본 연구는 볼프강 아마데우스 모차르트의 초기 종교음악 중 ≪호칭기도≫ K. 109와 K. 125를 차용이라는 관점에서 고찰한다. 이 두 곡은 각각 1771년 5월, 1772년 3월에 잘츠부르크에서 작곡 되었는데, 아버지 레오폴트 모차르트의 영향을 받은 것으로 널리 알려져 있다. 하지만 구체적으로 그 영향이 어느 정도인지는 지금까지 논의되지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 모차르트의 곡들을 아버지 의 작품과 꼼꼼하게 비교하여 아버지의 영향이 가장 구체적인 경우에서부터 추상적인 경우까지 세 단계로 나누어 설명할 것이다. 모차르트가 아버지 레오폴트의 작품을 모델로 하여 어떻게 독 립적인 곡들을 만들어나갔는지 살펴보며, 이를 통해 모차르트의 ≪호칭기도≫ 뿐만 아니라 종교 음악 전반에 관한 학문적 관심을 불러일으키고자 한다.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the usage of address terms for professors by undergraduate and graduate students by the sociolinguistic methodology. To this end, this paper applied an integrated approach that combines quantitative analysis based on the response results of multiple-choice questions in the survey and qualitative interpretation based on the response results of subjective questions in both the survey and the in-depth interview. First, through quantitative analysis of the variation in the use of address terms, it was confirmed that “professor” occupies an overwhelming proportion and that the academic field of the speaker is the most important factor. The higher the intimacy with professors, the more “teacher” was used. Next, through the qualitative interpretation of the reason and meaning of using their choice of address terms, the most basic and superficial reason was to follow the experiences and customs in the affiliated community. The use of “professor” had some reasons or meanings such as meeting courtesy and expectations, highlighting privileged status, and equal respect for all the faculty members, whereas “teacher” was used as an expression of intimacy.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the term ‘agassi’ by analyzing the pattern of actual language use of it in the aspect of sociolinguistic perspective. Through this work, it will be possible to figure out the change of meaning of the ‘agassi’, and the causes of conflict situations of using it in modern society. In chapter 2, the difference between ‘agassi’ as an address term and as a reference term is represented. Chapter 3 shows the chronicle change in the use of ‘agassi’ being originated from its etymology, ‘agissi’. It turns out that the use of ‘agassi’ has evolved for in the order of Honorific form, kinship and Non-Honorific form. Chapter 4 investigates the tendency and its cause of the negative interpretation of ‘agassi’ in modern society. The reason why the address term ‘agassi’ causes social displeasure is because it is regarded as ‘sexual objectification’. It can be subdivided into three categories: ‘agassi’ is (1) the expression that emphasis sex in social life, (2) associated with specific occupational groups which is socially unacceptable, and (3) used often in the situation of sexual harassment.

Terms of address and honorifics have been dealt with importantly in the sociolinguistic studies in Korea. The purpose of this paper is to examine the results of sociolinguistic research focusing on the Korean address forms. We look at the main flows and characteristics of the studies, and then review the representative research dividing them into several subtypes. Based on these discussions, we present the direction for the sociolinguistic study of address forms. The sociolinguistic study of address forms in Korea has been in full swing since the 1990s. Recently, there have been increasing attempts to study the use of address form independently from honorifics, and the social awareness of the importance of address forms in Korean use has increased. While early sociolinguistic studies of address forms focused on family titles, there have been many studies on status titles, address forms in internet space, and comparisons between Korean and other languages’ address forms. By studying the address forms from a sociolinguistic point of view and method, we could achieve the qualitative development more clearly than the previous studies that were carried out by identifying and structuring the list of titles. This article reveals the various usages of titles in the social context, and grasp the speaker's intentions, strategies, and conflicts related to the use of them. However, there have been some issues that need to be paid attention to or resolved in future research.

