The purpose of this study is to propose a simulation approach which compares lighting quality of each luminaire type for small urban park users' safety. For improving illumination quality, lighting intensity distribution of a luminaire is one of the important factors and it is also important to set the luminaire to a proper position. To achieve the best plan for illumination, it is most important to communicate the plan with designers of park and professional engineers in depth and the communication continues from the beginning of the plan.

본 연구는 대구시의 도시숲과 가로경관(수림대, 가로수, 녹지대)의 조류군집을 비교하고자 실시하였다. 관찰된 31종의 조류 중 까치, 박새는 모든 지역에서 나타났으나, 딱새, 할미새사촌, 파랑새, 노랑턱멧새, 숲새 등 5종은 한번만 관찰되어 낮은 출현빈도를 보였다. 시 외곽부에 위치한 도시숲(만촌, 본리, 침산공원)에서 조류 종수가 높았으나 도심의 도시숲(중리, 이곡생수, 신암공원)에서 조류 종수는 낮았다. 가로경관에서 관찰된 조류의 번식 둥지는 수림대와 녹지대에서는 발견되었으나, 한 줄 가로수에서는 발견되지 않았다. 수림대지역에서 관찰된 조류의 종수와 밀도는 한 줄 가로수지역보다 유의하게 높았다. 도시숲 면적과 조류종수는 높은 상관관계를 나타냈다. 덤불층을 둥지 및 먹이자원으로 이용하는 조류 종수가 낮았으며, 면적이 증가함에 따라 증가율도 낮았다. 본 연구 결과는 대구시 도시숲은 덤불층을 서식지로 이용하는 조류에게 충분한 서식 여건을 제공하지 않는 것을 나타내며, 조류는 수림대와 녹지대 등 폭이 있는 가로경관을 서식지 및 이동통로로 이용함을 나타낸다.

서울과 같은 대도시의 농경지는 인간의 간섭이 끊임없이 이루어지는 준자연지역으로 생산성보다는 도시의 생물다양성보존 및 경관다양성을 통한 일반시민의 자연체험이라는 측면에서 관리.보호될 필요가 있다. 그러나 도시지역의 농경지는 개발용지로 토지이용이 전환되어 급속히 감소하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 서울시를 대상으로 농경지 패취의 시간변화에 따른 토지이용변화를 살펴보고 서울시 비오톱유형도에 근거한 농경지 패취를 분석하여 서울지역 농경지의 경관생태학적 구조와 특성을 파악하고, 이러한 분석결과를 토대로 생물다양성 증진을 위한 농경지 관리모델을 구상하는데 그 목적이 있다.

본 연구는 도시공원의 식생경관을 보전하여 도시의 개성과 아름다움을 창조, 유지, 관리할 수 있도록 하기 위한 기초적인 연구로써, 도시공원의 식생경관이 주변의 건축물 등과 조화를 이룰 수 있도록 개발을 유도할 수 있는 방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 광주공원의 식생경관을 대상으로 CAD에 의한 시각 시뮬레이션 응용방법에 의한 분석은 앞으로 시각 시뮬레이션 방법이 식생경관을 보전 할 수 있는 객관적인 판단 근거를 제시할 수 있는 가능성을 보여주었다. 그러나, 본 연구와 같이 근거리의 식생경관을 분석할 경우는 수목의 위치, 수목의 성상, 식생구조 등이 매우 중요한 요소로써 인식되고 있다. 따라서 분석작업의 효육을 높이고 컴퓨터의 활용효과를 높이기 위해서는 대상지에 대한 면밀한 조사방법과 수목의 표현방법, 그리고 상세한 자료입력방법에 대한 지속적인 연구가 필요한 것으로 사료된다.

