The extraction yield of MeOH extract of green teas, oolong tea and black tea were 3 to 5, 4 to 5, and 5 to 7 fold higher than those of EtOH and EtAC extract, respectively. The amount of total catechins of EtAC extract of the black tea, and of the green teas and oolong tea were three- and two-fold higher than that of EtOH or MeOH extract of the corresponding teas, respectively. The antioxidative activities of EtOH, MeOH and EtAc extract were considerably higher than that of BHT and dl-α-tocopherol at 200 ppm level. The antioxidative activities of EtOH and MeOH extract at 200 and 500 ppm level, and of EtAc extract at 200 ppm level varied depending on the type of tea as follows : green tea I $gt; green tea II $gt; green tea III $gt; oolong tea $gt; black tea. The antioxidative activity increased as the content of EGC increased. But the antioxidative activity of MeOH extract at 1000 ppm level, and of EtAc extract at 500 and 1000 ppm level were not affected by the content of EGC and EGCG.

본 연구는 석이버섯의 기능성을 검토하기 위하여 석이버섯을 각종 용매로 추출하여 이들 추출물의 전자공여 작용, 항산화 효과 및 아질산염 소거작용을 측정하였다. 석이버섯 diethylether 및 butanol 추출물의 폐놀성 화합물의 함량은 각각 194.20㎍/ml, 98.80㎍/ml으로 높게 나타났다. 그러나 petroleum ether와 hexane 추출물에서는 페놀성 화합물이 거의 존재하지 않았다. 석이버섯 diethylether 및 butanol 추출물의 진자공여 작용은 각각 80.79%, 72.81%로서 높게 나타났으며, DPPH와의 반응초기에 흡광도가 급격히 감소하였다. 석이버섯 diethylether 및 butanol 추출물의 항상화 효과는 대조군보다 우수하였으나, BHA보다는 모두 낮은 항산화 효과를 나타내었다. 석이버섯의 아질산염 소거작용은 diethylether 및 butanol 추출물에서 각각 96.07%, 72.39%으로 나타내었다. 그러나 페놀성 화합물이 거의 없는 petroleum ether와 hexane 추출물에서는 아질산염 소거작용이 각각 15.07%, 7.3%로서 약하게 나타났다.

보리잎 중에 존재하는 항산화 물질을 여러 용매로 추출하여 그 항산화 효과를 비교하고, methanol추출물의 preparative TLC에 의한 분획물의 항산화 효과, UV-Visible spectrum, 총페놀 함량 및 수소공여능과의 관계를 조사하였다. 각 용매추출물의 항산화 효과의 크기는 methanol > ethyl ether> methylene chloride ≥ ethyl acetate≥ acetone > hexane순으로 나타났다. 메타놀추출물의 분획물인 fraction 1, 2및 3의 항산화 효과는 fraction 2>fraction 1>fraction 3의 순이었으며 이들의 효과는 모두 α-tocopherol보다 강한 것으로 나타났다. 자외선 흡수스펙트럼을 조사한 결과, Traction 1, 2사 3에서 페놀성 물질의 존재를 나타내는 280㎚에서의 강한 흡수가 보였으며 이들의 흡수는 fraction 2에서 가장 강하게 나타났다. 가시광선의 홉수스펙트럼의 경우 fraction 1, 2와 3는 각각 660㎚, 460㎚ 및 450㎚에서 최대흡수파장을 보였다. 자외선 스펙트럼과 총페놀 함량의 조사 결과, 보리잎의 항산화효과는 phenolic group을 함유하는 flavonoids에 기인되는 것으로 생각되었다.

