A simulation model of the 2010/11 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemic in the city of Andong, Republic of Korea was constructed to evaluate the epidemiologic effectiveness of FMD-control strategies. Seven FMD-control strategies were evaluated with respect to a number of epidemiologic indicators relating to the outbreak, including the number of infected animals, number of infected farms, and epidemic duration. The FMD-control strategies in the model consisted of pre-emptive slaughtering, movement restriction, and vaccination; however, levels of each control option differed. The constructed model was not perfectly representative of the 2010/11 FMD epidemic, although it was considered to mimic the actual FMD epidemic in its prediction of two outcomes: the median number of simulated FMD-detected farms was 294 (range 207–515), which was close to the number of farms detected (299) during the actual FMD epidemic (x2=87.239, df=98, p = 0.774); and the simulated epidemic curve was visually similar to the actual epidemic curve of the 2010/11 FMD epidemic. The effectiveness evaluation of simulated FMD-control strategies emphasized the amount the FMD outbreak size could have increased if the radius of the pre-emptive slaughtering area or the duration of movement restriction were decreased.

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent of purchase of processed foods and the awareness about food label among middle school students. This survey was conducted by involving 350 middle school students in Incheon city, Korea from June 17~19, 2015. Middle school students consumed confectioneries, bread, carbonated drinks, and juices and ice creams once or twice a week at the rate of 53.4, 53.0, 40.6, and 36.9%, respectively. The most frequent place, time, and reason to purchase the processed foods were ‘convenience store (36.2%)’, ‘after school (26.8%)’, and ‘hunger (77.9%)’. The subjects exhibited top priority (57.0%) on the taste at the time of purchasing the processed foods. Interestingly, the girl-students (44.7%) checked the labels of food more than the boy students (34.0%). The reasons for checking the food labels included acquiring significant information about the shelf life (27.0%), price (18.1%), nutrient (19.1%), and food additives (14.1%). Among the food labeling information, the name of the product (55.7%), the date of manufacture (49.3%) and the content (32.6%) were checked mainly by the subjects. In addition, the major reason for not confirming the food labeling was ‘the food label was too small or crude (31.9%)’. It is necessary to inform about the processing methods and ingredients of the processed to middle school students so that they can make the correct choice of processed foods. Development of proper education methods on nutrition for middle school students is necessitated for healthy living.