This study analyzes structural landscape changes over a time-series for a small and medium-sized city, Gangneung-Si, based on area and distribution patterns, and according to the type of land cover. Among the types of land cover, the area ratio of urbanized areas increased by 2.02% in the late 2010s as compared to the late 1980s, while there was a decrease of 2.69% in farmland and 0.69% in grassland areas. On analyzing the changes in land cover use by applying the Fragstats program, it was confirmed that landscape changes in urban and management areas were relatively severe according to the Landscape Shape Index, Largest Patch Index, and Aggregation Index. A pattern of concentrated expansion was also found around certain areas. In particular, from the analysis, it was established that the proportion of urbanized area had considerably increased and that the extent of farmland damage to management areas, including planned management areas, was large. Additionally, the Total Core Area generally indicated a reduction in the core areas of farmland and forest within urban and management areas. A medium-sized city showed significant changes besides large cities in terms of landscape structure. The developmental pressure on management areas, in particular, was quite high.

A historic urban landscape has to be preserved wholly, not only as a cultural heritage site, but also as an environment and a neighborhood. However, cultural heritage sites have their own unique social-commercial environments, and these are not easy to integrate during the preservation process even though they are located in the same area. To examine ways of overcoming the difficulty in integrating the preservation of heritages, this study analyzes the historic urban landscape preservation of St. Augustine, Florida in the United States. The preservation of St. Augustine's historic urban landscape can be identified by its unique system of government-academy cooperation. For integrated preservation of the historic landscape of St. Augustine, Florida's state government owns the properties, which are not designated but have a heritage value, and are located next to the nationally designated heritage sites. The properties receive trust administration by the University of Florida. This cooperation between the government and the university can benefit both stakeholders. To the government, the relationship gives the benefit for professional, long-term management for the properties and their environments. To the university, the cooperation provides a place for practical education, funding, and opportunities for research and management. The government-academy cooperation model argued for this study can be applied to many Korean historic cities' urban landscape preservation planning.

The purpose of this study is to identify characteristics of the landscape changes in Gwangjyu city and Icheon city, the suburban areas on the outskirts of the Seoul metropolitan area, by focusing on the causes of the urban sprawl and the resultant morphological characteristics of landscape degradation. Particular attention has been given to the ‘advantages for developing suburb including geographical proximity and land price’, ‘institutional regulation such as land-use regulation’ and ‘community solidarity’ as drivers for possible introduction of external factors. The types of landscape change were divided into three, after having on-the-ground research on eleven chosen towns and interviews with head of a village: Overwhelming Change, Separated and Small-Scale Change. It was found that, in general, the quality of landscape was best for the small-scale change type, followed by separated and overwhelming change types. While the types of landscape change are correlated with the geographical proximity, its relevance with land regulation is relatively weak. The study found that imposing a land-use regulation as a means to prevent changes in suburban village landscape may not be fully effective. Also it analyzed that villages could better manage with keen interest the surrounding landscape if there is a high degree of solidarity within the village community. Therefore, the sense of community could play an important complementary role to land-use regulation which does not suffice in itself to manage suburban landscape.

사람들의 간섭이 끊임없이 일어나는 도시 경관의 지속가능성을 보장받기 위해서는 사람들의 애착이 필수적이다. 따라서 지속가능한 도시경관을 만들기 위해서는 그 곳을 이용하는 사람들이 그 경관의 어떠한 특질에 호의적인가와 그 특질들 간의 상관관계를 이해하는 것이 매우 중요하다고 볼 수 있다. 특히, 근래들어 급증하고 있는 이전 산업화 부지를 공원화한 오픈스페이스들은 전통적인 미학적 기준으로 판단하기에는 많이 다른 특성을 보이고 있다. 이 연구의 목적은 이렇게 새로 등장하고 있는 도시경관에서 심미성과 자연성이라는 대표적인 두 가지 경관의 미학적 특질 간의 상관관계를 탐구하고, 이 두 가지 특질이 경관의 지속가능성에 어떠한 영향을 끼치는가를 알아보는데 있다. 사람들이 이러한 경관에 어떻게 반응하는지 분석하기 위해서 서울의 선유도공원과 하늘공원이 선정되었으며, 200명의 사람들에게 설문과 인터뷰를 실시하였다. 통계적 방법으로는 빈도분석, 상관분석, 요인분석 등이 데이터를 분석하는데 사용되었다. 연구의 결과는 첫째, 심미성과 자연성 사이에는 일관적인 강한 양적선형관계가 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, 적합성과 중요성 사이에는 강한 양적선형관계가 보였다. 셋째, 응답자는 전체 경관의 중요성을 결정함에 있어서 자연성보다 심미성에 더 많이 의존하는 것으로 판단된다. 이 결과로 추론될 수 있는 사실은 경관, 특히 생태적인 경관을 설계함에 있어서 생태적 기능뿐만이 아니라 그 경관의 외형적인 매력에도 많은 관심을 가져야한다는 것을 시사한다.

