The characteristics of pollutant emission for non-premixed flames with LCG 8000 and LCG 6000 represented as low calorific gases were investigated by numerical simulation. Commercial software (ANSYS 16.2 - FLUENT) is used to predict 2-D pollutant emission with GRI 3.0 detailed reaction mechanism. In addition, the addition of hydrogen to LCG 6000 was also considered. As result, the flame length and temperature of LHVGs were decreased with decreasing calorific value at the same condition. In addition, NO concentration was decreased as temperature decreased. However, CO concentration for LCG 8000 predicted to be slightly higher than that for methane due to the high propane concentration. In the case of LCG 6000 with added hydrogen, the flame length was the shortest and NO concentration was the highest due to the highest flame temperature, but CO concentration decreased rapidly due to the addition of the carbon-free fuel.

In this study, real-time monitoring of air quality using a real-time mobile monitoring system was conducted to identify the emission characteristics and current status of air pollutants and odorous substances that are mainly generated in domestic dyeing industrial areas and to trace the pollutant sources. The concentration of toluene in the industrial area was detected up to 926.4 ppb, which was 3 to 4 times higher than that of other industrial areas. The concentration of methylethylketone was 124.7 ppb and the concentration of dichloromethane was 129.5 ppb. Acrolein concentration was highest at E point at 521.6 ppb, methanol concentration was highest at D point at 208.8 ppb, and acetone concentration was highest at M and N points at 549.3 ppb. The most frequently detected concentration of pollutants in the air quality monitoring results in the industrial area was, in descending order, toluene > methanol > acrolein > dichloromethane > acetone, which was similar to the chemical emissions used in the industrial area by the Pollutant Release and Transfer Register data. The concentration of odorous substances measured in real time was compared with the concentration of minimum detection, and the concentration of hydrogen sulfide was about 10 times higher than the concentration of minimum detection at A point, which was judged to be the main odorous cause of A point. In the future, if the real-time mobile measurement system is constructed to automatically connect wind direction/wind speed, PRTR (Pollutant Release and Transfer Register) data and SEMS (Stack Emission Management System) data, etc., it was judged that more accurate monitoring could be performed.

In this study, we investigated influent and effluent water pollutants in 53 Public Sewage Treatment Works (PSTWs) where industrial wastewater or landfill leachate is combined four times for two years from 2014 to 2015. Also, we analyzed the characteristics of heavy metals and volatile organic carbons at influent and effluent of these PSTWs caused by sewage treatment combined with industrial wastewater or landfill leachate. As a result, six heavy metals such as barium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel and zinc, and four volatile organic carbons (VOCs) including phenols, di(2-)ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), formaldehyde and toluene were observed above detection limits in most of PSTWs. Also, it was revealed that six heavy metals such as hexavalent chromium, mercury, cadmium, chromium, nickel and selenium, and four VOCs including 1,1-dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, naphthalene, and epichlorohydrin were observed more frequently according to precipitation. As a result of reviewing the monitoring data on “Water Quality Monitoring Networks” in lower watersheds of PSTWs, both heavy metals and VOCs were below detection limits, indicating that the effluent water had little influence on the watershed. Nevertheless for the better management of influent and effluent pollutants in PSTWs, it is necessary to establish the advanced management plans for water pollutants in PSTWs, which include a list of priority substances management, monitoring plans, and guidelines for industrial wastewater and landfill leachate combined in PSTWs.

