This study was carried out to compare the effect of dietary zinc gluconate, fructooligosaccharide and probiotic on body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency of broiler chicks. A feeding trial was conducted with a total of 216 broiler chicks. Each treatment had 18 chicks with 3 replications. The supplementation levels of each treatment in the experimental diets were 0.20% for zinc gluconate, fructooligosaccharide and probiotic, respectively. The body gain of chicks fed feed additives significantly increased (p<.05) compare with that of control. Especially, the treatment with probiotic produced higher body gain than other treatments. Average feed intake of chicks was not significantly different among treatments (p<.05). Feed efficiency of chick fed feed additives significantly (p<.05) improved compare with control and the highest in the probiotic treatment. Therefore, the feed efficiency of chicks fed fructooligosaccharide, zinc gluconate and probiotic treatment were increased by 3.5%, 4.0% and 4.5%, respectively compare to that of the control. In conclusion, dietary feed additives tended to slightly improve the body gain and feed efficiency. Especially the treatment with probiotic produced higher body gain and feed efficiency among other treatments.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary probiotics BiopowderR (BP) on pig performance, carcass characteristics and ammonia concentration in feces. A feeding trial was conducted with a total of 36 growing pigs of an average 29kg body weight. Each treatment had 4 pigs with 3 replications. Pig during grower (26days) and finisher periods (62days) were fed 0.15 and 0.30% concentrations of BP respectively. Body weight gain slightly increased for pigs fed BP during overall periods compared with control, not significantly different. Especially, in growing periods, the body weight gain of BP treatment increased by 10% compared with control (700g vs 775g), in finishing periods, that of BP 0.3% treatment increased by 10% compared with control (890g vs 980g), not significantly different among treatments. Feed intake slightly increased for pigs fed BP in overall periods. During grower periods, the feed intake of BP 0.3% treatment increased by 11.0% more than control, but also not significantly different among treatments. Feed efficiency was slightly improved for pigs fed BP overall periods when compare to the control, but not significantly different among treatments. In feces, average ammonia concentration (ppm) and bacterial count (log cfu/g) were not affected by BP addition. There was no significantly different in carcass weight, fat thickness and carcass grade. In conclusion, supplemental BP tended to slightly improve the performance of pig and did not influenced the concentration of ammonia in feces and carcass characteristics.

This study investigated the effect of adding poultry litter additive containing probiotics and amino acids to the litter on weight gain in ducks and ammonia content in poultry litter. Nine hundred 1-day-old ducks (Pekin) were randomly distributed into three groups (300 birds per treatment divided into three replicates) using a randomized block design. Treatments were top-dressed on the litter surface at rates of 2 kg poultry litter additives (T1) and 2 kg macsumsuk (T2) per m2, and untreated poultry litter was used as the control. Overall, a significant difference (p<0.05) in weight gains was observed at 3 and 4 weeks, but not at 5 and 6 weeks. After 4 weeks, when compared to other treatments, the addition of poultry litter additive tended to increase the average body weight gain (90-130 g). The ammonia content was affected by all treatments (p<0.05) over time except at 3 weeks, however, compared to other treatments, the poultry litter additive decreased the ammonia content. In particular, the rate of ammonia reduction by the poultry litter additives over time was approximately 20.2%-49.2%. Regarding temperature, a significant difference was observed in all treatment groups (p<0.05), except at 3 weeks. In conclusion, considering poultry litter additives and temperature, the increase in duck weight gain was associated with a decrease in ammonia content in the poultry litter.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of manure additives mixed with probiotics and zeolite on harmful gas production generated by pig slurry. A total of 180 crossbred pigs ([Yorkshire x Land race] x Duroc, live weight 70±3.21 kg) were allotted to a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 3 replications (20 heads per replicate). The treatments consisted of 0% (control), 0.05% (T1), or 1% (T2) of manure additives mixed with probiotics and zeolite. Manure additives were added weekly to pig slurry pits (2 m × 4.5 m × 1.2 m) on a volumetric basis. For ammonia measured at both 10 cm and 90 cm above the pig slurry pit, a statistical significance (p<0.05) was found in probiotics and zeolite-treated manure additives at weeks 1 – 3, except for week 0. In addition, hydrogen sulfide levels measured at 10 cm above the pig slurry pit were not affected by the manure additive at weeks 0 and 1, but showed a significant statistical difference at weeks 2 and 3 (p<0.05). Therefore, supplementing pig slurry with 0.05% and 0.1% manure additives mixed with probiotics and zeolite was found to be effective in reducing environmental pollution in pig facilities.

