This study identifies influential factors for invigorating the public management office (PMO) system for system integration (SI) projects in public sectors and analyzes the priority of each factor from the point of different stakeholders, i.e., owners, SI company, and PMO. Based on the literature review, four first-level influential factors are identified: legal system maintenance, owner’s capability, SI company’s capability, and PMO’s capability. Among them, the PMO’s capability is determined as the most critical factor by all the stakeholders. Among the second-level influential factors, the capabilities of professional engineers and project managers are considered as important among the PMO’s capability, whereas the reasonable consulting fee is considered as the most critical factor among the legal system maintenance. With respect to each stakeholder, project management capability is considered as the most important factor for owners, while the reasonable consulting fee is considered as the most important factor for PMO.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate dietary habit and nutritional status by household income in female adults, using data from the 4th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007~2009). Subjects were 8,356 women over the age of 20 years. The subjects were classified into 4 groups by household income level. Dietary data from 24 hr recall methods were used to analyze nutritional status. The obesity rate of the low income group was significantly higher than the rates of other income groups. Additionally, the nutritional status of the low income group was worse than those of other groups. The percentage of carbohydrate in total energy intake was higher and food security status was lower in the low income group than in other groups. Awareness and adherence to dietary guidelines were also lower in the low income group. Adherence to a dietary guideline of ‘avoiding salty foods and trying to eat foods with bland taste’ and ‘eating a variety of foods from each food group’ were lower than those of other groups. However, the frequency of skipping breakfast among the low income group was lower than that of others. Therefore, this study suggested that low income women should decrease the percentage of carbohydrate in total energy intake and adhere to dietary guidelines, especially those of avoiding salty foods and eating a variety of food groups, in order to improve their nutritional status.

Nongmingong provides Labor Force in the Cities and Enterprises had been the Source of Economic Development. Since the Global Financial Crisis in 2008, As the Global Economic Downturn China's Economic System was the need to change. The Chinese Government has required the Development of New Power So Nongmingong was received the Attention. However Nongmingong do not have the Necessary Conditions for a Differentiation Hierarchy. First, the Differentiation Hierarchy of Nongmingong the biggest Factors that interfere is a Dualistic Hukou System. Dualistic Hukou system is limited Economic Resources of Nongmingong. Second, Nongmingong has almost no resources required for Differentiation Hierarchy. Nongmingong has almost no Organizational resources, From the perspective of Cultural resources, Nongmingong are mostly Middle School and there is no Technical Qualifications. So Nongmingong are mainly engaged in Physical Labor. From the perspective of Economic resources, the Recent Increase in the Wages of Nongmingong, but it is not enough Differentiation Hierarchy. Third, due to Obstacles to Nongmingong in China's Social and Economic Influence is limited. In order to Consumption Extension of Nongmingong must be expanded the Social Security System and must be reformed Hukou System. For Industrial Upgrading must be expanded Technical Education and must bed foster Skilled Workers.

As ICT advances, industries related to digital technology are disrupting the boundaries of corporations and increasingly interested in the industrial ecosystem. The electronic game industry is also continuously growing through convergence among various technologies, content genres and platforms. Accordingly, this study analyzed the hierarchical elements of hybrid game contents from the viewpoint of the ecosystem as well as the importance and influence their components have upon each level. To understand the importance and influence of the components of the ecosystem from the viewpoint of the value chain of hybrid game contents, an Expert Delphi Survey was conducted employing 18 experts from the game industry, academia and R&D institutions. The results of the Expert Delphi Survey were compiled, a hybrid game ecosystem defined for each layer, and a communication system diagram created depicting the relationship between the ecosystem and value chain of the hybrid game contents. Based on the analysis, to invigorate hybrid game contents, a direction for policies was presented for each hierarchy from both the micro and macro perspectives.

Photoelectrochemical cells have been used in photolysis of water to generate hydrogen as a clean energy source. A high efficiency electrode for photoelectrochemical cell systems was realized using a ZnO hierarchical nanostructure. A ZnO nanofiber mat structure was fabricated by electrospinning of Zn solution on the substrate, followed by oxidation; on this substrate, hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanorods on the ZnO nanofibers was carried out to form a ZnO hierarchical structure. The thickness of the nanofiber mat and the thermal annealing temperature were determined as the parameters for optimization. The morphology of the structures was examined by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The performance of the ZnO nanofiber mat and the potential of the ZnO hierarchical structures as photoelectrochemical cell electrodes were evaluated by measurement of the photoelectron conversion efficiencies under UV light. The highest photoconversion efficiency observed was 63 % with a ZnO hierarchical structure annealed at 400˚C in air. The morphology and the crystalline quality of the electrode materials greatly influenced the electrode performance. Therefore, the combination of the two fabrication methods, electrospinning and hydrothermal synthesis, was successfully applied to fabricate a high performance photoelectrochemical cell electrode.