The extracts of Quercisemen(Quereus acutissima Carruthers seed) powder was obtained by the extraction with distilled water, water : acetonet(1:1, v/v), ethanol and ethyl ether, respectively. As a result this experiment, the antioxidative activity of each solvent extracts on linoleic acid were examined as follows: 1. Each fraction extracted by the acetone : water(1:1, v/v), water and ethanol respectively showed high antioxidative activity. 2. A fraction of the tannin extracted from the solvent, acetone, water(1:1, v/v) showed even more antioxidative activity than that of the α-tocopherol or BHT. 3. Acceleration of peroxide reaction by Fe++ and Cu++ on the linoleic acid was strongly inhibited by adding the tannin, 4. Organic acid, such as malic acid, citiric acid and tartaric acid with the tannin were showed the synergistic effect fo the antioxidation reaction.

This study investigated the antioxidant effect of Hermetia illucens larvae using different extraction temperatures and solvents. We found significant differences in total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), an in three antioxidant indexes 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 1,1’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) contents, among the samples depending on the extraction temperature and solvent used. The sample extracted with water at 45℃ (HIW-45℃) showed the highest TPC, DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP contents, while the sample extracted with water at 90℃ (HIW-90℃) showed the highest TFC. These differences can be due to the different chemical structures of the extracted components. Based on these results, HIW-45℃ was the optimal extraction method for Hermetia illucens. We intend to further investigate the availability of functional materials for Hermetia illucens using this method.

A lipid-enriched strain of Botryococcus braunii (UTEX 572) was cultivated in a semi-batch aeration tank to enhance biomass as well as to develop intracellular lipids and fatty acids. A 30 day period of incubation produced 1.39 g/L of biomass and 0.31 g/L of total lipids in the biomass. The grown biomass was pre-treated using several methods to extract the total lipid content efficiently: ultrasonication was found to yield the highest percentage of lipids-namely 19.8% per biomass. Direct heating of biomass in an autoclave also showed better performance than when using only conventional solvent extraction. To enhance the biomass harvest and lipid extraction efficiency, coagulation and flocculation steps were added to the extraction process. It is noteworthy that not only the solvent type but also the solvent/biomass ratio greatly affected efficiency. In addition, the moisture content of the harvested(wet) biomass affected the efficiency significantly. This study elucidated the need for future research on optimizing this extraction process.

Dendropanax morbifera Leveille (Araliaceae) is an endemic species growing in the south-western part of South Korea that has been used in folk medicine and health functional food. In this study, we investigated an extract of quercetin in Jeju D. morbifera by varying different parts (fruit, sprouts, leaves, sprigs, and branches), harvest times, and extraction solvents. In addition, we aimed to establish a simple and reliable HPLC/UV analytical method to determination of quercetin for the quality control and base line data of the Jeju D. morbifera extract as a health functional food ingredient. The analytical specificity was determined with retention time and photo diode array (PDA) spectrum by analyzing quercetin using HPLC and comparing the results to those of extracts. This analytical method for quercetin was validated for its limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), precision, and accuracy. A high linearity in the standard calibration curve was obtained, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9996. Also, the LOD and LOQ values were found to be 0.28 μg/mL and 0.85 μg/mL, respectively, and the recoveries of quantified compounds ranged from 97.91% to 104.10%. Furthermore, the relative standard deviation (RSD) values of data from the intra- and inter-day precision analyses were less than 1.36% and 3.65%, respectively. As a result, the highest quercetin content among the extracts of Jeju D. morbifera leaves was found to be 20.14 mg/g, which was extracted at harvest in May (cultivation period 10 years) with 60% EtOH. All in all, we believe that the results obtained would be helpful in the development of nutraceutics and natural medicines and for the quality control of D. morbifera.