The purpose of this paper is to compare how the South and North Korean press used the terms of address and honorifics for the leaders of the two Koreas. We analyze the press reports related to the three inter-Korean summits in 2018 and the Panmunjeom meeting among the leaders of two Koreas and USA in 2019. We focused on the data of address terms and honorifics for President Moon Jae-in and Kim Jong-un used by the South Korean and North Korean newspapers. Specifically, we looked at the difference in usages between the South Korean newspapers and North Korea's newspaper Rodong Sinmun, the difference in usages between the Hankyoreh and Chosun Ilbo in South Korea, and the difference in usages between the 2000 and 2018 inter-Korean summits. Through this analysis and discussion, we can clearly see that many factors affect the use of language in the media, such as the political system of the two Koreas, the political attitude of the two South Korean media toward North Korea, and the age of the top leaders of North Korea.

본 연구는 공손 관점에서 호칭어의 사용 양상을 고찰하였다. 공손의 의미와 표현은 시대에 따라 변화한다. 호칭어 역시 시대와 함께 변화한다. 이에 본 연구는 통시적인 관점에서 호칭어의 변천 양상을 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 1930년대부터 현재까지 시대별로 호칭어의 사용 양상을 조사하고, 변화 과정과 그 특징을 분석하였다. 호칭어는 사회적 통용 호칭, 사회적 친족 호칭, 직업·직함 호칭, ‘老+성’ 호칭 등이 있다. 시대와 맞지 않는 호칭어는 사라지고, 새로운 시대에 맞는 호칭이 생겨나기도 하고, 또 어떤 호칭은 시대에 따라 그것이 내포하는 의미나 내용이 달라지기도 한다.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the usage of address terms between professors in a Korean university upon the methodology of sociolinguistic variation studies. This study was conducted based on on-line questionnaire survey targeting 100 professors in an university situated in the metropolitan area. Address terms observed in this study are Gyosu(=professor)(+honorific ‘-nim), Seonsaeng(=teacher)(+’-nim’), Baksa(=doctor)(+‘-nim’), Saem/Ssaem(intimate abbreviation of Seonsaeng), etc. which are ordered by frequency. Factor groups considered in this study are addressor, addressee, and situation. The main results of this study are as in the following. (1) Addresser’s academic field, degree of intimacy relation with addressee, and addressee’s administrative position are main factors having influence on the usage of address terms between professors. (2) Addresser’s sex and age factors and addressee’s sex and academic field factors have little or no influence on the usage of address terms.

Lee, Phil-young & Kim, Tae-kyung. 2018. “Aspects and Problems in the Contemporary Use of Address Terms and Reference Terms within a Family”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 26(1). 277~309. This paper investigates the use of address terms and reference terms within a family. This study was conducted based on the questionnaire result targeting 4,000 people in 17 administrative areas across the country. Our research focused on investigating whether the use of terms that has been recommended in <The Standard Manners of Language Use>(2011) corresponded to the actual use in Korean contemporary language life and determining how to resolve potential problems caused by inappropriate use of the terms. The result of current study revealed that there were a number of differences between the suggested terms in <The Standard Manners of Language Use>(2011) and the actual use of the terms in contemporary Korean. The difficulty in the use of address terms and reference terms within a family was largely due to its complicate system of kinship terms and the social change from patriarchal society. This study also reveals that sexually discriminated titles for husband's and wife's family need to be reformed to avoid potential problems.

본고는 식당 종업원 호칭에 대한 선행연구의 조사자료 및 그들 간의 의미를 재고한 뒤, 그 것을 토대로, 한 중 교재 속에 반영된 일반 식당 상황 하의 호칭어 사용 양상을 양적인 측면 에서 고찰하고 교육적 함의를 찾는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해, 본고는 우선 선행연구의 설문 결과 중에서 “여/저기요”와 “帥哥/美女”를 중심으로 시간에 따른 사용 변화 양상을 메타적 관점에서 관찰한다. 관찰에는 시대 흐름별 차이와 더불어 격식 유무별 차이 등이 포함된다. 그 로부터 얻은 결과를 기초로, 한 중 교재 속 식당 장면에서 사용되는 호칭들이 선행연구에서 보여준 사용 결과와 부합하는지 그리고 그 점에서 한 중 교재 간에는 어떤 공통점과 차이점 이 있는지를 양적 측면에서 살펴본다.