본 연구는 최종 해양에 배출되는 하수슬러지에 함유된 오염물질의 농도와 분포특성을 파악하고자 하였다. 연구에 사용된 시료는 하수 슬러지 발생업체의 최종 저장조에서 20점을 채취하였고 시료의 조제를 비롯하여 최종 기기분석까지 해양환경공정시험기준을 적용하였으며, 다 환방향족탄화수소류(PAHs)는 U.S EPA 기준에 맞춰 16종을 분석하였다. 분석결과 중금속인 비소는 최대 15.29 ㎍/g, 카드뮴 2.04 ㎍/g, 크롬 632.98 ㎍/g, 구리 2,388.28 ㎍/g, 납 77.71 ㎍/g, 아연 2,928.28 ㎍/g이었고, 폴리염화비페닐(PCBs) 7종 중 최대값은 0.80 ng/g이고 7종의 합은 ND ～ 2.50 ng/g으로 나타났다. 다환방향족탄화수소류(PAHs)의 각 항목별 최대값은 나프탈렌 1,199.5 ng/g, 아세나프틸렌 35.48 ng/g, 아세나 프텐 104.94 ng/g, 플루오렌 424.86 ng/g, 페난트렌 606.91 ng/g, 안트라센 121.96 ng/g, 플루오란텐 683.64 ng/g, 피렌 1045.70 ng/g, 벤죠(a)안트 라센 270.49 ng/g, 크리센 288.76 ng/g, 벤죠(b)플루오란텐 175.81 ng/g, 벤죠(k)플루오란텐 162.22 ng/g, 벤죠(a)피렌 185.84 ng/g, 인데노 (1,2,3-cd)피렌 136.22 ng/g, 디벤즈(a,h)안트라센 21.60 ng/g, 벤죠(g,h,i)페릴렌 320.00 ng/g으로 나타났다. 한편 분석시료 20점 중 해양배출처리 기준 제1기준을 초과한 시료는 구리 1점이었고, 생물독성시험이 필요한 제2기준을 초과한 시료는 크롬 1점, 구리 10점, 아연 2점, 나프탈렌 3점 으로 나타났다.

In this study, the paint, which has very close relationship to the of indoor air quality, was examined for the air pollution leveling test, and using the various passive sampler, the test was evaluated on the regard of TWA(Time Weighted Average). This study is to examine how the air pollution levels differ between the regular paint that is used for public and the new developed environment friendly paint. The consecutive experiments were performed in the small chamber test to investigate the VOCs and formaldehyde, ammonia emissions and characteristics from paint which are commonly used as the complete material of building. In conclustion, the natural paint showed the highest emission of VOCs among the selected paints, and water paint showed the highest contents of ammonia. Formaldehyde showed N.D(Not Detected) in most of tests and found a small amount in vinyl paint however, it was not as bad as to fail the certify level of building materials. It is recommended to constantly develop the chamber system and it will be very much possible to be used for the estimation of indoor air pollutants from the various paints and other complete materials.

By the end of 2012, the recycled proportion of domestic waste tires was 287,330 ton (93.9%) of the amount of waste tires discharged (305,877 ton). The waste tires have been reused for heat supply, material recycling and other purposes; the proportions are 50.1%, 20.7% and 23.1%, respectively. In the case of heat supply, waste tires are supplied to cement kiln (104,105 ton, 68%), RDF manufacture facilities (47,530 ton, 31%) and incinerators (1,923 ton, 1%). Recently, there has been an increase in the use of waste tires at power generation facilities as an auxiliary fuel. Thus, physico-chemical analysis, such as proximate analysis, elemental analysis and calorific value analysis have been carried out to evaluate potential of waste tires as an auxiliary fuel in Korea. The LHV (Lower Heating Value) of waste tires is approximately 20% higher than that of coal, at an average of 8,489 kcal/kg (7,684 ~ 10,040 kcal/kg). Meanwhile, the sulfur content is approximately 1.5wt. %, and balance of plant (e.g. pipe line, boiler tube, etc.) may be corroded by the sulfur. However, this can be prevented by construction and supplementation with refractories. In this study, TDF (Tire Derived Fuel) produced from waste tires was co-combusted with coal, and applied to the CFB (Circulating Fluidized Bed) boiler, a commercial plant of 100 tons/day in Korea. It was combined with coal, ranging from 0 to 20wt. %. In order to determine the effect on human health and the environment, gas emission such as dioxin, NOx, SOx and so on, were continuously analyzed and monitored as well as the oxygen and carbon monoxide levels to check operational issues.

