in Singapore and Australia responded that their youngest child watched YouTube or videotisements. This gives a strong indication about the level of videotisement use by young children. Parents and siblings help socialise younger children to these ads. The unregulated and stealthy nature of this ad format calls for more investigation of the format, especially by more vulnerable young child audiences. This paper provides a starting point for research into this emerging ad format. Future research may investigate how videotisements influence children’s buying behaviour and family buying decisions; children’s susceptibility to videotisements; and international patterns of videotisement consumption.

This study was conducted to examine the effects of the application of familycentered training over the 12-week period by the pediatric physiotherapist on functional balance and activities of daily living in children with cerebral palsy. Among the 26 children with cerebral palsy as the subjects were allocated to the experimental and control group. Both groups were subjected to neurodevelopmental treatment by the pediatric physiotherapist. The experimental group, participated in family-centered training program 3 times a week over a period of 12 weeks for the total of 36 sessions, functional balance and activities of daily living were verified through intergroup comparison. There was no significant difference between the outcomes prior to training and after 6 weeks of training, (p>.05) Pediatric Berg's Balance Scale(PBS) and Functional Independence Measure for children(Wee-FIM) increased significantly from those measures after 6 weeks to those after 12 weeks of training (p<.05). Therefore, these results suggest that on family-centered training on children with cerebral palsy has beneficial effects on functional movements and physical activities.

Although atypical sensory processing is a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), there is considerable heterogeneity among ASD individuals in the modality and symptoms of atypical sensory processing. The present study examined visual processing of children with ASD, focusing on the complexity and orientation of visual information. Age- and -IQ-matched Korean children (14 ASD and 14 typically-developing (TD) children) received an orientation discrimination task involving static spatial gratings varied in complexity (simple versus complex) and orientation (horizontal versus vertical). The results revealed that ASD children had difficulty perceiving complex information regardless of orientation, whereas TD children had more difficulty with vertical gratings than horizontal gratings. Thus, group-level differences between ASD and TD children appeared greater when gratings were presented horizontally. Unlike ASD adult literature, however, ASD children did not show superior performance on simple gratings. Our findings on typical and atypical processing of ASD children have implications for both understanding the characteristics of ASD children and developing diagnostic tools for ASD.

본 연구에서는 4명의 ADHD 아동을 대상으로 동화 게임 읽기를 5주간 시행하고, 이야기 감정이 아동의 읽기 태도에 미치는 영향에 대해 살펴보았다. 본 연구에 활용된 동화 게임은 아라비안나이트의 <어부와 지니>를 인터랙티브 동화로 개발한 것으로, 모션센싱 디바이스로써 마이크로 소프트(Microsoft)사의 키넥트(Kinect)와 BCI(Brain Computer Inface)로써 뉴로스카이(NeuroSky)사의 마인드웨이브(MindWave)를 Unity 3D 게임엔진과 연결하여 사용자가 읽기, 행동, 집중력을 사용하여 플레이하도록 디자인된 것이다. 본 연구에서는 <어부와 지니> 게임 동화를 읽는 동안 아동이 감정적인 텍스트를 읽을 때 보인 집중도를 추적하고, 보호자의 아동의 읽기 태도 변화에 대한 인터뷰와 비교하였다. 그 결과 상위 75%의 집중도를 보인 텍스트 중 다양한 이야기 감정 텍스트를 포함하고 있는 아동이 그렇지 않은 아동에 비해 읽기 태도에서 긍정적인 변화를 보였다는 점을 확인할 수 있었다.

This study aimed to develop and evaluate a sugars intake reduction program (SIRP) that was designed to increase the knowledge, attitude, and skills of Korean children aged 5 years regarding sugars intake reduction. A total of 101 children aged 5~6 years from 6 preschools participated in SIRP. SIRP consisted of 4 sessions including 10 activities (e.g., story-telling, arts, experiment, checking nutrition facts, pledge), delivered to children at preschools by nutritionists over a one-month period. Three letters were sent to parents throughout the program to inform them of the children’s activities at the preschools and to provide additional information on reducing children’s sugars intake. A total of 90 children completed the program; 83 parents of these children completed the SIRP evaluation survey. The children’s sugars intake reduction score was significantly increased after attending SIRP. Teachers (n=6) who participated in this program agreed to improve their students’ attitudes on reducing sugars intake and to decrease students’ behaviors related to sugars intake. Parents agreed to improve their children’s attitude on reducing sugars intake and to decrease children’s behaviors related to sugars intake. The outcome showed SIRP improved participants’ attitudes towards sugars reduction and increased the skills to reduce the sugars intake of children aged 5~6 years. Future studies should examine whether SIRP reduces actual sugars intake among children.

본 연구는 느린 장단과 빠른 장단이 연이어 연주되는 ‘긴·자진 형식’의 민요들을 활용하여 연주 형태와 장단의 유형과 같은 음악적 요인들이 학생들의 빠르기 인지반응에 미치는 영향을 살펴보는데 목적을 두었다. 템포 인지 실험을 위해 연구자는 긴·자진 형식의 대표적인 사례로 사용되는 민요, ‘쾌지나 칭칭나네’와 ‘강강술래’를 실험 악곡으로 선정하였으며, 느린 장단인 굿거리 장단과 중중 모리 장단 그리고 빠른 장단인 자진모리장단을 사용하였다. 170명의 초등학교 학생들은 악곡의 빠르기 변화(느림에서 빠름, 빠름에서 느림, 변화 없음), 장단의 유형(기본박 장단, 전체 장단), 연주형 태(노래, 악기반주, 노래와 악기반주)의 세 가지 요인들이 조합된 18개의 샘플을 청취한 후 빠르기 변화에 대한 설문에 응답하였다. 긴·자진 형식인 느린 장단에서 빠른 장단으로 진행하는 샘플들에 해당하는 학생들의 응답을 살펴보면, 전체 장단 보다 기본박 장단에서 정답률이 높았으며, 노래 또는 악기반주만 포함된 음원보다 노래와 악기반주가 모두 포함된 음원의 정답률이 낮았다. 이러한 결과는 리듬의 활동성이 증가할수록, 또 연주 형태가 복잡해질수록 학생들의 빠르기 변화 인지에 혼란이 가중됨을 보여준다. 본 연구의 결과는 교사들이 긴·자진 형식으로 연주되는 민요의 템포 변화에 대한 학생들의 인지 반응을 즉각적으로 살펴 이를 적극적으로 반영하는 유연한 교수학습 전략을 설계할 것을 촉구한다.