As a work analysis technique, Work Domain Analysis (WDA) aims to identify the design knowledge structure of a work domain that human operators interact with through human-system interfaces. Abstraction hierarchy (AH) is a multi-level, hierarchical knowledge representation framework for modeling the functional structure of any kinds of systems. Thus, WDA based on AH aims to identify the functional knowledge structure of a work domain. AH has been used in a range of work domains and problems to model their functional knowledge structure and has proven its generality and usefulness. However, many of researchers and system designers have reported that it is never easy to understand the concepts underlying AH and use it effectively for WDA. This would be because WDA is a form of work analysis that is different from other types of work analysis techniques such as task analysis and AH has several unique characteristics that are differentiated from other types of function analysis techniques used in systems engineering. With this issue in mind, this paper introduces the concepts of WDA based on AH and offers a comprehensive list of references. Next, this paper proposes a set of principles for effectively applying AH for work domain analysis, which are developed based on the author's experiences, consultation with experts, and literature reviews.

목적: 광주광역시의 대학교 근처 A, 아파트 근처 B, 주택 근처 C안경원을 대상으로 계층화 의사결정방법(AHP)에 의한 분석을 바탕으로 안경원 창업에 따른 우선순위와 중요도에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 안경원에 직접 방문하여 안경사와 원장님들을 대상으로 토론하여 안경원 경영 하위 항목의 이원 비교를 위해 상대적인 우선순위와 중요도를 조사하였다. 기술경쟁력, 물리적 편의성, 커뮤니케이션요인, 상품/서비스, 가격적 요인의 우선순위 중요도 분석을 위해 일관성 비율 0.1 미만의 설문지를 분석하였다. 결과: 계층화 의사결정방법(AHP)에 의한 안경원 경영 하위 항목의 우선순위 중요도 결과 대학교 근처 A안경원은 ‘가격적 요인’(0.467), 아파트 근처 B안경원은 ‘물리적 편의성’(0.440), 주택 근처 C안경원은 ‘기술경쟁력’(0.440)로 나타났다. 결론: 대학교 근처 A, 아파트 근처 B, 주택 근처 C안경원을 대상으로 안경원 경영 하위 항목의 우선순위와 중요도를 선정하였다. 우선순위 및 중요도는 AHP에 의하여 평가항목의 관계를 반영하여 측정하였다. 안경원의 창업에 기초적 자료가 되길 기대한다.

공공의 영역에서 공공의 이익과 관련된 정책이나 사안에 대한 사회적 차원의 접근에 있어서‘효율성’과 함께‘형평성’은 반드시 고려해야 할 양대 축이라 할 수 있을 것이다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구는 공공 R&D 투자사업 중 하나인 농업 R&D 투자에 대한 형평성 측면에서의 평가의 일환으로서, 과연 농업 R&D 투자로 인해 창출된 혜택이 농가의 소득계층 별로 균등하게 분배되고 있는지, 특히 농가의 경영 효율성에 고르게 영향을 미치고 있는지를 확인하기 위한 분석을 시도하였다. 분석결과 표면적으로는 공공재원이 투자된 농업 R&D의 혜택은 비교적 고르게 배분되고 있으며, 그 중에서도 하위 30∼40%가 상대적으로 많은 편익을 누리고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 농가마다 이질적인 지식 흡수⋅활용능력을 통제하였을 경우, 그 혜택이 상대적으로 저소득층 농가에 비해 고소득층 농가에 집중되는 경향이 발견되었다. 이는 형평성 차원에서 농업 R&D투자는 매우 역진(逆進)적인‘보조금’으로서 기능을 하고 있음을 의미하게 된다. 그러나 이러한 농업 R&D 투자의 역진성은 농가들이 지닌 기술적‘필요(needs)’의 이질성에 기인한 것일 수도 있음을 확인할 수 있었는데, 전통적인 관행농업 중심의 저소득층 농가들에 비해 지식영농을 지향하는 고소득층 농가들이 농업 R&D의 결과에 대한 수요가 높아 자연스럽게 혜택도 역시 집중된 것으로 보인다.