Domestic industrial waste small-scale industrial incinerators produce less than 200 kg/hr; this study chose 13 of the 249 potential facilities. The target average emissions for air pollutants resulting from the facilities were SOx 13.56 ppm, NOx 82.74 ppm, NH3 19.95 ppm, HCl 54.33 ppm, HF 0.84 ppm, Hg N.D, As 0.1 ppm, H2S N.D. Dust and heavy metal analysis results for the facilities revealed Dust 32.51 mg/Sm3, Cd 0.04 mg/Sm3, Pb 0.20 mg/Sm3, Cr 0.08 mg/Sm3, and Cu 0.03 mg/Sm3. Combustion indicators were O2 11.58% and CO 271.20 ppm. Average PCDDs/DFs were 17.87 ng ITEQ/ ton. The target facilities were equipped with anti-pollution facilities. However, some items were found to exceed the emission standards. These results are even equipped with control facilities due to manual limitation actions of the management personnel. Therefore, it is determined that the emission control of contaminants is difficult.

최근 들어 화석연료 고갈 및 환경오염 등 다양한 이유로 인해 신재생 에너지 자원에 대한 관심이 증대되고 있으며 관련 연구의 분야도 다양해지고 있다. 국내 신재생 에너지 시장은 점차 증대될 전망이며, 이러한 신재생 에너지는 바이오매스, 폐기물, 태양광, 수력 등 다양한 에너지 자원을 지칭하며 본 연구에서는 폐기물을 이용하여 신재생 에너지 자원 활용을 하고자 한다. 폐기물은 다양한 기술을 통해 활용이 가능하며 국내 폐기물의 경우 종량제 실시 등 법적 제도 덕분에 타 국가에 비하여 재활용률이 높으며 이러한 특성은 폐기물이 신재생 에너지 자원으로 사용되는데 큰 장점으로 나타난다. 최근 들어 주목받고 있는 기술인 Solid Refuse Fuel (SRF) 기술은 파쇄, 선별, 건조 공정을 거쳐 가연분 함량을 높여 열처리 시설에 연료로 사용할 수 있게끔 하는 기술로 이전에는 성형 SRF가 이송 및 투입의 이점에 의해 주목 받았으나 최근 들어 경제적 측면을 고려하여 비성형 SRF가 각광받고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 비성형 SRF를 시료로 하여 8 ton/day 규모의 pilot급 가스화 시스템에 적용하였으며, 가스화 공정 중 발생하는 다양한 가스상 오염 물질에 대한 배출 특성을 파악하고자 하였다. 이 뿐만 아니라 일반적인 가스화 특성 지표로 알려진 냉가스 효율, 탄소 전환율, 합성가스 조성 파악 등에 대하여 결과 값을 정리하였다. 가스상 오염물질은 질소 화합물(HCN, NH3), 염소 화합물(HCl), 황 화합물(H2S)을 선정하여 분석을 진행하였으며, 습식 정제 시스템인 스크러버 및 습식 전기 집진기를 통과한 후 배출 허용기준을 만족하는 것으로 나타났다.