문화소통능력 (intercultural communicative competence : ICC)은 서로 다른 문화 배경을 가진 언어 사용자들이 문화의 다양성을 인정하고, 서로의 문화에 대한 이해를 통해 갈등을 해소하고 원활한 의사소통을 할 수 있는 능력을 말한다. 본고는 중국어의 호칭과 인사법을 예로 들어 중국인의 언어습관과 소통방법에 대해 설명하면서, 우리나라 중국어 교육현장에서 간과되어 왔던 문화소통능력의 중요성을 강조하고자 한다.

목적: 비정시의 굴절이상에 따른 누진가입도 렌즈의 유효굴절력과 측정굴절력을 측정하여 비교 해 보고자 한다. 방법: 안경원에 유통되고 있는 A사의 누진 가입도 렌즈 137조를 대상으로 자동렌즈미터( CLM-3100P, Huvitz, Korea)를 이용하여 원용굴절력 측정점, 프리즘 참고점, 근용굴절력 측정 점의 굴절력을 측정하고 이 값을 등가구면도수로 환산하였다. 통계는 SPSS Ver.21을 이용하였 다. 결과: 정시안에서 누진가입도 렌즈의 원용부 호칭 등가구면 굴절력(0.00 ± 0.00D)과 유효 등 가구면 굴절력(0.03 ± 0.05D)은 유의한 차이가 나타났다(P=0.000). 프리즘 참고점에서 측정된 유효 등가구면 굴절력(0.45 ± 0.28D)의 차이 또한 유의하였다. 근용부 호칭 등가구면 굴절력 (1.80 ± 0.50D)과 유효 등가구면 굴절력(1.81 ± 0.53D)은 유의한 차이가 없었다.(P=0.523). 근시안은 원용부 호칭 등가구면 굴절력(-2.07 ± 1.59D)과 유효 등가구면 굴절력(-2.11 ± 1.62D)은 유의한 차이가 있었으며(P=0.000), 프리즘 참고점에서 측정된 유효 등가구면 굴절력 (-1.68 ± 1.62D)의 차이는 유의하였으며(P=0.000), 근용부 호칭 등가구면 굴절력(-0.26 ± 1.77D)과 유효 등가구면 굴절력(-0.26 ± 1.80D)은 유의하지 않았다(P=0.897). 원시안은 원용부 호칭 등가구면 굴절력(1.23 ± 0.78D)과 유효 등가구면 굴절력(1.26 ± 0.79D)은 유의한 차이를 나타냈으며(P=0.000), 프리즘 참고점에서 유효 등가구면 굴절력(1.87 ± 0.85D)의 차이는 모두 유의하였으며(P=0.000), 근용부 호칭 등가구면 굴절력(3.72 ± 0.93D)과 유효 등가구면 굴절력(3.76 ± 0.95D)은 유의하였다(P=0.000). 결론: 호칭굴절력과 유효굴절력의 등가구면 굴절력의 차이는 있었으나, ISO기준치(the International Organization for Standardization) 범위 안에 포함되므로 누진가입도 렌즈를 착 용하였을 때에는 크게 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 생각된다.

