Interrogative is a type of sentences that conveys a question for people in the process of recognizing the world. Interrogative sentences can reveal not only questions but also various pragmatic meanings such as conjecture, doubt, confirmation, request, command, irony, emphasis, and admiration, etc. The usage patterns of Directive Speech Acts of Korean Interrogatives are studied in this paper. They are commonly used as a syntactic down-grader in order to prevent pragmalinguistic failures and reinforce the effect of utterance in communication. In this research, the aspects of the usage of Directive Speech Acts of Korean Interrogatives by Chinese Korean learner are investigated by methods of Discourse Completion Tests(DCT) and Follow-Up Interview. According to the results comparing between Korean native speaker and Chinese intermediate and advanced Korean learner, we can draw a conclusion that the native speakers use the indirect directive functions of interrogatives actively in order to express their intention effectively and exert the illocutionary force while the Chinese speakers can not use them appropriately.

Korean has so-called after-thought or right dislocation constructions. But wh-words can not be the target of the construction. This paper proposes that the ban on wh-after-thought arises from PF side, especially sentence final intonation. If wh-words are after-thoughted, the sentence final ending C require y/n-question sentence final intonation but the Ω head which is onto C projection and hosts after-thoughted wh-words requires wh-question sentence final intonation. So, the sentence final intonation (= C intonation + Ω intonation) has paradoxical information and the expression crashes at PF. This proposal naturally can be extended to describe the grammatical variation which says that some speakers accept wh-after-thought as grammatical when some, but not all, wh-words are after-thoughted in multiple wh-constructions. The main point is that there is some variation on whether all wh-words must match with sentence final intonation or not.

본고에서는 한국어교육에서 지역어 교육의 필요성에 대해 언급하고 경남지역어 해라체 의문형 종결어미 ‘-가/-고’와 ‘-나/노’를 실제 한국어교육 현장에서 사용할 수 있는 지도안을 제시한다. 이를 위해 해라체 의문형 종결 어미 ‘-가/-고’와 ‘-나/노’의 제약조건과 지리적 분포를 확인한다. 한국어 학습자들이 지역어를 학습하는 방법으로 탐구학습을 선택한다. 탐구학습은 가설을 세우고 결과를 도출하는 과정을 모두 학습자가 하기 때문에 학습자들이 학습 과정에 적극적으로 참여하게 된다. 지역어 규칙을 스스로 도출한 학습자들은 한국어 문법에 대한 자신감과 더불어 일상생활에서 흔히 접하는 지역어 사용 오류를 줄일 수 있게 될 것이다.

This paper explores a governing condition on the extraction from the NPs. According to Fiengo & Higginbotham (1981), "specificity condition" blocks the extraction from the NPs having `some definite reference.` However, the extraction out of the NPs does not seem to be governed only by the specificity condition. As indicated by Erteschik-Shir (1973) and Horn (1974), the presence of an indefinite determiner in and of itself does not suffice to rule in extraction and the acceptability of extraction also appears to depend to some extent on the choice of verb. The extraction from the NPs seems to depend on the actual interpretation of the NPs rather than on the choice of determiner. In this paper, we present an account of the extractability from the NPs based on the focus property of the NPs. Following Lee (2004), we assume that the focus-marked object remains in situ within VP, whereas the given or presuppositonal material moves out of VP to receive an appropriate interpretation (i.e., specificity, topic, etc.). The NP which has a non-presuppositional or existential reading can be focus- marked. Hence, it remains inside the VP without movement. The extraction from the NP is allowed. By contrast, the non-focus-marked NP raises to the Spec of v to satisfy the EPP of v. The extraction from the moved NPs is blocked.

Discourse is where linguistic forms are subjected to semantic and grammatical changes through meaning negotiation between interlocuters. This paper aims to describe emergence of various grammatical items from one of discourse strategies, i.e. rhetorical questions. It shows that certain rhetorical questions are grammaticalized into various grammatical markers, and sometimes into lexical items. It claims that some of these developments exhibit the reversal of intersubjectification by losing their capabilities of directly reflecting the speaker-addressee relationship; that grammaticalization and lexicalization are not entirely discrete processes but intertwined, each even making use of certain identical processes; and that grammar and lexicon, rather than being two separate entities, form a continuum.

This paper aims to examine the logical and semantic meanings of wh-movement in English, by taking up individual and pair-list readings available in a sentence in which a quantifier like everyone is contained. Not following the movement hypotheses, I instead take the argument by Rooth (1992, 1996) and Ramchand (1996). I assume that a wh-phrase is contrastive-focused and a contrastive-focused phrase provides a set of relevant things, which contains the meaning of wh-questions. I claim that to derive a correct meaning related to scope of wh-phrases, wh-movement is not necessarily required. This paper also considers the syntactic-semantic derivations of wh-questions in English, to find out an alternative method of the interpretations of wh-phrases.

Youngjun Jang. 2001. Complementizers and Complementation in English and Korean: Successive Cyclic WH-Movement. Studies in Modern Grammar 25, 1-28. This paper investigates complementizers and complementation in English and Korean. I argue that a sentence is ultimately a projection of C because the clausal types must be present for interpretation and that the clausal typing feature in C must be checked off. It is shown that the superficial difference between English-type languages and Korean-type languages with regard to wh-movement is due to different modes of checking off the clausal typing feature in C. Some theoretical consequences of this proposal are that successive cyclic wh-movement can be naturally accounted for in a derivational approach to syntax and that the strength of C is always strong both in English and Korean-type languages.