급격한 산업화와 인구 증가 등은 국내 폐기물 발생량이 해마다 증가하는 요인으로 작용하고 있으며 이에 따른 다양한 폐기물 처리방법이 수행되고 있다. 대표적인 폐기물 처리 방법 중 하나는 소각에 의한 폐기물 처리이며 다량의 폐기물 처리가 가능하고 특히 폐기물의 부피와 무게를 10~20% 정도로 감량할 수 있으며 소각열에너지를 회수하여 폐기물의 자원순환에 일조하고 있다. 이러한 장점으로 인해 국내 폐기물의 소각처리 비율은 꾸준히 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 폐기물 소각처리 중 발생하여 배출되는 다양한 오염물질은 환경에 큰 단점으로 작용할 수 있다. 따라서 소각시설에서 배출되는 오염물질의 모니터링은 환경보전 문제에 있어 매우 중요한 과제이다. 본 연구에서는 소각로에서 배출되는 오염물질의 특성을 파악하기 위해 의료 폐기물 소각로 44개소와 소형 폐기물 소각로 28개소, 총 72개의 가스 샘플을 채취하고 분석하여 주 대기오염 물질인 이산화탄소, 질소산화물, 황산화물, 다이옥신을 측정하였고 배출허용기준과 비교하였다. 또한 주성분분석을 통해 오염물질 배출을 6개 그룹과 6개 샘플로 나누어 각각의 배출특성을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 다이옥신의 경우 배출허용기준을 초과한 시설은 의료 폐기물 소각로 7개소, 소형 폐기물 소각로 9개소로 나타난 반면, 이산화탄소, 질소산화물, 황산화물의 경우 소형 폐기물 소각로 10개소에서만 배출허용기준을 초과한 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과를 통해 의료 폐기물 소각시설보다 소형 폐기물 소각시설의 오염물질 배출이 심각한 것으로 확인되었으며 방지시설과 운전 조건의 개선이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

In this study, gasification experiments were conducted using high calorific waste by measuring flue gas and gaseous pollutant composition. The feedstock used in this experiment was collected from industrial wastes and had a heating value more than 5,000 kcal/kg as well as low moisture and ash contents. Experiments were conducted at 1,200°C temperature by changing equivalent ratios (ERs) to find out an optimum condition for syngas production. Results showed that at ER 0.3, the highest syngas composition (around 81%) was obtained in flue gas. In this study, gas pollutant was sampled in cold absorbent by following Korean air pollutant standard sampling method. Later, sampled solutions were analyzed by IC (Ion Chromatography) to find out gaseous pollutant concentration. Usually, after gas cleanup system, all of the gaseous pollutants are removed by wet scrubber and catalyst reactor. However, in this study, due to gaseous pollutants removed by wet scrubber, the removal efficiency of gaseous pollutants showed lower performance compared with other catalyst clean up system. Thus, it is advisable to install a cleaning unit to deal with tar and soot.

This study was conducted to evaluate the emission characteristics of air pollutants from incineration facilities in Jeollanam-do. We selected 8 incineration facilities depend on type and the 19 items such as dust etc. were measured at the measurement hole for emission gas from air contamination control units. The range of emission concentrations for dust was 2.8 ~ 20.9 mg/Sm3 less than permissible air discharge standards. The results of 10 gaseous contaminants such as SOx was less than permissible air discharge standards. The range of emission concentrations for NOx was 13.4 ~ 120.0 ppm, less than permissible air discharge standards. As G facility was 112.4 ppm, 120.0 ppm, it exceeded emission standard (100 ppm) twice. The range of emission concentrations for HCl was ND ~ 85.300 ppm, B Facilitiy exceeded emission standard (20 ppm) as 85.300 ppm. The range of emission concentrations for NH3 was ND ~ 76.333 ppm, A, D, H Facility exceeded emission standard (30 ppm). The concentration of each facility was 42.416 ppm, 62.930 ppm, 76.333 ppm. The results of heavy metals (5 items) showed within emission standards. G facility is operating in condition that input of urea is 100 L/day. If input of urea were changed to 50 ~ 75 L/day, the operating cost of air pollution prevention facility can be reduced by 25% ~ 50%. In this study, the correlation between urea input and nitrogen oxides was statistically significant, but the correlation between urea input and ammonia showed insignificantly. Our research attempts to evaluate the emission characteristics of air pollutants from incineration facilities and to institute a reduction plan, an effective management of incinerators.