도시숲(Urban Forest)이란 도시에서 국민 보건 휴양･정서함양 및 체험활동 등을 위해 조성･관리하는 산림 및 수목으로 법적으로 정의되고 있다. 도시라는 공간에 존재하는 도시숲의 개념 및 범위는 각각의 상황과 여건에 따라 다양 하게 표현되고 있다. 본 연구에서의 도시숲의 범위는 자연적인 도시숲으로 도시내부 또는 도시에 인접하여 분포하는 산림으로 한정하였다. 도시숲은 도시생태계 내에서 다양한 공익적 기능을 수행 한다. 도시숲은 도시 기반시설로 도시환경의 보전과 개선을 위한 중요한 지역으로 볼 수 있다. 하지만 인간의 경제활동으로 인한 산림지역 훼손은 지속적으로 이루어지고 있으며, 그 결과 다양한 환경문제가 야기되고 있다. 도시지역 인근의 산림지역 또한 도시화로 인해 지속적인 축소가 되고 있다. 하지만 최근 산림청에서는 훼손되는 산림면적을 대신하여 도심 내 생활권도시숲을 확대하려는 노력을 기울이고 있다. 부산시는 서울을 포함한 수도권지역에 비해 도시숲 관련 연구가 체계적으로 이루어지지 않았고, 향후 지속적으로 조성될 생활권도시숲에 적합하고 건전한 생태적 식재관리를 위한 기초자료가 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구는 부산시 내 자연산림지역을 중심으로 도시숲의 식생구조를 살펴보고 식물사회네트워크의 구조를 규명하고자 시행되었다. 또한 본 연구의 결과는 도시숲 식생관리의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 부산시 통계자료와 임상도, 현존식생도 등을 참고하여 도시숲 현황을 살펴보았고, 주요 군락을 중심으로 식생구조 조사를 현장에서 실시하였다. 조사된 자료를 바탕으로 층위별 상대우점치를 분석하였고 평균상대우점치를 도출하였 다. 층위별 종수 및 개체수를 살펴보았으며, 군락별 주요 수종의 흉고직경급별 분포도 분석하였다. 식물사회네트워크는 식물사회를 이해하기 위한 하나의 방법으로 기존의 식물사회학적 방법인 종간결합분석(interspecific association)과 사회연결망 분석의 프로그램을 활용하여 식물 사회의 연결망을 시각화하고 분석하는 것이다. 두 수종간 동반출현유무에 따라 χ²검정(Chi-square statistic)을 실시하였고, 그 결과를 토대로 식물사회네트워크를 구축하였다. 부산시 도시숲은 해안의 영향으로 곰솔림이 폭넓게 분포 하고 있었으며, 소나무림, 졸참나무림, 상수리나무림, 굴참 나무림, 신갈나무림, 개서어나무림 등 다양한 임상이 나타 나고 있었다. 비교적 도시화가 이루이지지 않은 기장군 일대와 인위적 간섭이 배제되었던 가덕도지역 식생이 상대적으로 양호하였다. 곰솔군락은 209개소에서 조사되었고 다른 군락에 비해 출현지역의 해발고도가 낮았다. 소나무군락 은 65개소에서 출현하였으며 곰솔군락에 비해 종다양성지수가 높게 나타났다. 졸참나무군락은 77개소에서 조사되었고 향후 부산시 도시숲에서 생태적 지위가 넓어질 것으로 판단되었다. 상수리나무군락은 주로 남향에서 출현하였으며 58개소에서 조사되었다. 개서어나무군락은 35개소에서 조사되었으며 다른 군락에 비해 교목층의 수고와 흉고직경이 컸다. 부산시 도시숲 식물사회네트워크 구조를 분석한 결과, 연결중심성은 사스레피나무, 근접중심성은 감태나무, 매개중심성은 광나무, 위세중심성은 마삭줄이 높았다. 그 외 팥배 나무, 팽나무, 굴참나무, 산뽕나무도 네트워크 내에서 중심성이 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 부산시 도시숲 식물사회네트 워크의 분석 결과로 볼 때, 시각화된 식물사회네트워크는 부산시 도시숲 식물사회 특성을 반영하고 있었고 식물사회학 분야에서 사용되어 왔던 성좌표 작성 방법의 한계를 극복할 수 있었다고 판단되었다. 식물사회네트워크 분석방법론은 식물사회의 본질적인 구조를 파악하는데 시도되는 하나의 방법으로 지속적인 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

Two species in Monochamus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) are wellknown vector species of the pine wood nematode (PWN) in South Korea. In 2018, the surveys using sentinel logs with two Monochamus species larvae were made from early June to last September in Pinus densiflora forests of Pohang city, South Korea. The experiments were repeated 10 times in order to investigate parasitism patterns of the larval parasitoids of M. saltuarius and M. alternatus. Three plots were chose at interval distance of 20 m (0 m, 20 m, 40 m) from the edge to the center of the forests (i.e. forest depths) in one damage area of the pine wilt disease for each of three different locations. For each time of the exposure ten sentinel logs were hung along the tree heights (i.e. sentinel logs positions) (height: 0 m, 1.8 m, 3.6 m, 5.4 m, 7.2 m). As the results of the surveys six larval parasitoids in total were identified, and most abundant parasitoids were Spathius verustus and Cynopterus flavator. Analyses showed that the parasitism rate on larvae of two Monochamus species was not affected according to forest depth, but the parasitism rate was the highest in the third plot. Also the parasitism rate was the highest at 5.4 m height of a tree. Lastly, parasitisms rate on M. alternatus was higher than that of M. saltuarius.

본 조사는 도심 중앙부와 외곽지역에 서식하는 곤충의 종류에는 어떤 차이점이 있는지를 알아 보고자 하였다. 대전시에서 중앙부는 대전천 한남대교, 외곽지역은 갑천 원천교에서 50m 구간을 포충망을 이용하여 쓸어잡기로 3회 조사하였다. 그 결과 한남대교 지역은 3목 13과 27종이, 원천교는 4목 20과 39종이 조사되었다. 도심 중앙부는 하상도로와 자전거도로가 개설되어 있고 외곽지역은 자전거도로만 있어 상대적으로 환경의 교란상태가 적은 외곽에서 많은 곤충이 서식하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 중앙부에서 우점종은 시골가시허리노린재와 더듬이긴노린재, 외곽지역은 운계방패멸구와 꽃매미로 나타나 두 지역의 우점종 모두는 환경이 교란된 지역에 서식하는 종들이다. 도심 중앙부에 많은 인공시설들은 곤충이 서식하기에는 부적합한 것으로 나타났다.

