This study investigated the effects of using comic strips and context on the vocabulary learning of Korean high school students. Ninety high school students participated in the study and they were divided into three groups: a control group and two experimental groups using comic strips and using context, respectively. In addition, questionnaires were used to investigate students’ attitudes toward English vocabulary learning. The results of the study revealed that there were statistically significant differences in productive vocabulary retention among three groups in terms of short-term memory. In particular, the experimental groups showed high short-term memory rate compared with the control group, which may mean that the use of comic strips and context in English vocabulary learning is effective in improving learners’ productive vocabulary retention. Also there was a statistically significant difference in productive vocabulary retention among three groups in terms of long-term memory. The experimental groups showed a high long-term memory rate compared with the control group. The results of the questionnaire revealed that the two experimental groups showed more positive attitudes towards English vocabulary learning. This may suggest that teaching vocabulary with comic strips and context could be effective for students in English classes, and it is very helpful to develop various activities using comic strips and context.

This study examines the difficulty of reading text in elementary school English textbooks. Four elementary school English textbook series published by three publishers were evaluated by Word Critical Factor (WCF). WCF considers cognitive demands for word recognition; it assesses the match of linguistic content in the text with the phonetically regular and high-frequency words that are associated with particular stages of reading development. For the analysis, all of the words that appeared in the reading and writing sections from four elementary school English textbooks were analyzed by two criteria, that is, the ratio of high frequency words and phonetically regular words among 100 running words, and the number of unique words in each textbook. The results showed that all four textbooks’ difficulty levels were very high considering the learner’s reading ability. This was due to the textbooks having a low repetition of words and also the complicated vowel patterns that were above the reading abilities of students. All of these factors combined are what have caused the difficulties presented in English textbooks. In conclusion, although the reading text introduces a variety of genres and activities for the development of reading skills, most reading text could not assist the reader’s cognitive processing.

본 연구는 16세기 대표적 어휘 분류집인 『訓蒙字會』를 21세기 대표적 國家公認資格證인 한글어문회의 1급 한자 3500자를 비교하여 공통으로 사용되고 있는 한자를 살펴보고, 이를 통해 16세기와 21세기 상용한자가 어떻게 달라졌으며, 그 글자들의 의미범주는 어떻게 바뀌 었는지를 살펴보고자 하였다. 조사 결과 총 1,743개의 한자가 현재까지 공용자로 여전히 사용 되고 있었다. 그러나 그 의미범주별 사용 한자는 조금씩 달랐는데, 예를 들면 곤충을 나타내 는 글자나, 채소, 질병을 나타내는 글자들은 16세기와는 현저히 차이를 가지고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이와는 반대로 유학이나 서식 등에 관한 글자는 여전히 현재까지도 자주 사용되있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 『훈몽자회』의 어휘 분류는 당시 시대상을 많이 반영하고 있는데, 예를 들면 ‘천륜’에 노비들이 속한다든지, ‘인류’에 현대에는 없는 직업군이나 동서남북을 나 타내는 글자를 그 지역의 종족을 나타낸 의미를 해석한다든지 하는 것들은 당시 시대상을 알 수 있는 좋은 자료를 제공해주고 있다.

This study investigates the effects of working memory capacity (WMC) and the types of vocabulary learning, i.e., explicit vs. implicit, on the acquisition of English multi-word verbs. For this purpose, a total of 60 middle school students, divided into two groups (control and experimental), participated in the study. The participants in the control group were taught multi-word verbs in a traditional and explicit manner, whereas the participants in the experimental group were exposed to multi-word verbs with short passages. The results manifested that both of the instructional styles had positive effects on the learners’ acquisition of multi-word verbs in the short-term. Although there was not a significant interaction between WMC and the overall scores on the immediate post-test, according to the scores on the gap-fill tasks which tested learners’ productive knowledge, there were significant differences between the low-WMC and high-WMC groups. High-WMC students learned more target multi-word verbs than low-WMC students on average. The results also showed that WMC and the two different learning types did not affect the students’ acquisition of multi-word verbs in the long-term. Further, the interaction effect between WMC and learning type in the long-term was not significant.