Background : The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant activities of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed extracts using various solvents. Method and Results : The safflower seed extracts was obtained using methanol (50, 75, 100%), ethanol (50, 75, 100%) and water. Total phenolic content (TPC) w as determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activities w ere estimated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and reducing power (RP). Average TPC of safflower seed extracts were 72.03 ㎍·GAE·㎎-1 DE in methanol, 50.16 ㎍·GAE·㎎-1 DE in ethanol, and 28.47 ㎍·GAE·㎎-1 DE in water. TPC were significantly different (p < 0.05) between the solvents. DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and RP a average activities of methanol extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity, with value of 62.95 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, 123.48 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, 171.68 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, and 76.07 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, respectively. Values of Ethanol extracts showed DPPH 32.26 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, ABTS 81.02 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, FRAP 159.24 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, and RP 34.83 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE. There was no significant difference between extracts of ethanol and methanol in FRAP value. The 75% ethanol extracts showed higher antioxidant activity than 50% and 100% ethanol extracts (p < 0.05). The 75% ethanol extracts had TPC 68.98 ㎍·GAE·eq/㎎ DE, DPPH 70.07 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, ABTS 166.59 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, FRAP 208.78 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, and RP 82.16 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE. Conclusion : Although ethanol extracts had lower antioxidant activity compared to methanol, it was suggested to be more suitable for further studies as it is less toxic and a recommended food grade solvent. It is estimated that the bioactive substance is extracted extensively from 75% ethanol with high antioxidant activity.

The leaves and stems of Dendropanax morbiferus were separated from organic solvents with methanol. The organic solvent fractions were fractionated with dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and butanol according to the systematic fractionation method. Oxidation in the body induces aging, and antioxidant activity has attracted the attention of many people as a preventive component to suppress negative reactions in the body. To investigate the antioxidant activity of Dendropanax morbiferus were subjected to DPPH free radical assay. In addition, acetyl cholinesterase inhibitions were performed for Alzheimer’s disease as an aging neurological disease. As a result, it was confirmed that the antioxidant effect of DPPH was generally good in the antioxidant test. The ethyl acetate fractions of Dendropanax morbiferus stems and leaves were IC50=30 ㎍/㎖. Acetyl cholinesterase inhibition experiments were carried out at a concentration of 250 ㎍/㎖. Dendropanax morbiferus stems fractions showed dichloromethane fraction of 57.68%, which significantly inhibited the activity of acetyl cholinesterase.

This study investigated the nutritional properties and biological activities of Ganoderma lucidum (GL). The round type of GL contained higher carbohydrate content, while the Nokgak type of GL contained higher crude ash, crude fat, and crude protein content. The most abundant amino acid, fatty acid, mineral, and soluble vitamin observed were valine (round type: 11.90 mg/g and Nokgak type: 17.18 mg/g), linoleic acid (round type: 47.56% and Nokgak type: 75.68%), potassium (round type: 116.50 mg/100 g and Nokgak type: 184.36 mg/100 g), and vitamin B3 (round type: 1.78 mg/100 g and Nokgak type: 1.81 mg/100 g), respectively. In addition, the β-glucan content were 34.15 g/100 g (round type) and 30.07 g/100 g (Nokgak type). The GL 70% ethanol extract at 40℃ showed higher radical scavenging as well as carbohydrate and lipid enzyme inhibition than other conditions. At 1 mg/mL of treatment with the 70% ethanol extract at 40℃ of round type GL, the DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and pancreatic lipase inhibition activities obtained were approximately 92.85, 99.74, 58.09, 89.68, 44.68, and 67.56%, respectively.

This study investigated the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Stachys sieboldii Miq. extracts by solvents (water, ethanol, butanol, chloroform, and hexane). The contents of total polyphenols (7.18-37.25 mg/g) and flavonoids (0.21-5.21 mg/g) in extracts from Stachys sieboldii Miq. showed a significant difference dependent on the extraction solvents, butanol > ethanol > water > chloroform > hexane. Antioxidant activities by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging were increased in a dose-dependent manner. These activity trends associated with the extraction solvent were different at each concentration, but resembled phenolic compound contents trend, generally. FRAP value increased in a dose-dependent manner, but there was a difference in radical scavenging activities when comparing between extraction solvents by butanol > ethanol > hexane > chloroform > water on all concentrations. The trend of α-amylase inhibition of extracts from 1,000 μg/mL to 2,000 μg/mL was not affected as enzyme activity is promoted and not inhibited. The inhibition of α-glucosidase was increased in a dose-dependent manner without water extracts, the activity on hexane extracts was higher than others per the extraction solvent. α-Glucosidase inhibition of hexane extracts showed 57.76% at 250 μg/mL, which is 2.8 times higher than the second highest chloroform extract (20.65%). From these results, we presume that the active ingredients of Stachys sieboldii Miq. is different according to the extraction solvent and also the activity is different by these major functional groups.