목적: 안경원에 유통되고 있는 누진굴절력렌즈의 호칭굴절력과 유효굴절력 차이, 프리즘굴절력 을 측정하여 차이가 있는지 비교 분석하고자 하였다. 방법: 누진굴절력렌즈 137조에 대하여 원용굴절력 측정점, 프리즘 참고점, 근용굴절력 측정점 의 굴절력과 프리즘 굴절력을 자동렌즈미터(CLE060,ESSILOR,JAPAN)를 사용하여 측정하였다. 호칭굴절력과의 차이를 비교하였다. 통계에는 SPSS Ver.21을 사용하였다. 결과: 호칭원용부 구면굴절력(-0.35±1.96D)과 유효원용부 구면굴절력(-0.21±2.23D)은 유의한 차이(-0.14±0.94D)가 있는 것으로 나타났고(t=-2.49, P=0.01), 호칭원용부 원주굴절력 (-0.37±0.51D)과 유효원용부 원주굴절력(-0.69±1.38D)의 차이 또한 유의한 차이 (0.31±1.37D)가 있는 것으로 나타났다(t=3.79, P=0.00). 호칭원용부 등가구면굴절력 (-0.53±1.92D)과 유효원용부 등가구면굴절력(-0.54±1.96D)은 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없 었다(t=0.74, P=0.46). 그러나 호칭근용부 등가구면굴절력(1.51±2.26D)과 유효근용부 등가구 면굴절력(1.53±2.29D)의 차이(0.02±0.13D)는 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다(t=2.07, P=0.04). 오른쪽렌즈 프리즘참고점의 수직프리즘굴절력(B.D. 1.41±0.53△)과 왼쪽렌즈 프리즘 참고점의 수직프리즘굴절력(B.D 1.46±0.73△)은 유의한 차이가 없었다(t=0.62, P=0.27). 유효 프리즘시닝 값의 백분율은 가입도의 69.70±20.24%로 나타났다. 결론: 누진굴절력렌즈의 호칭 등가구면굴절력과 유효 등가구면굴절력 간에는 유의한 차이가 없 었지만, 구면·원주굴절력의 차이가 있으므로 조제가공 시에 렌즈미터 확인 후 가공을 하여야 할 필요가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

Yang, Younghee. 2014. A Proposal of a Resolution Method on the Confusion of Word Spacing in the Current Korean Orthography. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 22(3). The purpose of this study is to examine the way to minimize the confusions regarding spacing address and reference forms such as ‘씨’, ‘님’, ‘양’, ‘군’ and ‘가’ among Korean language speakers. This paper explains that the reason for this confusion starts from the fact that Korean language speakers usually interpret the principals for spacing arbitrarily. As another reason for the confusion for spacing address and reference forms, this study examines perceptional changes among Korean language speakers. ‘님’, for example, was attached only to kinship terms at first. It’s usage, however, has been expanded by combining with common nouns or terms for relationships and positions and by being attached to family names or given names such. Through this procedure, the native speakers of Korean language seem like not only perceive the term as an honorific term but also consider it as a term which constructs its own meaning. In this study, they are classified as bound nouns based on intuition of native speakers, independence rate, existence of practice before those words. Through this procedure, this paper tries to arrange the words as a united grammatical unit, and hence to minimize the confusion.

Terms Found in the Prayers of Protestantism and Buddhism. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 21(3). This study, on the basis of 200 prayers of Protestantism and Buddhism, examines address and reference terms for the objects of worship that are observed in each religion. The goals of this research were to investigate 1) what are the types of address and reference terms used in Protestant and Buddhist prayers, 2) whether the differences between the two religions in the address and reference terms derive from distinct philosophical or doctrinal background. Buddhist prayers were analyzed as using more various address terms for the objects of worship than Protestant prayers. Kinship address terms were used in a higher rate than in Protestant prayers, while the egalitarian type of address and reference terms were observed in Buddhist prayers alone. The latter difference is suggested by the researcher as originating from a disparity between the two religions in the relationship of worshipper and worshipped. In addition, style differences were observed between the two religions; in particular, vocative postpositions were significantly more frequently used in Buddhist prayers, giving exclamatory impressionistic effects to the prayers. Finally, whereas similar numbers of address and reference terms for the objects of worship were found in Buddhist prayers, more than thrice as many reference terms were observed as address terms in Protestant prayers, which reflects the Protestant worshippers' effort to interact continuously with the diety during the prayer. Some linguistic and sociolinguistic implications of the results are also discussed. (232 words)

本稿は、韓国と日本の教員を対象とし、非教員に対する先生呼称の使用実態と意識を対照分析した。分析の結果、以下のような結果が得られた。第一に、非教員が先生と呼称されることに違和感を感じる教員は日本の方が韓国より多く、違和感がないと答えた教員は韓国の方が多い。先生呼称使用の拡大傾向は日本より韓国の方がもっと強くなると考えられる。また、韓国の教員の場合、非教員に比べて教員に対する呼称＝先生という絶対的な呼称意識が強い。第二に、韓国の教員は典型的に先生と呼称される職業群以外の人に対する先生呼称の使用率が低く、韓国社会の先生呼称使用の拡大傾向のレベルまでは至っていない。日本の教員の先生呼称の使用対象は非教員のそれとあまり違いがない。今後、韓国社会における先生呼称使用の拡大現象を受け入れる速度は教員より非教員の方が速いと予測されており、日本社会では教員、非教員ともにその現象を受け入れる速度には違いがないと見られる。