The present study aims to compare teacher talk and the course book used as a source of vocabulary input. For the research purpose, part of Yenny Corpus (Kwon, 2013) was used to analyze the vocabulary content of the two input sources. Yenny Corpus consists of a total of 247,398 words collected from EFL classes of four native and five non-native university lecturers. In this study, however, the data of 1,416 words by the native teachers and 1,651 words by the non-native teachers with their course book scripts were used. To analyze the quantity and quality of the vocabulary use (e.g., level, diversity) of the two input sources, some representative word lists such as BNC-COCA 25,000 word family list topped on Range Program (Heatley & Nation, 2002) were applied. The results show that the teachers (including both native and non-native teachers) orally provide 8,090 word types while their course books introduce 4,713. The non-native teachers provide a little more vocabulary input compared with the native teachers’ talk. In addition, the level of the vocabulary provided by the non-native teachers seems more appropriate for their students’ vocabulary ability. Nevertheless, in order to generalize the findings further research is needed in different settings.

This study examined how smart device applications affected elementary school students who have learning difficulties in English. Five 6th grade students who needed remedial instruction were selected and given 50 hours of instruction using English vocabulary flash cards in a smartphone application. one hundred vocabulary words were chosen and developed for flash cards for the students to examine their intellectual and emotional changes in English learning. The research results showed that the students' vocabulary improved in listening, reading and speaking. It also revealed that the students gained confidence and interest in English learning, and their anxiety decreased. In addition, the application was easy and convenient for the students to use, especially in recognizing the pronunciation and the meaning of the vocabulary words. This study recommends further development and use of smart device applications for elementary school English instruction.

With an effort to verify the involvement load hypothesis, this study investigates the effects of three different vocabulary learning tasks - reading, filling in blanks, and sentence writing - on learners' short and long term memory when they are provided with the theoretically identical level of involvement tasks. It is also to examine whether there are any differences of learning effects between input and output vocabulary learning tasks. The experiments were conducted with 86 Korean middle school students grouped by three different task types. Pre-/post-tests and delayed tests were administered and analyzed. It was found that three vocabulary tasks with theoretically identical levels of involvement do not have the same learning effects: the involvement load hypothesis was not completely proved in the case of Korean students' vocabulary learning. The findings implied that (i) the difference of vocabulary learning tasks should be considered even though they have the same involvement load; (ii) given that EFL students learn new words in a limited amount of time in class, the reading task using a dictionary is found to be very helpful; and (iii) it is important to study target vocabulary repeatedly during class and to expose the vocabulary with different tasks to enhance students' retention of the newly learned vocabulary.

본고는 2015 개정 교육과정이 개발되고 있는 현 시점에서 한문과 교육과정 ‘어휘’ 관련 내용과 적용의 실제 사이에서 발생할 수 있는 간극을 최소화하기 위해, 2010학년도 본수능부터 2016학년도 6월 모의평가까지의 평가 문항을 중심으로 그간 한문과에서 실시된 ‘어휘’ 관련 평가 문항의 내용 요소와 내용 요소별 평가 유형 등을 분석하였다. 그 결과 그간 대학수학능력시험에서 출제된 어휘 관련 평가 문항들은 한자 어휘와 관련된 다양한 평가 요소를 고루 반영하고 있으며, 그 유형도 변화를 거듭하여 다양한 유형으로 안착된 상태였다. 하지만 급변하는 교육 환경 속에서 한문과가 위상을 공고히 하면서 발전해 나가기 위해서는 현재 상태에 안주할 것이 아니라 끝임 없이 새로운 평가 요소를 개발하고 해당 요소에 적합한 유형의 문항을 출제할 필요가 있다.

本文的目的是分析最近3年韓國5種新聞報道之基礎上，介绍韩中两国建交之后韩语里面使用的汉语借词的现状，通过将这些借词和以前的汉语借词进行比较，分析说明这些汉语借词的特征。韩中两国政府正式建立起外交关系，意味着断绝了将近一个世纪的外交关系重新开始。以韩中两国的建交为契机，两国的政治·经济·社会·文化等各领域的交流开始急速增加。随着韩中交流的扩大，大量新的汉语借词开始进入韩语当中。韩国和中国维持了超过两千年的长期的语言接触。属于不同语系的两种语言在如此长的时间内互相影响，这是在世界语言史上都很少见的独特现象。近代以前对于韩语产生影响的汉语借词大部分是通过文献，特别是以四书五经为代表的儒家经典进入韩语当中，但是韩中建交以后进入韩语里的汉语借词则在很多方面上呈现出和以前的借词不同的特征。韩国和中国虽然自古以来一直交流不断，但是像最近一样的大规模的直接交流还是前所未有的。