현재 도시의 외관을 표현하는 경관색채에 관련된 세부적인 가이드라인이 없다. 본 연구는 색채의 조사 분석단계에서 객관적이고 정량적인 방법을 통해 1990년대에 조성된 1기 신도시인 일산신도시와 2000년대에 조성된 2기 신도시인 동탄신도시를 선정하여 상업지역 가로의 건축물과 옥외광고물을 대상으로 색채현황을 조사, 분석하였다. 일산신도시와 동탄신도시의 가로경관색채를 분석한 결과, 첫째, 일산신도시가 동탄신도시 보다 무채색의 비율이 5배정도 높게 나타나 정적이고 딱딱한 이미지를 나타냈다. 둘째, 두 지역 모두 B계열을 포함한 한색 계열에서 가장 높은 유채색의 비율을 나타냈는데 이는 건물 외관의 짙은 유리창 면적이 넓게 차지하고 있기 때문이었다. 그러나 유리창 면적을 제외한 건축외벽의 색에서 무채색이 많이 분포한 일산신도시와 달리 동탄신도시는 난색 계열인 YR계열의 비율이 높게 나타났다. 셋째, 두 지역 모두 계열별 색상 분포 그래프의 모양은 비슷하게 나타났지만 동탄신도시가 각 계열 안에서좀 더 다양한 색상이 쓰였다. 이와 같이 1990년대와 2000년대에 조성된 두 도시의 색채 경관색채 분석에 사용된 본 연구의 방법은 향후 다양한 지역의 조사에도 응용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Recently, there are many people who live in rural keep getting away from their town. The reason why become aging and reducing society in Rural is weakness of agricultural competition, education, culture and welfare. Thereupon, we need counter plans to make boom in exhaustion rural landscape counter plan, losing consciousness of citizenship, over developing from city planners who are giving serious damage to rural landscape. However, there are many promotions going on to cover weakness of rural. In this research, to set up the right view of rural which considered the different cognitions, it is important to derive each preference or non-preference scenery, and countrified or non countrified scenery. From different cognition, finding preserved and improved factors is necessary to preserve, reform, and improve the countryside scenery. Based on this, to investigate natural characters of viewpoint is providing right direction for future rural landscape.

In terms of the indicators by the type for the landscape plan per the district nit, geographic ecology indicators were the items such as water, water system, topography and climate, while biological ecology indicators were the items such as green zone size, green zone ratio, biotope size and distribution. The sensory and visual indicators were the items such as view point, view axis and skyline, and the accessibility indicator items for the green zone were applied as the socially used indicators. As for the application method according to each indicator, the water or water system was expressed and applied through the slopes and elevation topographic analysis drawings, the climate was expressed and applied through the main direction of the wind and the cold wind pass alley drawings. As for the green zone size and green zone ratio, the land use according to the status and housing area development was compared to present the measured figures. In case of the biotop size and the distribution item, the range was limited to the preparation of the biotope drawings for the focused preservation. As for the view point and view axis, the view point was selected according to the view point to prepare and apply the view analysis drawing in which the view area to be preserved is analyzed. As for the skyline, its landscape photo was composed with the housing area shape, and then skyline photography was applied as the plan in order to propose and consider the various shapes of the skyline. As for the accessibility to the peen zone, the network drawing was drawn to reflect the users' accessibility and continuity of the green zone formed and preserved according to the land use plan and then the drawing was prepared and proposed as the applicable plan.