Superhydrophobic SiO2 layers with a micro-nano hierarchical surface structure were prepared. SiO2 layers depositedvia an electrospray method combined with a sol-gel chemical route were rough on the microscale. Au particles were decoratedon the surface of the microscale-rough SiO2 layers by use of the photo-reduction process with different intensities (0.11-1.9 mW/cm2) and illumination times (60-240 sec) of ultraviolet light. With the aid of nanoscale Au nanoparticles, this consequentlyresulted in a micro-nano hierarchical surface structure. Subsequent fluorination treatment with a solution containingtrichloro(1H,2H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane fluorinated the hierarchical SiO2 layers. The change in surface roughness factorwas in good agreement with that observed for the water contact angle, where the surface roughness factor developed as ameasure needed to evaluate the degree of surface roughness. The resulting SiO2 layers revealed excellent repellency towardvarious liquid droplets with different surface tensions ranging from 46 to 72.3mN/m. Especially, the micro-nano hierarchicalsurface created at an illumination intensity of 0.11mW/cm2 and illumination time of 60 sec showed the largest water contactangle of 170o. Based on the Cassie-Baxter and Young-Dupre equations, the surface fraction and work of adhesion for the micro-nano hierarchical SiO2 layers were evaluated. The work of adhesion was estimated to be less than 3×10−3N/m for all the liquiddroplets. This exceptionally small work of adhesion is likely to be responsible for the strong repellency of the liquids to themicro-nano hierarchical SiO2 layers.

PURPOSES: Regional offices of the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs use a computerized system called KAMIS so as to manage road equipment systematically. Road agencies can record number of operating days by equipment, actual working hours, accumulated operating hours (or distance) by equipment, and operating cost. However, KAMIS does not provide critical information, although it is strongly related to efficient road management equipment operation. In other words, road agencies do not know whether they have sufficient equipment to handle their actual work. METHODS: Therefore, this study suggests a methodology to evaluate for operational efficiency of road management equipment using analytical hierarchy process(AHP). First of all, estimated weights related criteria can be produced by AHP, and then use operational history by pieces of equipment. RESULTS: Results show that importance of management work can differ from weather conditions through five areas. CONCLUSIONS: Commonly, this results can imply to help save money for the purchase and maintenance of road management equipment, and they would improve the functional performance of KAMIS.

In this paper to prevent human errors analyzed the causes of railway accidents and human error in last 5 years(2007~2011). The 2nd Railway Comprehensive Safety Plan currently being implemented in the safety business for prevention of human error. The accidents are often resulted from multiple causes with hardware failure and human errors. And prevention of human error associated with the implementation details of the priority projects, 14 projects were selected by draw. Then Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) methodology was used to select what projects were effective to human error.

통근자료를 활용한 기능 지역의 구분은 도시의 구조를 파악할 수 있다는 점에서 의미있는 작업이다 . 그러나 이전의 방법들, 특히 인트라맥스 (Intramax)는 공간 단위들 사이의 기능적 연결을 최적화하는데 부적절한 결과를 도출해왔다 . 따라서 이 논문에서는 통근권 설정에 있어서 내부이동 비율 증가를 위한 새로운 지표의 제시와 공간적 인접성과 넓이의 균형성과 같은 공간적인 제약들을 고려한 대안적인 방법을 제시하고자 한다 . 그리고 새롭게 제시된 방법을 이용하여 서울 대도시권의 통근권을 설정하고 , 이를 인트라맥스로 설정된 통근권과 비교하여 새롭게 제시된 기능 지역 설정 방법에서 제시된 지표와 공간적 제약의 효과를 각 단계별로 분석하였다 . 그 결과 , 새롭게 제시된 방법을 통해 설정된 통근권이 인트라맥스로 설정된 통근권에 비해 내부이동 비율이 더 높게 나타났고, 기능 지역 구분의 정의에 더 부합하는 결과를 보였다.