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of two different types of vocabulary activities on Korean EFL learners’ vocabulary learning and perceptions. The participants of the study were 30 Korean middle school students in Seoul, and they were divided into two groups (typography and web-based authoring). The former employed the word meaning and spelling image association technique and the latter used a multimedia vocabulary authoring tool for 42 target words. The major findings of the study are as follows: (1) Both the typography and the web-based vocabulary authoring groups showed significant improvement on the posttest of vocabulary test, which indicated the equal effectiveness of the two vocabulary activities; (2) with respect to different English proficiency levels, the low-level group showed much higher improvement of the mean difference between pre and post tests than the higher group; and (3) the participants’ perceptions turned out to be more positive when they participated in creating English word spelling image than authoring multimedia vocabulary learning materials. The results suggest the beneficial effects of active student involvement in the vocabulary learning process. Pedagogical and practical suggestions are made on the effective teaching of English vocabulary in Korean classroom settings.

본 연구는 類義語이자 발음이 같은 相･狀･象･像이 현대 한국어 어휘의 형태소로 쓰일 때, 이들 한자간의 의미 자질을 분별하여 어휘 의미의 분별성을 높이고자 하는 데 중심 목적이 있다. 現象･現像･現狀에서의 象･像･狀은 모두 ‘현상’으로 발음되는 어휘들에서 ‘형상’이라는 의미로 활용되고 있는가 하면, 『표준국어대사전』에 등재된 표제어 形相･形狀･形象(/形像)의 경우는 발음이 모두 ‘형상’이며 의미도 모두 ‘형상’이나 ‘모양･상태’이다. 뿐만 아니라 ‘모양’･‘형상’을 뜻하는 다른 어휘들에 사용된 ‘면상03(面相/面像)’･‘사상10(事狀/事相)’･‘사상20(寫象/寫像)’･‘심상04(心象/心像)’･‘형상04(形象/形像)’･‘상모01(相貌/狀貌)’ 등은 하나의 표제어에 두 개의 한자 표기가 존재하거나, ‘세계-상(世界像)’･‘인간-상(人間像)’･‘여성-상(女性像)’ 등은 ‘像’을 사용하고 ‘사회-상(社會相)’･‘시대-상(時代相)’ 등은 ‘相’을 표기하는 차이가 존재한다. 이 부분들은 한국 한자어에 존재하는 유의관계 한자 사용의 복잡한 양상을 보여주는 동시에 이에 대한 체계적인 분석이 요망되는 부분이기도 하다. 이러한 문제의식을 바탕으로 하여 본 연구는 相･象･像･狀이 다른 어휘와 결합되어 ‘모습’･‘형태’･‘상태’를 나타내는 한국 한자어 항목을 조사하고 이 한자어들이 과연 의미 자질상의 변별력을 지니는지, 지닌다면 어떻게 그 차이를 효과적으로 제시할 수 있는지를 고찰하고자 한다. 漢字 類義語간의 의미･용법에 대해서는 기존 고대 중국어의 어휘론 연구에서 오랜 연구 성과가 축적된 바 있으며, 현대 중국어에서도 기존 연구 성과를 바탕으로 유의어 연구를 보다 심화시켜나가고 있는 상황이기에, 본 연구의 고찰 과정에서 참고하였으며 관련 어휘의 일본측 사전적 어휘도 부분적으로 참고하였다. 본고의 주요 연구 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 相･狀･象･像의 의미 분별을 바탕으로 ‘實狀･實相･實像’･‘心狀･心相･心象/心像’･‘險狀･險相･險像’･‘現象･現像･現狀’･‘形相･形狀･形象(/形像)’의 의미를 변별하였다. 둘째, 표제어 한자 중복표기와 관련하여, 『표준국어』의 ‘면상03(面相/面像)’･‘사상10(事狀/事相)’･‘사상20(寫象/寫像)’･‘심상04(心象/心像)’･‘형상04(形象/形像)’･‘상모01(相貌/狀貌)’ 등은 ‘面相’･‘事狀’･‘心象’･‘形象’으로 통일하는 방안을 제안하였으며 ‘寫象’과 ‘寫像’으로 항목을 구분하는 방안을 제시하였다. 셋째, 相･狀･像이 접사적 용법으로 쓰인 것과 관련하여서는 말뭉치 자료에 의거해 ‘世界像’･‘人間像’･‘女性像/男性像’의 의미항을 가치긍정적 서술에서 가치중립적 서술로 조정하고, ‘社會相’･‘時代相’의 ‘相’과 의미자질을 분별하고자 하였으며 『연세한국어』에서 든 용례의 문제점을 지적하였다. 본 연구가 한국어 어휘의 형태소로 쓰인 同音類義語 相･狀･象･像의 분별작업을 통해 한국 한자어 어휘에 사용된 同音類義語 형태소의 이해도와 변별성을 제고하는 데 조금이나마 도움이 되었으면 하는 바람이다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of vocabulary learning activity types via smart-phones on vocabulary learning and the attitude of Korean college students. The participants were 56 college students, who were divided into 4 groups: a competitive and self-paced group (Group 1), a competitive and controlled-paced group (Group 2), an individual and self-paced group (Group 3), and an individual and controlled-paced group (Group 4). Vocabulary tests were administered before and after the experiment. The analyses of the post-test results showed that Group 3 had improved most and Group 1 earned the second highest score, indicating that competition can make a positive effect on vocabulary learning via smart-phone applications. The results also revealed that there was no statistically significant difference in the post-test scores between self-paced and controlled-paced groups. In addition, vocabulary learning via smart-phone applications improved the participants’ attitudes toward vocabulary learning.