This study was focused on estimating instream flow, and its optimal alternative for securing the required total amount of instream flow was also researched in order to restore ecosystems and riverine aesthetics of the Mugeo Stream, the first tributary of the Taewha River flowing through the center of Ulsan. In this study the hydraulic and hydrologic conditions and water quality were investigated at specific channel reaches and representative stations of the Mugeo Stream to determine a proper estimate of instream flow. And riverine functions, such as the minimum flow, water quality conservation, fish habitat, and recreation, were considered to restore the environmental functions of the stream. As a result, the total amount of 11,500㎥/day was set as the target instream flow for the Mugeo Stream. It was chosen as the optimal alternative for securing the total external supply of 10,000㎥/day which have to be transfered from the riverbed flow diverted through the Taewha Main river at upstream of Samho bridge. The water quality throughout the Mugeo Stream channels will be improved considerably to 3-4 mg/l of BOD standard if the target instream flow is supplied and sewage is intercepted by the sanitary sewage system.

The purpose of this study is to analyze seasonal changes in structure and landscape of Gongji stream corridor in Chuncheon, and to suggest some guidelines to contribute to creating a desirable close-to- nature stream. The study seasonally surveyed floodplain and revetment conditions, channel micro-topography, streamflow level and velocity, and vegetational cover. Flooding, water level, and vegetation were major factors of affecting seasonal changes in streambed structure and stream landscape. Small sand bars and islands were considerably disturbed by flooding and water level change. However, large islands and sand bars in the upper and middle section of the study stream remained or reappeared even after flooding. Flooding also tended to repeat channel sedimentation at the same spot. Controlling water volume of the Euiam Lake, which is adjacent to the study stream, caused higher water level downstream in the dry seasons. The majority of vegetation in sand bars and islands was washed away by the floods. Vehicle passing, crop cultivation, and ball game were other elements which disturbed vegetation in the floodplain. Creating a close-to-nature stream should reflect micro-topographical changes of channel by flooding, prevent improper vehicle entry and human use, and remove concrete material in the revetment and floodplain.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the characteristics of urban ecotopes and to classify ecotopes systematically from them. Total of 15 characteristics for classification of ecotopes were selected, and there were categorized 3 factors, that is abiotic, biotic and anthropological factors. The ecotope types in the study area were classified into 67. The classification of ecotope was made with SPSS for Windows Version 10.0 on the basis of the 15 characteristics. As the results of cluster analysis using the average linkage method between groups, groups of ecotope type were divided into 15 clusters. It was known that there was not a great difference in an affinity as the result of overlapping the maps of ecotope type and land use type. This research suggested characteristics for classification of ecotopes, but there was a limit to get the objective method for grade classification because of lacking in the basic data, the research of characteristics will be accomplished continuously.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of the urban landscape by CG(Computer Graphic) pictures and visibility analysis. In this study, the CG picture was created by using zoning data and DEM(Digital Elevation Model) on Chunchon city. The landscape type was classified into three by cluster analysis using the area rate of the element which constitutes CG picture. Visible analysis used DEM as fundamental data, and was performed by using GIS(Geographic Information System). And the frequency seen on viewshed was classified into five grades. The result of this study are as follows: 1. The area rate of the element which constitutes CG picture was high development restriction zone(43%) in type 1, green land area(39%) in type 2, and city area(24%) in type 3. 2. In the analysis results of GIS visibility analysis, it turns out that Euiam lake is important area on the landscape in all types. 3. The land use of high frequency seen on viewshed was water area, residential area in type 1, development restriction area, park area in type 2, and development restriction zone, water area in type 3.