This study presents the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) as a potential decision-making method for obtaining the relative weights of alternatives through pairwise comparison in the context of hierarchical structure. The aim of this study was to elicit prior strategies for brand communication for Korean restaurants overseas. We created a questionnaire and surveyed experts at government agencies, restaurant companies, and universities from October to November 2011. By applying the pairwise comparison matrix, relevance was perceived as a more important strategy evaluation criteria than effectiveness or urgency. The highest-ranked strategy was the 'Identification of the BI and positioning of Korean restaurants' followed by 'Development of Korean food content for overseas promotion', 'Development of locally customized Korean food recipes and new Korean menus', 'Development of marketing communication strategies for Korean restaurants by countries', and 'Development of Korean restaurant differentiation strategies'. The results of this study can be used for effective Korean food globalization by enhancing the competitiveness in the world market.

최근 스마트 폰의 급격한 보급으로 그 사용자 수가 크게 늘어남에 따라 이를 이용한 실시간 온라인 게임의 많은 이용 등으로 인터넷 트래픽이 급속히 증가하고 있는 실정이다. 이에 네트워크의 대역폭, 서비스 제공의 유연성, 전송속도, 확장성, 보안성 등 여러 방면에서 기존의 네트워크보다 훨씬 향상된 네트워크 성능을 요구하게 되어 전달망 및 통신망 제어기술 또한 급속히 발전하고 있다. 이를 수용하기 위한 광 다계층 망에서의 신속한 복구를 수행하여 실시간 온라인 게임이 단락이 없이 수월하게 운용할 수 있는 새로운 복구 메커니즘을 제시하고, 이에 대한 특성을 살펴본다.

교통사고발생시 사고 심각도에 영향을 미치는 요인과 그 관계를 이해하는 것은 기하구조나 환경 측면에서 교통사고 발생을 예방하고 운전자와 사고 차량의 특성을 이해하는데 도움을 준다. 본 연구에서는 계층 이항 로지스틱모형에 의해 고속도로 교통사고 심각도에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하고 영향변수 간 차이를 나타내는 비교위험도(odds ratio)를 도출하였다. 사고 심각도는 인명피해와 차량피해로 구분하여 사망사고모형과 차량완파사고모형을 구축하였다, 종속변수는 사망자 발생과 완파차량 발생 여부이며, 각각 사고-탑승자, 사고-차량의 2수준 계층구조를 적용하였다. 추정 결과 설명변수의 고정효과는 두 모형이 유사한 결과를 보이나 종속변수의 속성에 따라 차별화된 결과를 나타내기도 하였다. 본선과 진출입부에서의 사고가 가장 위험하며, 중앙선 침범과 통행위반, 과속 사고의 상해나 차량 파손 위험도가 높고, 충돌사고와 추돌사고, 화재 사고의 피해가 크다. 사고 심각도는 노면 상태나 시야 조건 등 외부환경에 영향을 받으나 기하구조 조건은 관련이 없다.

The advanced planning and scheduling(APS) is an well known enterprise information system that provides optimal production schedules and supports to complete production on time by solving the complex scheduling problems including capacity and due dates. In

세계화의 흐름에 따라 농업공간이 전통적 사회공간에서 국제적 경제공간으로 탈바꿈하고 있음에도 불구하고 국내의 농업 입지에 관한 계량적 연구는 매우 제한적으로 이루어져왔다. 특히, 미래의 시장성이 기대되는 작물인 복분자는 곡물대체 상업작물로서 지역적 특화에 성공하였다. 하지만, 농업 클러스터로서 복분자에 대한 자연⋅인문 환경을 고려한 입지연구는 현재까지 진행되지 못했으며, 일반적인 농산업 클러스터 입지 연구 조차도 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 농업입지 연구의 특성과 한국의 농업입지에 관한 기존의 선행연구를 검토하고 경상도 지역에서 복분자 클러스터가 입지할 수 있는 최적지를 제시하고자 한다. 이를 위해 공간통계기법인 Kriging을 이용하여 공간데이터를 구축하였으며, 다기준 분석법(Multi-Criteria Analysis)의 하나인 Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) 기법을 이용하여 복분자 클러스터 입지 요인들의 중요도에 따른 가중치를 산출한 후 최적의 입지를 도출하였다. 그 결과, 경상북도 남서쪽 지역, 경상남도의 서쪽지역과 중앙부 지역, 남쪽 해안가 지역 등이 복분자 클러스터의 최적지로 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과는 경상도 내 복분자의 지역적 특화에 대해 실질적인 활용 가치를 지니며, 관련 담당자나 농업인에게 유용한 정보를 제공해 줄 것으로 기대된다. 또한 공간분석 방법을 적용한 농업의 최적 입지모델을 제시한다.