There is growing interest in the various functions of urban green spaces that can improve urban resilience. Urban green spaces have an important role in wildlife habitat, climate and hydrological control, and recreation and outdoor activities. The connectivity of a green space network is known to control urban resilience by minimizing the disturbance caused by urbanization and climate change and strengthening the adaptation capacity. In this study, we analyzed the social-ecological network characteristics of green space in the city of Jeonju, South Korea. To analyze the ecological network, we defined wildlife habitat as the ecological node and used an index based on graph theory. We defined residential area as the social node, and we analyzed the accessibility of green space from the residential area to assess the social network. The results indicate that the green spaces in Jeonju are highly connected in the social and ecological perspectives on the fringe of the city. However, our founding also indicated that the social and ecological connectivity of the green space network in the downtown area should be improved. This study can be used as a basis for establishing an Urban Open Space Conservation Plan that considers the improvement of urban resilience in the future.

With the increasing interest among modern people in the environment and leisure activities, the social demand for parks and green spaces is increasing. Thus, with the increase in park consumers, it is necessary to systematically investigate and analyze user characteristics and demands and continuously reflect them in park management to increase user satisfaction. Therefore, this study focused on Central Park in Dongtan 1 New Town, Hwaseong City, to analyze and evaluate what variables affect users’ behavior and satisfaction and suggested ways to construct future neighborhood parks. After theoretical considerations, the site was investigated and analyzed, and user behavior and satisfaction were studied through surveys and in-depth interviews. The results showed that user satisfaction with the Central Park was generally high, and the park had a large positive effect on the satisfaction with the residential environment among residents. It seems that the psychological and mental satisfaction provided by the park, which relieves mental and physical stress in modern people’s busy lives and supports static and dynamic recreational activities, will be high. It was judged that if user demands are more actively reflected upon, user satisfaction can be increased, and parks can be vitalized.

최근 노인인권 문제에 대하여 세계 각국은 전례 없이 관심이 고조되고 있으며, 존엄한 인간으로 인간다운 노후생활을 영위하는 데 필요한 모든 권리로 넓어지는 추세이다. 본 연구의 목적은 노인인권인식실태를 살펴보고 복지현장의 실천적 인권향상 방안과 정책적 대안 제시하는 의미에서 노인이 행복한 인천광역시 노인인권증진의 실천 방향성을 함께 모색하는데 있다. 노인복지 실천에서 인권관점을 기반으로 한 급여나 서비스가 제공되기 위해서는 노인인권보호 를 위한 법률이 제정되고 정비되어야 한다. 인천광역시 인권조례의 신설이나 노인인권 조례의 제정(96.8%)이 절실히 요구된다. 세계적으로 인권영역은 복지 영역보다 한발 앞서 나아가고 있지만, 복지영역은 아직도 급변하는 시대적, 세계적 변화에 민감하게 다가서지 못하고 있다.

The Portuguese tourism sector has grown steadily in recent years and will continue to generate a series of opportunities and challenges for which answers will be needed to ensure a structured growth path for the sector. Research on CSR in tourism is still sparse (Dwyer and Sheldon, 2007). In an attempt to address this issue, this study analyses whether the CSR consumer perceptions and consumer engagement are significant variables supporting the success of a long-term relationship in the tourism sector as a brand love. Knowing the role of the perceived community, environmental and consumer’s aspects of CRS image, the levels of personal involvement in tourism play an important role in the relationship between the social concerns of tourists, their responsible behaviour and the relationship that they establish with the place. A quantitative methodology was employed for this research. It was used a survey to measure relationships between constructs on a theoretical model. The questionnaires were administered to tourists (nationals and internationals) in the main tourist’s points in the Porto city during the month of October 2017. A sample of tourists produced 958 useable questionnaires. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) using maximum likelihood estimation and bootstrapping method was conducted to test the validity of the model and the formulated hypotheses. The results obtained in the estimation of the proposed conceptual model show that in respect to the corporate social responsibility image all the variables considered to explain that image are statistically significant. The tourists CSR image of the city of Porto leads to an increase of brand love and the consumer engagement with the city of Porto leads to an increase of brand love too. This is the first time that this evaluation has been carried out for the Porto city and it proves to be necessary information for the various stakeholders who work in the sector, including local organizations, companies and industry leaders, among others.

