The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of two types of stretching extensor carpi radialis on the visual analog scale (VAS), pressure-pain thresholds (PPTs), grip strength (GS), and strength of wrist extensor (SWE) in patients with lateral epicondylalgia. Sixteen patients with lateral epicondylalgia were recruited for this study and randomly assigned to two groups; the conventional stretching group (CS) and the stretching of proximal functional massage group (PFM); the VAS, PPTs, GS, and SWE were measured before and after the intervention. Over a period of stretching exercises were performed for five minutes per day, five days per week. The paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to determine the statistical differences in the VAS, PPTs, GS, and SWE (pre- and post-test). The Independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the effects of stretching exercises between the CS and PFM groups. The results of this study demonstrated that in the PFM group, the PPTs, GS, and SWE significantly increased, and the VAS decreased (p<.05). In the CS group, the VAS and GS increased significantly after the three-week intervention (p<.05). Pain was decreased and strength (GS and SWE) was increased in the PFM group, compared to the CS group (p<.05). The findings of this study indicate that PFM technique can be applied for decreasing pain and increasing the GS and SWE in patients with lateral epicondylalgia.

Research into the development of high strength (1 GPa) and superior formability, such as total elongation (10%), and stretch-flangeability (50%) in hot-rolled steel was conducted with a thermomechanically controlled hot-rolling process. To improve the overall mechanical properties simultaneously, low-carbon steel using precipitation hardening of Ti-Nb-V multimicroalloying elements was employed. And, ideal microstructural characteristics for the realization of balanced mechanical properties were determined using SEM, EBSD, and TEM analyses. The developed steel, 0.06C-2.0Mn-0.5Cr-0.2(Ti + Nb + V), consisted of ferrite as the matrix phase and second phase of granular bainite with fine carbides (20-50 nm) in both phases. The significant factor of the microstructural characteristics that affect stretch-flangeability was found to be the microstructural homogeneity. The microstructural homogeneity, manifest in such characteristics as low localization of plastic strain and internally stored energy, was identified by grain average misorientation method, analyzed by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and hardness deviation between the phases. In summar, a hot-rolled steel having a composition 0.06C-2.0Mn-0.5Cr-0.2(Ti + Nb + V) demonstrated a tensile strength of 998 MPa, a total elongation of 19%, and a hole expansion ratio of 65%. The most important factors to satisfy the mechanical property were the presence of fine carbides and the microstructural homogeneity, which provided low hardness deviation between the phases.

A rapid, simple and reliable LC-MS/MS method, which can be used on a routine basis, was developed for the simultaneous detection of 8 penicillin antibiotics (amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin-G, penicillin-V, oxacillin, cloxacillin, nafcillin and dicloxacillin) in swine muscle and kidney. The antibiotics were extracted from samples with water and methanol. The extract was centrifuged, filtered and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with a tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS), using a C18 reversed phase column with water/acetonitrile gradient containing 0.05 % formic acid. Mass spectral acquisition was achieved in an electrospray positive ion mode by applying multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of 2 fragment ion transitions to provide a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. The ion rations were consistent and could be used for confirmation of identity of the penicillin antibiotics. Recoveries of eight penicillins at three fortification levels (10, 20 and 40㎍/㎏) ranged from 79.8 to 102.4% and 72.8 to 103.4% in swine muscle and kidney, respectively. The coefficient of variation was than 9% in all samples. The estimated limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged from 1.0 to 3.2㎍/㎏ in swine muscle and kidney, respectively. The LOQs of this method are below the MRLs of penicillin antibiotics in animal tissues established in Korea and other countries.

이 연구는 제7차 교육과정의 취지에 맞는 수준별 수업을 내실 있게 운영하기 위해서 시작하였다. 사교 육의 팽창으로 많은 학생들이 단순 문제 풀이식이나 반복 학습의 영향으로 이론에만 익숙할 뿐, 각 단원 의 학습 목표나 본질을 이해하지 못하는 경우가 적지 않다. 문학 작품마저도 스스로 찾아 읽고, 말이나 글로 즐거움을 공유하고 쌓아나가는 경험을 하지 못하는 실정이다. 수준별 수업의 효과를 높이기 위해서는 수업 방법은 물론, 새로운 평가 방법 마련이 절실하다. 수준별 수업을 실시하더라도, 그것을 일률적인 잣대로 평가하는 것은 무의미하다고 할 수 있다. 이에 연구자는 문학 단원을 중심으로 단원의 특성과 학습자의 수준에 적합한 수행평가 프로그램을 구안하고, 각 장르별 활동을 ‘따라하기’, ‘변화주기’, ‘확장하기’의 3단계로 구분하여 학습자가 자신의 흥미나 능력에 맞는 프로그램을 선택하여 활동하도록 하였다. 문학 장르와 활동 내용에 따라 수시로 수준을 이동· 선택할 수 있도록 함으로써 활동에 대한 흥미를 고조시켰다. 또한 학습 목표에 적합한 수준별 수행평가 기준안을 마련하고, 다양한 수준별 수행평가 자료를 구안·적용함으로써 학생들의 문학 작품 감상 능력 신장 방안을 모색하게 되었다.