The purpose of this study was to measure the bioactivity and antioxidant activity of peel from Gardenia jasminoides fructus Ellis (GJE) in Namhae, Korea, following some established methods. CM (Chloroform:Methanol, 2:1, v/v), 70% ethanol, and n-butanol extracts were collected. Flavonoid content and value as a functional food ingredient of GJE peel was investigated through assessing antioxidant [DPPH (1,1'-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)], and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities; superoxide dismutase like ability; ferrous ion-chelating capacity; and tannin content by solvent extraction. Solvent extract antioxidant activities significantly increased (p<0.05) at increasing concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mg/mL). GJE peel extracts were less active than the positive control [ascorbic acid, BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole), and EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate)]. Based on the results of this study, GJE peel could be used as a natural antioxidant source due to its high antioxidant activity and bioactive compound content.

Background : Arctii Radix (the dried roots of Arctium lappa L., AR) is used in traditional medicine to treat oxidative stress related diseases including cancer. Therefore, this study focuses on the antioxidant potential of AR as extraction solvents. Methods and Results : To increase the extraction amount of active ingredient, the AR were extracted by ethanol (ARE) and water (ARW). In order to determine active ingredient content of AR, we were carried out total polyphenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) analyses. As a result, TPC (47.74 ± 1.02 g․GAE/㎏ extract) and TFC (19.34 ± 0.30 g․CTE/㎏ extract) of ARE were found significantly higer as compared to ARW. The IC50 values based on the DPPH (59.00 ± 3.25 ㎍/㎖), ABTS (93.20 ± 1.30 ㎍/㎖), ROS (57.78 ± 3.44 ㎍/㎖) and ONOO- (14.56 ± 1.24 ㎍/㎖) for ARE were generally stronger showing potential antioxidant properties compared to ARW. Conclusion : Data from results revealed Arctii Radix ethanol extracts act as an antioxidant agent due to its free radical scavenging activity.

This study was conducted to evaluate the contents of total polyphenol and flavonoid, and the effect of antioxidant, antimicrobial activities and cytotoxicity in vitro by different solvent fractions from Orostachys japonicus. The ethylacetate fraction extract for O. japonicus contained 634.48 ㎍/g polyphenol and 205.20 ㎍/g flavonoid. The ABTS radical scavenging ability of ethylacetate fraction extract at 1 ㎎/㎖ was higher than 95% which is comparable to ascorbic acid of 97%. The APX enzymatic activity and CAT activity were 1125.89 μmol ascorbate oxidized/min/㎎ protein and 119.87 H2O2 decomposed/ min/㎎ protein, respectively. In disc agar plate diffusion assay, the extract gave rise to a larger inhibition circle with Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Malassezia furfur strains compared with antibiotics kanamycin suggestive of high antibiotic activity. The cytotoxicity of extracts of O. japonicus was significant differences between solvent fractions. That is, the cytotoxic effect against human cancer cell was higher in ethylacetate fraction extract than other fraction extracts. These results suggest that fraction extract of O. japonicus might be very effective and economical in developing natural antioxidant and antimicrobial.