이 글의 焦點은 학습자의 ‘漢字 語彙’ 意味 把握의 經路에 있다. 현행 교육과정에 따르면, ‘漢字語’, ‘한자 어휘’는 국어과의 어휘 교육, 한문과의 전 영역과 관련되는 학습 내용이다. 이 과제를 해결하기 위해, 『漢文』, 『국어』교과서에 기술된 한자 어휘 의미 提示 방식을 비평적으로 분석한다. 주지하듯이, 교과서의 주요 機能 가운데 하나는 교수의 節次와 학습의 過程 제시라고 할 수 있다. 곧, 교사에게는 교수 절차를 案內하는 자료의 하나로, 학습자에게는 학습 과정을 紹介하는 자료의 하나로 교과서는 활용된다. 그런데, 한자 어휘의 경우, 교과서에 제시된 어휘의 의미[뜻] 제시 방식이 바로 학습자의 한자 어휘 의미 파악의 一次 경로라고 볼 수 있다. 다시 말해, 교과서에 나타난 한자 어휘 의미 제시 방식을 통해 학습자는 한자 어휘의 의미를 파악할 수 있는 端緖와 학습 전략을 獲得하게 된다.우선, 한자 어휘 의미 파악의 ‘국어식’ 通路로 『국어 사전』에 登載된 어휘 풀이 에 근거한 이해 방식을 들 수 있다. 국어 體系를 따른 풀이는 한자어를 구성하는 한자의 形態素로써의 機能을 고려하지 않고, 현재의 시점에서 通用되는 의미를 중심으로 설명하는 것인데, 한자 어휘를 구성하는 개별 形態素인 한자의 字義와 단어의 짜임을 고려하지 않는다. 이 경로와 무관하지 않은 방식으로 ‘文脈的 정보의 활용’을 거론할 수 있다. 한자 어휘의 의미를 한자 어휘가 사용된 狀況 脈絡을 통하여 拾得하는 방식인데, 한자의 字義나 단어의 짜임과 無關한 점은 동일하다. 두 가지 경로 모두 한자 어휘 의미의 曲解와 誤用이 심화된다.이 글에서 한자어를 구성하는 형태소인 한자의 字義에 근거한 한자 어휘 의미 파악 경로를 강조했다. 한자 어휘를 구성하는 한자를 倂記하고, 한자 어휘의 의미에 적합한 한자의 음과 뜻을 羅列하여 학습자가 한자 어휘의 의미를 파악하는 방식인데, 한자 어휘 의미의 정확한 이해와 그 활용을 가능하게 한다. 한자어를 구성하는 統辭的 構造에 근거한 한자 어휘 이해 방식도 주목된다. 한자 어휘의 文法 構造를 고려한 한자 어휘 의미 제시는 학습자가 한자 어휘의 本義를 파악하는데 相補的이라고 할 수 있다. 결국, 학습자가 한자 어휘를 학습하는데, 국어 사전, 文脈, 언어적 환경 등의 요인도 작용하지만, 한자 어휘를 구성하는 한자의 字義, 자의에 근거한 語義, 그리고 어휘의 문법 구조가 한자 어휘 의미 파악의 주요 경로이다.