We evaluate the loyalty of a tourist destination considering tangible and intangible factors using the city of Porto as a case study. We observed that the main dimensions that the tourists associate with the visit and consequently with the city, in order of importance, were: i) engagement with the city of Porto, ii) identification with city of Porto, iii) Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of the city of Porto, iv) experiences in the city of Porto, and v) having visited visiting the city of Porto. Direct interviews were administered in the main tourist’s points in the city during the month of October 2017. The survey was only applied to the respondents who pursued tourism in the city of Porto, with 958 valid questionnaires. The questionnaire included the sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents, the evaluation of level of importance of the eleven factors related to the trip, the level of agreement with the eight statements on the engagement with Porto developed by Sprott et al. (2009) – applied for the first time to a destination - and, in the final part, the evaluation of the intention to return to city of Porto. The eleven statements related to the importance of various factors associated to the trip and the eight statements that evaluate the engagement with the city were subjected to a principal components analysis with varimax rotation in order to identify the main dimensions. A logistic regression was used to explore the determinants of the likelihood to return to Porto considering the respondents’ sociodemographic variables and the main dimensions obtained in the factorial analysis (related to the important factors on the trip and the engagement with the city). Regarding the intention to return, which is the proxy of tourists’ loyalty to the destination, we observed that it is positively influenced by the engagement with the city, the tourist’s perception of CSR, the good experience in the city and having visited the city. These results connect the political, economic and marketing objectives in the tourism sector. The goals need to be aligned and the stakeholders(visitors, local residents and business, public bodies and government) must work together to maintain a solid and unified destination image. Considering that the city of Porto has been in the spotlight at an international level as one of the top cities’ destinations, this kind of information is fundamental for Porto to continue to be an attractive city tourism destination.

The distribution of chiggers and Orientia tsutsugamushi, were investigated at five sites in Seogwipo, Jeju Province in 2017. To accomplish this, 100 Sherman traps were installed to collect the larva of mites from 28 wild rodents and analyze them in April, October and November. A total of 2,560 chiggers were collected, among which 1,283 underwent inspection for Orientia tsutsugamushi and 1,277 were found to contain the organism. Leptotrombidium zetum accounted for 517 of the 1,277 species, or 40.5% of the total, making it the dominant species. Other major species included Leptotrombidium scutellare, which were found in 432 (33.8%) samples, Neotrombicula nagayoi, which was found in 141 (5.5%) samples, and Leptotrombidium orientale, which was found in 72 (2.8%) samples. The majority of the species collected in April were Leptotrombidium zetum, but in fall, the majority were Leptotrombidium scutellare and Leptotrombidium zetum. Additionally, Leptotrombidium scutellare was mainly collected

As the urban population continues to increase, cities grow through the expansion of high-rise and high-density residential areas, which demand good living environments to improve citizens’ quality of life. This study is based on the apartment type proposed by Moon Soo-young(2011) in accordance with the layout pattern of green spaces in three apartment complexes located in Dalseo-gu, Daegu Metropolitan City. The purpose of this research is to discover the causes of the high nutritional rate and successful planting method, as well as to suggest a plan to improve the planting structure(general complex, built apartment). According to the study results, the green area ratio of the study was the highest with 44.7% of the total area, followed by Wolbahil state(center type) with 30.3%, and the Bible Jeongnam Town(type of arrangement around buildings) with 27.3%. Shared facility centers were placed outside the apartment buildings in common with the type of arrangement around the buildings and the type of centering arrangement, and the coverage rate in the apartment complexes increased. There are many underground parking lots in the vicinity of the buildings; the center type of the buildings and the parking lots for the disabled are located underground. In general, residents use the underground parking lot, and the ground greenery ratio is higher than other types. Through the analysis of the facilities in the complex according to the type, we found the cause of high green ratio and good planting method and suggested an improvement plan for the general and constructed apartments. In the general apartment complex improvement plan, it is possible to increase the green area by minimizing the single-story buildings such as the shared facilities center and arranging these facilities in the apartments. The number of entrances is reduced due to the connectivity between underground parking lots. Reducing the area of the road within the complex can reduce the number of green spaces. It is important that water pipes are laid mainly under broad-leaved trees and that the plant structure is multi-layered. In order to estimate the construction of the apartment, we propose a method to construct the green space in three dimensions by using methods such as wall greening and rooftop greening. It is possible to utilize enough spaces to waste through the plant materials. In the plant structure, a cluster planting was arranged and the shrubs and plants were placed in the complex.