대다수 학생들은 부모가 짜준 생활 계획에 의존하여 학교 공부가 끝나면 여러 학원으로 다니고 있다. 이는 늘 허둥대고 많은 시간을 낭비하는 생활 습관으로 이어져 자기주도적인 생활을 하지 못하고 있다. 2007 개정 교육과정의 재량활동 목적은 학생들의 자기주도적인 학습 능력 신장에 있다. 이를 위하여 학생, 학부모의 요구 수준과 학교 특성을 고려하여 창의적인 재량활동을 편성·운영할 수 있다. 초등학교 때 부터 학생들이 자기관리 능력을 신장시킨다면 성공적인 삶을 살아갈 수 있을 것이다. 또한 재량활동 시간에 체계적인 자기관리 교육을 꾸준히 지도한다면 학생들의 자기관리 능력은 신장될 것이다. 이에 연구자는 6학년 교육과정을 분석하여 창의적 재량활동으로 교육과정을 재구성하고 영역별, 차시별 5종류의 자기관리 프로그램을 구안·적용하여 다양한 학교, 학급행사활동에 학생들을 참여하게 함으로써 자기주도적인 생활을 실천하는 자기관리 능력을 신장시키고자 하였다.

Plantago asiatica L. (PA), which is widely distributed in Korea, Japan and China, has traditionally been used as a popular folk medicine for the treatment of liver diseases. A variety of activities of PA was reported, that is hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-glycation and anti-oxidant effect. Ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) is a potent nephrotoxic agent and has been reported to induce renal proximal tubular necrosis. In the present study, pretreatment with PA extract (PAE) in Wistar rat followed by Fe-NTA i.p. treatment (13.5 mg Fe/kg body weight) was performed to detect the renal protective effect of PAE. Only Fe-NTA treated group showed increases in the level of serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Cr), and renal tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), product of lipid peroxidation. Moreover, the level of biomarkers indicate the antioxidants status, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) were decreased. However, PAE pre-treated group showed decreases in the levels of serum BUN, serum Cr and renal tissue MDA in concentration dependent manner and increases in the level of GSH, GST and GR. These results are significantly different (p < 0.05) to the other groups. Our data suggest that PAE may be used as an chemopreventive material against Fe-NTA-mediated renal oxidative stress.

초장은 절화국의 외적 품질을 결정하는 매우 중요한 요소이다. 본 실험은 단일처리 후 광량의 차이에 따른 절화국화 광합성 효율과 줄기 신장에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 growth chamber내에서 수행 되었다. 정식 7일 후 단일처리 (day/night, 11/13h)를 개시하였으며 이때 광량은 LEDs array (blue+red) 를 이용하여 60, 100, 140, 그리고 180 μmol·m-2·s-1 로 각각 유지하였다. 본 실험의 결과, 광도의 증 가에 따른 순 광합성률은 꾸준히 증가하는 직선 회귀의 상관관계가 있었다. 광도의 차이가 꽃눈 분화의 시기에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 초장, 엽면적, 그리고 건물중 등의 생육은 광도의 증가에 따라 증가 하 였으나 140과 180 μmol·m-2·s-1에서는 처리 간 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 이상의 결과에서 LEDs array 를 이용한 140 μmol·m-2·s-1이상의 광도는 절화국의 줄기 신장에 효과가 없는 것으로 판단되었으며 광 도의 증가에 따른 순 광합성률의 증가가 생육의 증가와 일치하지는 않음을 알 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of nerve mobilization, static stretching, and hold-relax on the flexibility of hamstring muscles and their surface electromyographic (EMG) responses to passive stretches in poststroke hemiparesis. This study was a randomized cross-over trial. Fourteen subjects received three treatment sessions in random order with each consisting of ten repetitions. The treatment sessions included nerve mobilization, static stretching, and hold-relax. The treatment sessions were held at least 24 hours apart to minimize any carryover effect. The outcome was measured by the distance between the greater trochanter and lateral malleolus and hamstring EMG activity during passive knee extension stretching. Repeated-measures analysis of variance showed significant changes in hamstring flexibility and EMG activity in main effect of time pre, post and followup (p<.05). However, no significant differences occurred among the three stretching techniques. No technique was consistently found to be superior. The three stretching techniques in this study make it difficult to determine the most effective technique. Therefore, clinicians use nerve mobilization of effective stretching techniques with other stretching techniques.