This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of mixed probiotic on the immunity, productivity index and mortality rate in the broiler. Total of 120 one-day-old Ross broilers chicks were randomly assigned into two treatments (control dietary group and probiotic-treated group) with three replications of each treatment. The probiotic group broiler had a lower mortality rate than control during the experimental period. The productivity index in the probiotic group increased significantly than the control group. The weight of the bursa of fabricius was high in the probiotic-treated group than the control group. Activated the immunity level after fed the probiotic mixed diet compared to the control group. Furthermore, the probiotic diet significantly decreased the saturated fatty the control group. Whereas the probiotic mixed diet increased the unsaturated fatty acid than the control group. Afterward, the diet including probiotic induced positive impact on broilers immunity level. This indicates that a probiotic mixed diet could be protecting the intestine from the invasion of a pathogenic organism. It would be beneficial to the poultry industries by decrease the broiler mortality rate with elevated the immunity.

In this study, the effect of probiotic supplementation on growth performance, blood metabolites, and meat quality of Hanwoo steer was investigated. A total of 32 Hanwoo steers (15-17 months, average body weight 462±37.9 kg) were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% mixed probiotics), with four Hanwoo steers per pen (two replicates per treatments), and reared for 12 months. There were no differences among treatments in growth performance of Hanwoo steer (P>0.05); however, feed intake decreased linearly with increasing levels of mixed probiotics. Growth hormone and Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) levels responded linearly with increasing levels of dietary mixed probiotics (P<0.05), but not insulin and blood glucose did not. In particular, total cholesterol was significantly lower for the 1% mixed probiotic treatment in comparison with that of the other treatments (P<0.05). The pH, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS), cooking loss, and meat color were influenced by increasing levels of mixed probiotics (P<0.05), but the carcass characteristics and shear force were not. Regarding sensory evaluation, the addition of mixed probiotics resulted in significant difference in meat color, tenderness, aroma, off-flavor, juiciness, and marbling score, but not in overall acceptability. In addition, fatty acid profiles indicated no differences between control and mixed probiotic treatments. In conclusion, mixed probiotic treatment at 1% levels can enhance consumer preferences possibly by reducing cholesterol and TBARS.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are industrially important microorganisms for probiotics. The recent widespread application of LAB for preparation of functional food is attributable to the accumulating scientific evidence showing their beneficial effects on human health. In this study, we isolated and characterized plant-derived LAB that show angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and antioxidant activities. The selected strain K2 was isolated from Kimchi, and identified as Lactobacillus plantarum by 16S rRNA gene analysis. The strain grew under static and shaking culture systems. They were also able to grow in different culture conditions like 25℃∼37℃ temperature, 4∼10 pH range and ∼6% NaCl concentration. L. plantarum K2 was highly resistant to acid stress; survival rate of the strain at pH 2.5 and 3 were 80% and 91.6%, respectively. The strain K2 also showed high bile resistance to 0.3% bile bovine and 0.3% bile extract with more than 74% of survival rate. The cell grown on MRS agar plate containing bile extract formed opaque precipitate zones around the colonies, indicating they have bile salt hydrolase activity. The strain showed an inhibitory activity against pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes; antibacterial activity was probably due to the lactic acid. The K2 strain showed relatively higher autoaggregation values, antihypertensive and antioxidant activities. These results suggest that L. plantarum K2 could be not only applied as a pharmabiotic for human health but also is also starter culture applicable to fermentative products.