미국 출신 힙합 음악가 켄드릭 라마는 앨범 『Good Kid m.A.A.d City』를 통해 다양한 음향 효과를 보여준다. 본 논문에서는 이 앨범에 수록되어 있는‘Sherane a.k.a Master Splinter's Daughter’와 ‘Swimming Pools (Drank)’에서 나타난 다양한 음향효과를 분석하였다. 연구결과 ‘Sherane a.k.a Master Splinter's Daughter’에 사용된 드럼은 플랜저가 적용되어 스네어의 불규칙한 주파수 변화가 나타났으며, 신스패드에 LFO가 적용되어 트레몰로 효과가 나타났다. 또한 선행 연구곡 ‘Swimming Pools (Drank)’에 사용된 드럼은 리버브의 프리 딜레이가 적용되어 스네어에 반사음이 즉각 나타남으로서 16분음표 당김음 리듬이 연출되었다. 본 논문에서 연구된 분석과 방법들은 활용한다면 다양한 효과를 나타내야 하는 힙합 음악의 작업 환경에서 음향을 활용하여 서로 다른 효과를 나타낼 수 있는 결과를 도출할 수 있을 것이다.

The aim of this study is to investigate the awareness and satisfaction level of school meal services by elementary school students and their parents. Approximately 97.2% of student-subjects have agreed on the necessity of a free meal service for school lunch; 44.3% of student-subjects voiced the need to provide free meal services in order to eliminate discrimination of low-income students. Over one-third of student-subjects (36.7%) cited nutrition as the main benefit of providing a free meal service. The majority of parent-subjects (95.1%) have recognized the need for a free meal service in school; approximately 37.3% of parent-subjects responded to need the free meal service in order to eliminate the discrimination of impoverished students. Both student- and parent-subjects expressed a high level of satisfaction with the quality of ingredients and the type of soup/nutrition provided. Student-subjects insisted on better food hygiene and a new menu, but cited the noisy cafeteria as a problem associated with school meal services. In addition, approximately 56.5% of student-subjects responded to the need for nutritional education in school. Parent-subjects were primarily concerned with hygiene regarding the preparation of school meal services, noting the temperature of foods as the biggest problem in school meal services. The majority of parent-subjects (88.1%) responded to the need for the nutritional education in school. Results of this survey indicate that school meal services can be improved by increasing menu options and increasing food hygiene.