This study attempted to find an optimum operation codition for co-incineration of food waste and industrial wastes, focusing on injection position and rate. As the result of analysis, during injection of food waste incineration facilities, atmospheric pollutant standard satisfied all requirement. However when injected into the primary combustion chamber, the dioxin exceeded emission standard. This result has been determined that contaminants generated as processing the more amount (150 ton/day) than the designed capacity (72 ton/day) emitted and exceeded not completely removed from the control facilities.

Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has been received much attention recently due to rapid changes in materials and shorter replacement of consumer products. Most of WEEEs are collected and recycled at the designated recycling centers in Korea, and final residues after recycling, sorting and shredding them to separate valuable and recyclable parts in series are left as forms of shredded plastic mixtures, which would be a problem to be resolved. By further plastics separation the polyurethane foams are mostly remained and becomes waste to be treated by appropriate methods. Gasification to produce syngas and incineration to recover energy for such polyurethane foam waste could be utilized instead landfill presently treated. In this study the experiment was conducted to evaluate such performance characteristics of thermal processes. Pelletized solid refuse fuel (SRF) was fabricated to feed into the test furnace even though it was light with low density. Thermogravimetric analysis, proximate analysis and higher heating value were made. During gasification and incineration, gas composition with gaseous pollutants were measured. Due to nitrogen content in polyurethane, nitrogen containing gaseous substances such as NH3 and HCN were observed with varying equivalent air ratios (ERs). The assessment of polyurethane waste foam to energy using incineration and gasification was made with finding out the optimal condition of air injection to emit less pollutants in both operations. Produced syngas could be utilized as energy fuels by lowering pollutants emission.

본 연구는 강우 시 발생하는 비점오염물질 중 인과 총 부유성 고형물 분석을 통해 혼합 토지이용에 따른 비점오염 배출 특성을 비교분석하였다. 경기도 용인시 금학천 유역내의 도시지역, 농업우세지역, 혼합토지이용지역, 택지개발지역을 대표하는 총 4개의 소유역 말단에서 강우유출수를 모니터링 하였다. 연구 결과 불투수층이 많은 도시지역은 강우초기에 초기유출현상이 뚜렷하게 발생되었고 다른 지역에 비해 용존성 인의 비가 약 40%정도 높았다. 농업우세지역과 혼합토지이용지역, 택지개발지역은 대부분 인이 고형물에 부착되어 배출되는 입자성 인의 형태를 보였으며, 도시지역과 달리 첨두유량이 발생하는 강우 중기에 가장 높은 농도의 오염물질(TP 및 TSS)이 배출되었다. 모든 모니터링 지점에서 TSS와 TP 농도간 높은 상관성을 나타내고 있어 TP의 배출 제어를 위해서는 TSS의 적절한 제어가 매우 중요함을 알 수 있었다. 특히 택지개발지의 경우 타 토지이용지역에 비해 다량의 토사침식에 의하여 높은 TP 배출부하가 야기될 수도 있음을 예상할 수 있었다.

In this study those currently operating pyrolysis oil plant were selected for the investigation. The yield of the oil andfuel was assessed for its use as fuel and the char component analysis, and the reaction time to collect contaminantscollected and analyzed. As the result, about 40% of the oil was yielded and oil could be used as an alternative fuel. Char’sleaching test analysis result was satisfied with the landfill standard. And emission of Dioxin and pollutants was analyzed.The highest concentration of dioxin was 0.7347ng I-TEQ/Sm3. The result satisfied the requirement however the emissionconcentration was changed depending on the input Fuel. Therefore the appropriate pollution control facility should berequired.