우리나라에 자생하는 하늘나리(Lilium concolor var. parthneion)와 날개하늘나리(L. dauricum)를 소형 분화 로 개발하기 위해 생장억제제의 줄기 신장 억제 및 개화 촉진 효과를 구명하였다. 조직배양으로 얻어 포장에서 1차 비대시킨 후 생체중이 각각 5-7g과 3-4g인 인경을 각각 0, 25, 50과 100mg·L−1의 ancymidol, diniconazole 과 uniconazole 수용액으로 침지, 분무 또는 관주처리 하였다. 하늘나리에 있어서는 uniconazole 침지처리가 초장을 가장 크게 감소시켰는데, 그 농도에 따라 10.2- 18.5cm로 대조구에 비해 60.7-78.3% 억제되었으며, 개화율은 농도에 관계없이 100%였다. 날개하늘나리의 경우, diniconazole 침지처리에서 줄기 신장의 억제 효 과가 가장 커서, 초장은 농도에 따라 3.2-7.0cm로 대조구 에 비해 70.0-86.3%나 억제되었으며, 개화율은 대조구의 0%에서 8.3-18.2%로 향상되었다. 그리고 ancymidol 25-50mg·L−1의 관주처리도 날개하늘나리의 줄기 신장 억제와 개화 촉진에 효과적이었다. 따라서 하늘나리와 날개하늘나리의 인경을 이용한 소형 분화 생산에는 각각 uniconazole 50-100mg·L−1 침지, 그리고 diniconazole 25mg·L−1 침지 또는 ancymidol 25mg·L−1 관주처리가 적합하다고 판단된다. 단, 본 연구에 사용된 날개하늘 나리의 인경은 크기가 너무 작아 분화로서 상품성이 없었기 때문에 좀더 큰 구근을 사용한 연구가 필요하다.

The purpose of this study is to compare the outcomes of manual stretching treatment with those of motor development and positioning physical therapy (MDPPT) for congenital muscular torticollis (CMT). This study was designed to be randomized controlled trials and to evaluate the outcomes of 43 consecutive patients with CMT who were first seen when they were average 26 days old. Before treatments, the patients were unintentionallv classified into two clinical groups along with the treatment methods. Among the 43 patients, 22 were classified to the manual stretching group and 21 to the MDPPT group. By means of independent t-test on the result. the duration of treatment according to methods was not significantly different in two groups (p>.05). The duration of treatment in accordance with head tilt level was not significantly different in two groups (p>.05). There was change of mass diameter, between at the beginning day of treatment and after treatment in manual stretching group with a strong positive linear correlation (p=.000, r=.734), but slightly positive linear correlation in MDPPT group. The result of this study indicates that two therapeutic methods make little difference in effectiveness.

In this study, we assessed the effects of dietary supplementation with Ecklonia cava on blood glucose, lipid metabolism, and renal oxidative stress in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a normal rat group fed on a control diet and diabetic rats fed on a control diet or supplemented with powder (15% w/w) or water extract of Ecklonia cava (2.5% w/w). Diabetes was induced by a single injection of STZ (60 mg/kg, ip) in citrate buffer. The animals were fed ad libitum with the experimental diet and water for 5 weeks. Dietary supplementation of Ecklonia cava powder and water extract was shown to reduce blood glucose levels in the diabetic rats, and the water extract was more effective than the powder. Dietary supplementation with Ecklonia cava also reduced LDL cholesterol and increased HDL-cholesterol levels in the diabetic rats. Renal glutathione S-transferase activity was increased in the diabetic rats as compared to the normal rats, but reverted to near control values as the result of dietary supplementation with Ecklonia cava. These results show that Eklonia cava exerts an anti-diabetic effect by improving blood glucose concentrations, LDL/HDL-cholesterol ratios, and antioxidative effects on the kidney in diabetic rats.