This study examined the effects of teaching contextual inference and word association strategies on 5th grade elementary school students' vocabulary knowledge development. A total of 56 students participated in the current study, as divided into either the contextual inference group or the word association group. The vocabulary proficiency levels of the participants were also considered and the students in each group were further divided into either the upper level group or the lower level group. The participants experienced six treatment sessions, and in each session they had to study five vocabulary items using each of the two vocabulary learning strategies. The posttest and delayed posttest results indicated that both strategies were effective for the vocabulary knowledge development of the upper level group as well as the lower level group. Some possible implications for elementary school English classrooms in Korea are discussed.

The present study investigated a washback effect regarding vocabulary test format and students' learning outcomes. Ninety-three Korean university students in English reading courses were given a vocabulary pre-test and pre-treatment survey. Then they were divided into three groups. A control group was taught how to write a summary in English and a receptive vocabulary knowledge group was taught how to study vocabulary, then both of these groups were instructed that they would have a receptive vocabulary knowledge test. A productive vocabulary knowledge group was taught how to study vocabulary and told that they would have a productive vocabulary knowledge test. After 15 weeks, they all were given a post-vocabulary test consisting of both receptive and productive vocabulary knowledge items, and post-treatment survey. Results indicated that the productive vocabulary knowledge group showed the best outcomes overall. Its students earned significantly higher scores on the productive vocabulary knowledge post-test than the other groups. Regarding the receptive vocabulary knowledge post-test, it featured scores similar to the receptive vocabulary knowledge group, which had the highest scores. Moreover, the productive vocabulary knowledge group's pre- and post-treatment survey data revealed that its students had improved their ability to use the vocabulary learning strategies that were taught.

This study aims to compare the English vocabulary used in Korean high school English textbooks with the one in the College Scholastic Ability Tests (afterwards CSAT) administered in the years of 2009-2013 by using a concordance program, NLPTools, and to make a list of vocabulary used only in CSAT. The findings are as follows: First, when compared with Coxhead's (2000) Academic Word List, the 'Basic Words List' shows a conformity rate of 98.78%. Second, in terms of TTR (Type Token Ratio), there is no noticeable difference among the English textbooks. Third, in the respect of TTR, CSATs show higher figures, which means that CSATs' vocabulary is more difficult than that in the English textbooks and that for CSATs, annually each test has shown a gradual increase in the number of valid types. (This shows that more valid types to be learned are needed for the preparation of CSAT. Also the degree of difficulty in CSAT is getting higher.) Lastly, the higher level of the 208 words which occur only in CSATs illustrates that the gap between the vocabulary level of textbooks and that of CSAT needs to be reduced for normalization of public education.

Lee Hyun-hee and Park Chul-woo. 2013. The correlation between adult literacy and their vocabularies. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 21(3). The subject of literacy is no longer new, as it is clear that understanding various types of text is essential for daily life. However, it is also true that once adults have completed their formal school education, they are typically not provided with formal opportunities to improve literacy or vocabulary skills. In the context of lifelong learning, this reality opens the need for an exploration of the relationship between adult literacy and vocabulary. This paper discusses the findings from an experiment on adult literacy. Subjects were divided into two groups: Group A consisted of fifty adults over the age of fifty, and Group B consisted of fifty undergraduate students. The main results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, it was found that Group A overestimated their own literacy and vocabulary abilities, while Group B underestimated these skills. Secondly, in terms of the four language skills of speaking, listening, reading, and writing, Group A reported relative ease of use of these language functions. In comparison, Group B responded that they sometimes experienced difficulties in reading and writing. However, on test items pertaining to lexemes, synonyms, content, and genre, the percentage of correct answers from Group A was lower than that of Group B. As a result of this experiment, we can conclude that the actual literacy of Group A was lower than that reported in their self-evaluations. Based on this finding, we suggest the necessity of literacy and vocabulary education for adults. (245 words)