기존의 화석 연료를 대체할 에너지 확보의 중요성이 커짐에 따라, 폐기물도 하나의 자원으로 떠오르고 있다. 특히, 폐기물을 이용하여 가스화를 할 경우 화학연료 또는 발전에 이용할 수 있는 CO, H₂가 주성분인 합성가스를 생산할 수 있다. 그러나 폐기물 가스화의 경우 합성가스뿐만 아니라 미반응된 Carbon 분진과 폐기물에 함유된 성분으로 인해 가스상 오염물질 (HCl, HCN, NH₃ 등)이 발생하게 된다. 합성가스를 이용하기 위해서는 오염물질을 줄이고 합성가스의 순도를 높여야 한다. 그러므로 적절한 운전조건 도출과 최적의 정제 설비 구축이 요구되고, 이를 위해서는 폐기물 가스화를 통해 생성된 오염물질의 배출 특성을 파악할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 폐기물 순산소 가스화를 통하여 생성되는 가스상 오염물질인 HCl, HCN, NH₃와 입자상 물질인 Carbon 분진의 배출량을 확인하였다. 분진의 시료 채취는 정제설비를 기준으로 정제설비 전단과 후단에서 3회 실시하여 분진의 배출량과 제거 효율을 살펴보았다. 가스상 오염물질의 시료채취는 분진과 같은 위치에서 2회 실시하여 비교하였다. 분진의 경우 정제설비 전단에서 평균 5,820 mg/Nm³을 나타내었으나, 정제설비 후단에서는 검출되지 않아, 정제설비를 통해 모두 제거되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. HCl, HCN, NH₃의 경우 정제설비 전단에서 각각 평균 24.87 ppm, 0.02 ppm, 2.19 ppm을 나타내었으며, 정제설비 후단에서 각각 평균 14.38 ppm, 0.01 ppm, 0.25 ppm을 나타내었다. 이들의 평균 제거효율은 42.20%, 52.96%, 88.81%임을 확인하였다. 연구 결과를 통해 입자상 물질인 분진의 경우, 정제설비를 통하여 발생량 대부분이 제거되었다. 그러나 가스상 오염물질 중 HCl의 경우, 제거효율 증가를 위해서 정제 설비에서 사용하는 가성소다의 액/기비 조절 등의 추가적인 연구가 필요하다고 판단된다.

Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs) from aircraft activities at 11 small-scale airports were investigated using the emissions and dispersion modeling system (EDMS) version 5.1.3 during the two year period of 2009~2010. The number of landing and take-off (LTO) at these airports was dominant for the aircraft type B737, accounting for more than 60% of the total LTOs. Out of the 11 small-scale airports, Gwangju (GJ, RKJJ) airport was the largest emitter of air pollutants and GHGs, whereas Yangyang (YY, RKNY) airport was the smallest emitter. The emissions of NOx and VOCs in 2010 at the 11 airports ranged from 1.9 to 83 ton/y and 0.1 to 17 ton/y, respectively. In 2010, the emissions of CO2 ranged from 394 to 21,217 ton/y. The emissions of most air pollutants (except for NOx and PM10) and GHGs were estimated to be the highest in taxi-out mode. The highest emissions of NOx and PM10 were emitted from climb-out and approach modes, respectively. In addition, the total LTOs at the 11 small-scale airports accounted for the range of 9.3~9.9% of those at four major international airports in Korea. The total emissions of air pollutants and GHGs at the 11 airports ranged from 4.8 to 12% of those at the four major airports.

The impact of a considerable increase in traffic volume on the emission and concentrations of air pollutants was investigated at three beaches (Haeundae (HB), Gwanganri (GB), and Songjeong (SB)) in Busan during beach opening period (BOP) in 2011. During the BOP, passenger car was the major vehicle type, followed by taxi, and van. CO was the major contributor of total air pollutant emissions followed by NOx, VOC, and PM10. For the temporal variation of the emission of air pollutants during the BOP, it was generally the highest in the afternoon followed by the evening and morning, except for SB. For the spatial variation of their emission, it was the highest at GB followed by SB and HB. The emissions of air pollutants during the BOP were generally higher than those during the Non-BOP, except for HB. In contrast, the significant impact of the traffic volume increase on the concentrations of air pollutants at monitoring sites near the three beaches during the BOP were not found compared to the Non-BOP due to the significant distances between monitoring sites of air pollutants and monitoring sites of traffic volume at the beaches.