본 연구는 도로변 선형의 가로녹지 조성이 고밀시가지 대로와 건물 사이에 조성한 보행로 및 오픈스페이스의 미세먼지 농도에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 부산시 중앙대로와 부산광역시청 건물 사이에 폭 약 70m로 조성된 오픈스페이스를 대상으로 연구를 진행하였다. 조사결과 가로녹지가 없는 지역의 경우 주중과 주말 모두 차도와 인접한 오픈스페이스의 농도차이가 미미하였으나, 반대로 가로녹지가 조성되어 있는 지역은 차도에 비해 오픈스페이스의 농도가 현저히 높음을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 가로녹지가 조성된 지역은 차도와 보도 모두에서 미조성지역보다 미세먼지량이 높게 나타나고 있어 차도와 건축물 사이가 넓은 공간의 경우 가로녹지의 조성이 전체적으로 도로 밖 오픈스페이스의 미세먼지농도를 높이는 효과를 보였으며, 특히 차도보다 오픈스페이스에 미치는 영향이 더 큰 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 현상은 차량에 의해 발생한 미세먼지가 빠른 바람흐름에 의해 가로변 관목림을 통과하지만 바람흐름이 줄어든 보행공 간에서는 확산이 이루어지지 않아 발생하는 것으로 판단되었다. 본 연구에서와 같이 넓은 오픈스페이스를 확보하고 있는 도심 도로변 지역의 경우에는 가로녹지가 오히려 바람에 의한 확산을 억제하여 하여 차량이동에 따른 부유 미세먼 지를 녹지 내부에 가두어 보도를 포함한 오픈스페이스의 미세먼지 농도를 높이는 것으로 확인되었다. 도로에서 발생하는 미세먼지를 줄이기 위한 가로녹지의 조성에 있어 도로와 건물의 거리는 매우 중요하게 작용하는 것을 확인하였다.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to develop a pavement rehabilitation decision tree considering current pavement condition by evaluating severity and distress types such as roughness, cracking and rutting. METHODS: To improve the proposed overall rehabilitation decision tree, current decision tree from Korea and decision trees from other countries were summarized and investigated. The problem when applying the current rehabilitation method obtained from the decision tree applied in Seoul was further analyzed. It was found that the current decision trees do not consider different distress characteristics such as crack type, road types and functions. Because of this, different distress values for IRI, crack rate and plastic deformation was added to the proposed decision tree to properly recommend appropriate pavement rehabilitation. Utilizing the 2017 Seoul pavement management system data and considering all factors as discussed, the proposed overall decision tree was revised and improved. RESULTS: In this study, the type of crack was included to the decision tree. Meanwhile current design thickness and special asphalt mixture were studied and improved to be applied on different pavement condition. In addition, the improved decision tree was incorporated with the Seoul asphalt overlay design program. In the case of Seoul's rehabilitation budget, rehabilitation budget can be optimized if a 25mm milling and overlay thickness is used. CONCLUSIONS: A practical and theoretical evaluation tool in pavement rehabilitation design was presented and proposed for Seoul City.

One major concern of Seoul City is the premature failure occurrence such as fatigue cracking and rutting in the pavement. Due to the acceleration at intersections and low vehicle speed at bus stops that cause higher shear and critical strain on the pavement. Because of this, there is a need to develop a new mixture that can withstand bus stop and intersection traffic while preventing premature failure. In this study, a high modulus asphalt mixture was adapted and developed to address the cracking and rutting concerns at bus stops and intersections of Seoul City. Indirect tensile (IDT) and beam fatigue testing were conducted to determine the fatigue performance of the high modulus asphalt mixture (HMB). In addition, the behaviour of the HMB considering loading speed and temperature were investigated using the IDT dynamic modulus test. It was found that the HMB performs 3 and 1.5 times better compared to conventional asphalt using IDT and beam fatigue test respectively. Moreover, it was observed that modulus value of HMB is two times better at low frequency (high temperature) compared to conventional asphalt. The dynamic modulus value of the HMB was then used as input for bus stop and intersection scenario analyses. It was found that HMB can reduce the total thickness of the pavement around 4 to 6cm compared to the conventional asphalt. It can be concluded that because of the better fatigue and rutting performance and high modulus value of HMB at low frequency, it can perform better in bus stops and intersections. It is recommended to conduct field construction to further evaluate the performance of HMB asphalt mixtures in the field.

PURPOSES: The effects on traffic accidents change with the changing environment. Accordingly, this study analyzes the characteristics of traffic accidents based on the personal characteristics (gender and age) of drivers, and those of 25 autonomous districts in Seoul, and suggests improvements. METHODS: Based on data pertaining to traffic accidents in Seoul, the analysis of accident characteristics was conducted by categorizing the types of traffic accidents according to the drivers' gender and age, and characteristics of 25 autonomous districts in Seoul. Further, for statistical verification, the SPSS software was used to derive influence variables through a multinomial logistic regression analysis, and a method for reducing traffic accidents was proposed. RESULTS : Analysis results show that males tend to be more involved in speed-related accidents and females in low-experience drivingrelated accidents such as those during parking and alleyway driving. In addition, variables such as age, automobile type, district, and day of the week are found to influence accident types. CONCLUSIONS : This study analyzed the accident characteristics based on personal and city characteristics to reflect the sociological characteristics that influence traffic accidents. The number of traffic accidents in Korea could be decreased drastically by implementing the results of this study in customized safety education and traffic maps.