本论文研究1990年代中国新疆维吾尔族的民族分离运动与中国的民族政策的主要内容和特征。新疆维吾尔族具有与汉族不同的民族认同感，而这些民族认同感主要来自于维吾尔族的历史和文化因素。受到冷战体系的崩溃和一些中亚伊斯兰国家独立，新疆维吾尔族也要求分离和独立，因而在中国境内发生了很多恐怖事件。为了控制新疆的形势，中国政府采取了多种方法，如在国内采取‘严打’政策; 阻止与海外维吾尔族以及伊斯兰势力的联系; 对新疆地区实施包括经济方面的各种优待政策。 今天的新疆在中央政府的多种政策和努力之下，基本上维持着安定的局面，但在解决新疆问题上还存在一时难以解决的各种矛盾。第一，‘中华民族’的认同感和中央政府统治思想的弱化。第二，新疆的安定与经济之间的关系和矛盾。第三，对于外部势力和强大国对中国内政介入的对策。 对中央政府来说，来自西部的何种‘高度’自治或独立要求也不会接受，而一旦存在新疆维吾尔族继续要求分离和独立，那'中华民族'与新疆的民族认同感之间的矛盾也无法一时解决。

The range of motion (ROM) of ankle dorsiflexion in older women was associated with gait abnormalities and the risk of falls. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of self-stretching exercise on the flexibility of the plantar flexors of the ankle and the characteristics of gait in healthy elderly women. Fifteen participants were assigned randomly into an exercise (n=8) or control (n=7) group. The exercise group attended a self-stretching program approximately 30 minutes for 3 days per week for 4 weeks. The active ankle dorsiflexion ROM and gait measurements were taken prior to beginning the stretching program and 1 day after the last stretching day. Results showed that the active ankle dorsiflexion ROM was significantly increased in the exercise group than in the control group after the stretching program (p<.05). However, gait parameters, including gait speed, cadence, and stride length were not significantly different between the two groups (p>.05). The results suggest that a 4-week self-stretching program is capable of provoking a significant increase in ankle dorsiflexion ROM in elderly, community-dwelling women. Additional research is needed to investigate the effect of gait-specific exercise combined with stretching exercise on gait ability.

Discussion education, a social conversation form, which learners encounter for the first time, is very significant because the modern society emphasizes social communicative competence. This study aims at examining the contents of discussion education through reconceptualizing the components of discussion competence. Discussion competence is the competence that a discussion participant can make a rational, critical, and balanced communication, using speaking and listening strategy being comprehend․analyze․judge group topics, having open attitude, being based on cooperative contemplative faculty. At this point, contents of discussion education is "cooperative contemplative faculty for a discussion theme"; "comprehensive faculty․analytic thinking․judgment about a discussion theme"; "the open attitude for the social community"; "speaking and listening strategy for the achievement of a discussion purpose"; "a competence that leads rational, critical, and well-balanced discussion procedure". A leaner can expand into a discussion competence, it may be necessary to social communication, through this concrete contents of discussion education.

Diabetic nephropathy has been increasing, although blood glucose and blood pressure can be controlled by angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) or advanced glycosylation end products(AGE) inhibitors in the diabetic patients. We investigated the effect of dietary supplementation of sea tangle on the blood glucose, and pathological scoring of diabetic kidneys in the streptozotocin(STZ) induced diabetic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into normal rats fed control diet and diabetic rats fed control diet or control diet supplemented with powder or oater extract of sea tangle. Diabetes was induced by a single injection of STZ(60mg/kg, ip) in citrate buffer. The animals were fed the experimental diet and water for 13 weeks. Dietary supplementation of sea tangle decreased blood glucose in the diabetic rats. However, dietary supplementation of sea tangle did not affect the antioxidant enzyme activities, MDA content and pathology of diabetic kidneys. These results indicate that decreased blood glucose by sea tangle could not delay the progression of diabetic kidney disease.

The term thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is used to describe patients with compressed subclavian arteries, veins, and brachial plexuses in the region of the thoracic outlet. The objective of this study was to evaluate a scalenus stretching exercise that aims to restore normal function to patients with TOS. This study consisted of 60 patients with symptoms of TOS, and divided the patients into 3 groups: one that received manual therapy, one that practiced self stretching, and a control group. Each group consisted of 20 patients. This study assessed the efficacy of scalenus stretching exercise by examining the resting pain, tenderness, spherical grip power, and pinch grip power of patients. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Scheffe post hoc test, and independent t-test. The results showed that resting pain was statistically significant within the manual therapy and self stretching groups (p<.05), and that the resting pain of the manual therapy group was more statistically significant than that of the self stretching group (p<.05). Tenderness, spherical grip power, and pinch grip were statistically significant within the manual therapy and self stretching groups (p<.05), but there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p>.05). Finally I could see that there were no statistical differences between manual therapy and self stretching to improve the symptoms of the patients with TOS. These results imply that self stretching by patients is as important as manual therapy by a physical therapist.