해방풍이 가지는 건강 기능성 소재로서의 가치를 확인하고자, 해방풍 부위별 용매추출물의 항산화 활성 및 면역조절 효과를 조사하였다. 해방풍 부위별 용매추출물의 추출수율은 10.73-30.57이며, 총 폴리페놀 및 총 플라보노이드 함량은 해방풍 잎 70% 에탄올 추출물(EL)에서 각각 10.79 g/100 g 및 2.01 g/100 g으로 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다. DPPH radical 및 ABTS radical 소거활성은 해방풍 잎 70% 에탄올 추출물(EL)이 100-1,000 μg/mL 농도에서 12.90-84.70% 및 11.78-57.64%로 가장 우수한 radical 소거활성을 나타내었으며, superoxide radical 소거활성 및 FRAP 활성은 해방풍 잎 70% 에탄올 추출물(EL)이 100-1,000 μg/mL 농도에서 각각 49.91-84.05% 및 255.38-975.28 μM로 가장 우수한 활성을 나타내었다. 대식세포주인 RAW 264.7 세포에 해방풍 부위별 용매추출물을 처리하였을 때 nitric oxide 생성 억제능을 확인하기 위해 분석한 결과, 추출용매에 따른 nitric oxide 생성량은 70% 에탄올 및 70% 메탄올 추출물에서 가장 낮은 생성량을 보였으며, 해방풍 부위별에 따른 nitric oxide 생성량은 뿌리, 잎 및 씨앗 순으로 낮았다. 그 중에서 해방풍 뿌리 70% 에탄올 추출물(ER)에서 가장 낮은 nitric oxide 생성량을 보여 우수한 nitric oxide 억제 효과를 확인하였으며, 이를 이용하여 기능성 소재, 미용식품 및 화장품 제조용 원료 등 다양하게 활용 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

비단풀의 이용가치를 향상시키기 위해 추출용매에 따른 효율적인 추출방법을 제시하기 위하여 물, 에탄올, 메탄올 세 가지 용매별로 환류냉각 추출한 건조 비단풀 추출물의 항산화 특성을 비교 분석하였다. 수율은 메탄올, 에탄올 및 물 추출물이 각각 21.88%, 21.09% 및 20.63% 순으로 메탄올 추출물이 가장 높은 수율을 나타내었다. 메탄올 추 출물의 폴리페놀과 플라보노이드 함량은 g당 각각 273.25 mg/g, 20.05 mg/g으로 가장 높게 나타났으나 프로안토시아 니딘은 에탄올 추출물이 8.42 mg/g으로 다소 높은 경향을 나타내었다. DPPH 및 ABTS radical 소거활성은 메탄올 추 출물에서 높은 활성을 나타내었으나 환원력에서는 에탄올 추출물이 높은 활성을 보였다. 비단풀 추출물의 다양한 생 리활성 검z증을 위하여 효소실험을 실시하였으며 HMGCoA 저해활성의 경우, 양성대조군과 비교하였을 때 전체 적으로 높은 저해활성을 나타내어 콜레스테롤 개선 효과에 대한 가능성을 확인하였으며 물 추출물이 조금 더 높은 저해활성을 나타내었다. α-Glucosidase 및 xanthine oxidase 저해활성의 경우 비단풀 메탄올 추출물이 다른 용매 추출물 에 비하여 높은 저해활성을 보였다. 이러한 결과를 종합해 볼 때 비단풀 메탄올 추출물은 우수한 항산화 및 생리활성 을 나타내어 향후 천연 항산화제 및 기능성 소재로써의 활용 가치가 높을 것으로 판단된다.

Background: In this study, we investigated the antibacterial and nitric oxide (NO) production inhibitory activities of 75% ethanol extract of Prunus sargentii branches and its fractions against acne pathogens. Methods and Results: The antibacterial activity against acne causing pathogens was determined using the disc diffusion assay. The ethyl acetate fraction showed higher activities against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis than those shown by other fractions. In the DPPH radical and NO scavenging assays, the butanol fraction showed strong DPPH radical and NO scavenging abilities. These activities were related to the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of butanol fraction. On the other hand, the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions exhibited the highest NO production inhibitory activity in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells compared to those exhibited by other fractions. Conclusions: The extract and its ethyl acetate fraction from the branches of P. sargentii exhibited antibacterial activity and could be used as functional materials in antimicrobial related fields. Moreover, the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions are potential antiinflammatory agents and butanol fraction acts as an effective radical scavenger.