배합사료 제조 시 우리나라는 95% 이상을 수입에 의존하고 있으나 한약재 부산물을 활용할 경우 공급처에서는 수입에 의존하는 단미사료 원료를 대체가능하며 악화된 조사료 시장 및 축우 경영에 많은 도움이 될 것이다. 또한 수요처에서는 한약재 부산물을 처리함으로써 주변환경 개선 및 연간 2억원 정도의 절감효과를 기대할 수 있고 절감된 비용을 활용하여 약품개발을 위한 연구 인력을 보충할 수 있다. 한약재 부산물을 활용하여 첫째 TMR 사료 원료인 볏짚 및 수입 단미사료 원료를 대체 하는 것을 목표로 한다. 한약재 부산물을 최적의 조건으로 발효시켜 유효기간을 늘리고 축우의 기호성을 증가시키며 자동화 TMR 배합 설비를 구축하여 많은 양의 한약재 부산물을 처리한다. 둘째 유용 미생물인 바실러스 균, 유산균, 효모균을 자연생태계에서 분리 동정한 후 효소, 항균력, 발효력, 상호 공존력을 평가하고 소화제 한약재 부산물을 유용미생물로 발효시켜 건조, 분쇄 후 제과분과 적정 비율로 혼합 후 친환경 고품질 생균제를 개발한다. 개발된 생균제를 위탁기관을 통해 양어･양계에 적용하여 생체 내 비특이적 면역반응과 항균력을 입증하여 전라북도 뿐만 아니라 전국적인 사업망을 통해 안정적인 생균제 판매망을 구축하고자 한다. 또한 기존 공업용 미생물 배지를 대체할 수 있는 한약재 부산물을 활용한 미생물 배지를 개발하여 음수첨가제 및 발효제를 개발하고자 한다.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of mixed probiotics on growth performance and fatty acid profiles of Korean native chicken and to provide information regarding producers. Ninety six Korean native chicken (48 males and 48 females, Hanhyup-3-ho) were allocated to 16 wire cages with 4 treatments, 4 replicates and 6 chicks (3 males and 3 females) per wire cage and fed one of four diets containing 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5% mixed probiotics for 6 weeks. There were no differences among treatments in growth performance of Korean native chicken. For fatty acid profiles, no statistically differences in each fatty acid, total saturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acids were observed in all treatments. In the present study, irrespective of statistically differences, inclusion of mixed probiotics tended to improve growth performance, reduce saturated fatty acid and increase unsaturated fatty acids in breast muscles from Korean native chicken compared to controls.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of probiotics as manure additives on pathogen, mineral, carbon dioxide and methane emissions in pig slurry as a function of time and provide information about the importance of pig slurry management to pig producers. An experiment was a completely randomized design and four treatments: CON: no treatment (5 kg pig slurry), T1: 5 kg pig slurry + 0.2% bacillus subtilis, T2: 5 kg pig slurry + 0.2% yeast, T3: 5 kg pig slurry + 0.2% actinomycetales. All treatments were replicated three times. The results information that is analyzed includes the following: First, in spite of the lack of statistically significant differences, pH values and carbon dioxide were lowered (P < 0.05) in all probiotic treatments compared with the controls as a function of time. Second, all probiotic treatments had no effect on Salmonella enterica, mineral, and methane emission. The results of this study indicated that addition of 0.2% probiotic to pig slurry resulted in lower pH and carbon dioxide emissions, and carbon dioxide and methane emitted from pig slurry is not listed as noxious gases.

음식료품업이 발달하면서 따라서 식품제조시 폐기물의 양이 꾸준히 증가하고 있다. 밀을 가공하는 제과, 제빵, 제면회사의 폐기물 또한 제품 생산량만큼 해마다 증가하고 있다. 따라서 처리비용을 절감하고 자원으로 활용하기 위한 폐기물의 자원화 사업 필요하다. 기존에 폐제과, 폐제빵, 폐제면들은 성상에 따라서 퇴비로 사용하거나 소각을 하는 방법을 사용해 왔다. 하지만 이런 것들은 일반 음식물쓰레기와 같이 대기와 토양, 지하수를 오염시켜 피해를 주기 때문에 좋은 방법은 아니다. 퇴비화나 소각과 달리 폐제과, 폐제빵, 폐제면을 탈포, 분쇄하여 사료로 사용할 수 있다. 이것을 과자박(과자분)이라고 하여 축산농가에서 고에너지 식물성 사료로 사용하고 있다. 하지만 이것 또한 제조공정 및 유통과정의 미생물 오염을 쉽게 막을 수 없어 완전한 사료는 되지 못한다. 이런 상황에서 대구산업단지내 제과, 제빵, 제면 회사에서 발생하는 폐기물이 일으키는 환경오염을 막고 또한 과자박(과자분)으로 개발된 폐기물의 단점을 보완한 생균제를 생산하여 생태산업단지 구축이 가능할 것으로 기대된다. 폐제과, 폐제빵, 폐제면에 관련한 연구는 전무한 실정으로 사료원료와 사료첨가제인 생균제로 만드는 방법만을 기술한 특허만이 몇건 등록되어 있다. 폐제과, 폐제빵, 폐제면은 제조과정에서 생기는 반제품, 부스러기, 결손제품 또는 판매 기간이 지난 재고품 등과 같은 것으로 염분(나트륨)과 지방의 함량이 높은 편이다. 폐제과, 폐제빵, 폐제면은 탄수화물 50% 이상, 단백질 6% 이상, 지방 5% 이상, 염분(나트륨) 0.7% 이상, 미량의 비타민, 미네랄이 함유되어 있다. 폐제과, 폐제빵, 폐제면이 섞인 혼합물을 고상발효기에 넣고, 스팀으로 살균하였다. 스팀 과정에서 발생하는 수분으로 혼합물의 수분함량을 50%로 조절하고 알코올발효효모인 특허균주(Candida pelliculosa SW001(KFCC11481P)를 1%, 유산균(Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paracasei)을 1%, 고초균인 Bacillus subtilis균을 1% 접종하여 30℃에서 72시간 고상발효를 시킨다. 고상발효후 건조과정을 거쳐 완성된 생균제를 단계희석(Serial dilution)법에 의해 생균수를 측정한 결과 효모균 3.2×107c.f.u/g, 유산균 5.7×108c.f.u/g, 바실러스균 4.8×107 c.f.u/g 이었다. 이상의 결과로 생균제의 최저 생균수인 1.0×106c.f.u/g보다 10배 이상의 생균수를 함유한 생균제가 만들어졌다. 또한 유해세균인 대장균, 포도상구균, 살모넬라균는 검출되지 않아 폐제과, 폐제빵, 폐제면을 활용한 생균제의 생산이 가능하게 되었다.