The purpose of this study is to focus on the townscape of Daegu based on the urban characteristics of the landscape cognition and images captured by citizens. The analysis was performed by the data obtained from questionnaires and interviews. This study methods were deals the cognition characteristics, landmark landscape, visual preference landscape, image and satisfaction. The results are summarized as follows: 1.The orders of cognition landscapes were estimated Apple〉Weather〉Texture〉Mt.Palgong〉Daegu Tower〉Pretty Girl〉Mt. Apsan〉Dalsung Park〉Conservative〉Dongsung Road, etc. That is constructed Nonphysical elements(62.0%) and Physical elements(38.0%) 2.The orders of representative landscape(Landmark) in city were estimated Mt.Palgong〉Daegu Tower〉Gat Rock〉Mt.Apsan〉Dalsung Park, etc. As a whole middle and old people(over 30gen) preferenced as a history landscape or natural landscape, but youth people(10-20gen) preferenced as visible and interesting artifical places. 3.While the positive attitudes for the image of city were traditional(3.30), intimacy(3.58), and rest(2.90), the negative attitudes were unnewly(2.34), closing(2.37) and narrow(2.40). Also total satisfaction for that was estimated 5.51. 4.Psychological factors, related to the satisfaction of the image of city were composed of four factors, individuality character, pleasure character, amenity character, formation character. And the presumption formula of satisfaction was: Satisfaction = 5.477 + 0.752(Individuality) + 0.470(Pleasure) +0.413(Amenity) +0.241(Formation)

The purpose of this study is to suggest the landscape potential index for visualizing landscape information in the conservation of hilly landscape in urban fringe. For the visual and quantitative approach to topological landscape assessment, numerical entity data of DEM(digital elevation model) were processed with CAD-based utilities that we developed and were mainly focused on analysis of visibility and visual sensitivity. Some results, with reference in assessing greenbelt area of Eodeung Mt. in Gwangju, proved to be considerable in the landscape assessment of suburban hilly landscapes. 1) Since the viewpoints and viewpoint fields were critical to landscape structure, randomized 194 points(spatially 500m interval) were applied to assessing the generalized visual sensitivity, we called. Because there were similar patterns of distribution comparing to those by 56 points and 18 Points given appropriately, it could be more efficient by a few viewpoints which located widely. 2) Regressional function was derived to represent the relationships between probabilities of visibility frequency and the topological factors(topological dominance, landform complexity and relational aspect) of target field. 3) Visibility scores of each viewpoint were be calculated by summing the visual sensitivity indices within a scene. The scores to the upper part including ridge line have been more representative to overall distributions of visual sensitivities. Also, with sum of deviations of sensitivity indices from each single point's specific index to the weighting values of view points could be estimated rotationally. 4) The deviational distributions of visual sensitivity classes in the topological unit of target field were proved to represent the visual vulnerability of the landform. 5) Landscape potential indices combined with the visual sensitivity and the DGN(degree of green naturality) were proposed as visualized landscape information distributed by topological unit.

The city's countryside is adjusting to change by urbanization. The recent changes in rural landuse and damages of local landscape characteristics are very serious. But, few studies address the relationship between land-use and quality of landscape for these area. The aim of this study is to clarify causes and problems of the change through investigating changes of landscape as a function of land-use. The results are as follows 1) The change of landscape can be seen as a functional of land-use. Landscapes are characterized by changes of regional environments. These are the urban-rural fringe area which need special consideration for urban development and also for rural landscape quality. 2) 11 types of landscape patterns are found for landscape management. these are Regional commercial area, Apartment development, Recreation & seisure, Golfs, Housing complex, Industrial complex, Vinyl house, Rural village, Evaded facilities, Rivers, Cultural heritages. These landscape types are explained as 'stimuli-responses model'in Bryant's Forces of urbanization. 3) The policy implications of these study are as follows : First is the necessity of landscape management in Grown Management Zone and Natural Reserved Zone in the Metropolitan level, Second is the necessity of development control in semi- agricultural area. The last is the necessary of long range management plan in the urban-rural fringe area.