The purpose of this paper is to examine the gender inequality of address terms and honorific usages in the conjugal relations and to evaluate the significance and the limits of some proposals on the improvement of related problems. First of all, this paper starts with a brief review of theoretical background such as linguistic approach, sociolinguistic approach, feministic approach, etc. Secondly, this paper makes an attempt at a comparative examination on five precedent researches and studies. And then, a survey of about 100 students of 3 university in Seoul was carried out for the purpose of comprehending their attitudes towards address terms and honorific usages in the conjugal relations. Finally, synthesizing and comparing the results of 5 precedent studies and our own survey, this paper analyzes the inequal side of address terms and honorific usages in the conjugal relations and looks at the symptom and possibility of change.

This study examines and compares the address terms in Korean textbooks and questionnaires, which are aimed at married migrant women. The results of the study show that among the eight major Korean address terms, the frequent uses of the kin and kinship address terms are founded in the Korean textbooks and married migrant women. Because they are bound by marriage, married migrant women talk more frequently with their husbands, parents-in-law, and relatives than the others. Moreover, due to their recent migration to Korea, they do not only connect with others but also cannot converse well in Korean. The results also illustrate that a few terms of address exist in Korean textbooks. While all address terms in Korean textbooks coincide with standard speech, some address terms revealed in questionnaires are not appropriate for standard speech. “obba” and “name (married migrant women)” are most frequently used between married migrant women and their husbands. Further, “ya, eo-i” is more frequently used by parents-in-law and relatives for addressing married migrant women. The address terms such as “obba,” “name,” and “ya, eo-i” are incorrect address terms for expressing the relationship between a husband and a wife—family. Both parties concerned with Korean textbooks and Korean education must devote considerable space, and time to teaching the address terms so that they can be used efficiently by married migrant women.

The purpose of this res않rch is to analyze the terrns of address assigned to visitors of some of the intemet sites that are administered by Korean govemment agencies. We focus es따ial ly on the use of the designated forrns of address that have 뾰en established by the operators of these sites. The data for this study was collected from what are considered to be the 24 major government intemet sites based on the amounts of site tr따fic or their Împortance in setting standards for the proper usage of the Korean language. 1n section 2, we describe the general characteristics that underlie the expression of site specific terms of address. 1n section 3, we observe the relationship of the identity of 9 prototypical individual sites 10 the s야cific terms of address that are employed on these sites. ln this approach, we treal the genre of visitors and the goals of the intemet sites as discrete analytical va디ables that are then an외yzed in terms of fonns of address as related to site identities. ln so doing, we note how the intemet site operators establish and maintain the identities and terrns of relationship that 잉이 st between the visitors and the govemment agencies that sponsor the web sites. In the prcκess of this an외ysi s， we will observe that the terrns of address for visitors are not necessarily identical in the similar types of intemet sites. Rather, the terms of ad따ess vary according to the intentions and attitudes of the operators of the intemet sites.

This paper aims to examine the usage of terms of address which are used among navy officers' wives. Military society is a typical 'rank-based' society. Therefare the members abide by the order based entirely on the rank structure. We can find this phenomenon in the usage of terms of address among officers' wives. They consider seniority of their husbands more significant than solidarity and age relationship with one another. Thus, the wives distinguish the term of address 'samonim' for the wives whose husbands are senior to own husbands by more than 3 years and 'seonbaenim' for the wives whose husbands are senior to their husbands by 1 or 2 years. The important thing here is that they have to use these kinds of terms of address even though the other party is of the same age or younger than them. If wives failed to do so, they will be in a big trouble. This phenomenon seems to take place because of military society's rank-based culture and its distinctive residence culture. An adequate plan for the usage of terms of address among navy officers' wives is needed. This study can be used as useful data for such an effort.