This study was conducted to investigate the changes in nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus(SRP) contents from hanwoo manure using probiotics to feed and manure additives during 5 weeks. A total of 45 hanwoo(24 months old) with averaging 580±20 kg in weight were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments with 3 replicates per treatment(5 hanwoo per pen, 5 x 8 m). The treatment were supplemented, control, T1(10 kg roughage + 2 kg concentrate(2% probiotics as-fed basis)), and T2(10 kg roughage + 2 kg concentrate(2% probiotics as-fed basis) + 7 kg probiotics on the surface of hanwoo manure (top-dressing)). During the experimental period, there were statistically significant differences(P<0.05) in pH values at 3 and 5 weeks; TN contents at 5 weeks; and SRP contents at 5 weeks in all treatments. Adding probiotics to feed or feed and manure increased manure pH in comparison with controls. As time increased, changes in TN contents decreased in the order: T2 > Control > T1. Especially, the reduction in SRP contents in all treatments at 5 weeks was in following order: T1 > T2 > Control. This result suggests that it is possible to make efficient use of probiotics as feed and manure additives for reducing environmental pollution or to provide fundamental information on livestock managements to producers.

Recently, the use of antibiotics to improve animal productivity in livestock industry was strictly restricted. For these reason, probiotics have been regarded as one of promising materials for an antibiotic alternative. In this study, we investigated how the probiotics influences on the performance of broiler chicken via meta-analysis. Eighteen researches from 1997 to 2010 were used for meta-analysis. The standard summary effects were calculated via fixed effect model and random effect model (Borenstein et al., 2009). Heterogeneity was calculated by using the Cochran’s Q statistics (Kook et al., 2009) and publication bias was calculated via Egger’s regression (Lee et al., 2011). In fixed model average daily gain, body weight serum protein content and cecal LAB showed positive effect significantly. Feed intake, feed/gain and serum cholesterol showed significant negative effect. In serum triglyceride, negative effect was found but significance was not shown. In random model, average daily gain body weight and cecal LAB showed positive effects with significance and feed/gain and serum cholesterol represented significant negative effects. Publication bias was found only in feed/gain.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of probiotics as an alternative for antibiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, noxious gas emission and fecal microbial population in growing piglets. A total of 96 piglets (22.5±1.3㎏ average body weight) were allotted to 3 different treatment groups and replicated 4 times with 8 piglets per replicate in randomized complete block design. Treatments were T1) (Control, basal diet+0.2% antibiotics), T2) 0.2% probiotics complex and T3) 0.3% Bacillus probiotics. During the whole experiment period, there were no differences (p>0.05) in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed efficiency. However, digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, nitrogen free extract and crude ash were showed higher in probiotics groups (T2 and T3) than those of control. In noxious gas emission, ammonia, amine, hydrogen sulfide and mercaptan were significantly (p

This study was conducted to determine effects of probiotics on performance, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention in Korean black goats fed two diets differing in forage to concentrate (F:C) ratio (30:70 and 70:30), for the establishment of their more efficient feeding management system. The probiotics employed in this trial were mixtures of different microbial species, which consisted of Lactobacillus casei, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae and Streptomyces griseus. Additional levels of probiotics to each F:C ratio (70:30 or 30:70) were 0 and 0.2%, respectively. Thus, twelve Korean black male goats were allotted to treatments in four groups of three goats per treatment and then they were housed in individual metabolism cages with a randomized complete block design for 21 days. Dry matter (DM) intakes were not affected by dietary F:C ratio and probiotics. Digestible DM amounts were significantly (p＜0.05) decreased with increasing levels of dietary forage, but they were not affected by probiotics addition. Dry matter intakes per metabolic body weight and their ratio per body weight had a similar trend to DM intakes with no significant difference by F:C ratio and probiotics addition. The nutrient digestibility was significantly (p＜0.05) increased with decreasing levels of forage in the diet, but it was not affected by probiotics addition. Urinary nitrogen loss was significantly (p＜0.05) decreased with decreasing levels of dietary forage, but there was no significant difference between probiotics-supplemented and unsupplemented groups within the same F:C ratio. On the contrary, nitrogen retention was decreased with increasing levels of dietary forage, and probiotics supplementation to two diets differing in F:C ratio showed slightly increasing trends in the nitrogen retention. From the above results, probiotics supplementation to two diets differing in F:C ratio did not have the significant influence on feed intakes, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention. Consequently, these parameters of Korean black goats were dominated rather by F:C ratio than by dietary probiotics.