Bok-hee Lee. 2000. Context Change Potential of Question. Studies in Modern Grammar 19, 219-235. The theoretical objective in this paper is to elaborate the notion of context change potential to include an account of interrogatives. In general, a question is a focusing device rather than a source of information. Questions and answers are looked at here in their guise as dynamic, interactive linguistic events, rather than as static semantic objects. A great deal of previous research in File Change Semantics and Discourse Representation Theory shows that certain expressions affect whether or not a given phrase may be understood as the antecedent of a subsequent anaphor. I develop an account dealing specifically with anaphora with antecedents in questions in section 5 where the context change potential of questions is spelled out. The account developed here will provide a possibility of integrating questions into context change discourse theory.

Choe, Hyon Sook. 2000. Focus-sensitive Question and Copy Theory. Studies in Modern Grammar 19, 27-48. In this paper, adopting a version of Chomsky`s (1971) conception of focus/presupposition (cf. also Dryer 1996), I suggest that yes-no question and wh-question refer to the information of focus and that the extraction of yes-no and wh-question operators (that are lexically inserted on a focus) is involved in yes-no and wh-questions. I also suggest that the concept of focus is both LF- and PF-related and that extraction in yes-no question and wh-question refers to PF-related focus information while yes-no and wh-question operators are lexically inserted on an LF-related focus (a focus category, here) so that only focus categories (which are not presupposed) can be questioned. Based on the above suggestion, I reinterpret the copy theory introduced in Chomsky (1993) by suggesting a notion of selective deletion under an hypothesis that the information on LF- and PF-related focus is syntactically available in terms of formal feature. The hypothesis makes it possible to suggest a copy theory that employs selective deletion but not QR, which is conceptually and theoretically better than a copy theory discussed in Chomsky (1993) and assumed in Chomsky (1995, 1998, 1999).

Lee, Bok-hee. 1999. Focus, Topic and Activated Propositions in Information Qnestions. Studies in Modern Grammar 17, 141-161. This study discusses the formal and pragmatic principles which govern the placement of sentence accent in English and Korean information question from the perspective of information packaging. I distinguish three kinds of pragmatic presupposition, which correspond to different kinds of assumptions a speaker may have concerning the addressee`s state of mind at the time of an utterance. All three are lexicogrammatically coded in sentence structure. The distinctions among these three presupposition types will play a crucial role in the argument presented in this paper.

Lim, Sang-bong. 1998. Acquisition of Subject-auxiliary Inversion in Child English and Optimality Theory. Studies in Modern Grammar 14, 349-364. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the patterns of subject-auxiliary inversion in child English questions can be explained by the constraints in Grimshaw`s(1992) Optimality Theory account of inversion patterns in adult English questions. I briefly review the treatment of subject-auxiliary inversion within the Minimalist Theory. The theory claims that subject-auxiliary inversion is a subcase of head movement that moves an auxiliary across the sentence to the head of the presentential complementizer(CP) position in nonselected CPs. In this paper I try to show that the stages of acquisition in subject-auxiliary inversion and the patterns of inversion in child English. And I also show that an Optimality-Theoretic approach can explain several facts regarding the pattern of auxiliary inversion in child English. In addition, this paper argues that the constraints ranking of child English must be different from those of adult English to capture the characteristics of subject-auxiliary inversion in child English.

Hwang,Yong-soo. Kim, Young-Suck. 1998. The Optimality of Interrogatives in English. Studies in Modern Grammar 14, 263-283. The purpose of this paper is to briefly review head movement and operator movement within Minimalist Program, point out the assumptions posed to cover all kinds of interrogatives, and analyze the syntactic structures of English interrogatives on the basis of Optimality Theory. In the framework of Minimalist Program, wh-questions are CPs headed by COMP with a (WH] specifier-feature, and wh-movement(movement of wh-operator expressions into spec-CP) is motivated by the need to check the [WH] specifier-feature of COMP. Auxiliary Inversion involves a head movement operation whereby an auxiliary moves from INFL to COMP because an interrogative COMP is strong by virtue of containing an abstract question affix and a strong head position must be filled. In the analysis of optimal interrogatives in terms of Minimalist Program, we need some assumptions such as enlightened self-interest, null-operato no questions, null-complementizer in embedded questions, and a strong COMP of English questions. Optimality Theory proposes an input and an output and a relation between the two. The relation between input and output is mediated by two formal mechanisms, GEN and EVAL. EVAL uses the language particular ranking of constraints from the universal set of constraints, which are violable. An optimal output form for a given input is selected from among the class of candidates: a form, for every pairwise competition involving it, best satisfies the highest-ranking constraint on which the candidates conflict, is optimal. Under OT, wh-movement, inversion of the subject and auxiliary verb and the appearance of the auxiliary verb do can be explained consistently by the interaction of universal constraints.

Kim Han-chang. 1998. A Semantic Analysis of Focused Yes-No Questions in English and Korean. Studies in Modern Grammar 14, 223-262. In this paper we have attempted to elucidate the relationship of alternatives to be focused in the three basic types of interrogatives(YNQ/AltQ/wHQ) in English and Korean and to classify the speech acts of yes-no questions making a contrastive analysis between the expressions of the two languages in terms of questions and answers. We reduce the speech acts of YNQs by considering various speech act conditions. Our investigation of the syntactic/semantic relationship between the basic types of interrogatives shows that the number of alternative variables determines the classification of these interrogatives: YNQ is restricted to only one focused item to be answered; AltQ is limited to more than one focused disjunctive items: WHQ provides the unlimited number of alternative variables from which to choose answers. These relational phenomena permit composite questions and composite answers besides simple ones. We insist that these composite questions and answers be dealt with in grammar books as particular types of discourse. As for the classification of speech acts we are confined to the YNQs in order to reduce the burden of investigation. The propositional content and illocutionary force were our main concern in dealing with YNQs. Our analysis indicates that the YNQs comprise many kinds of speech acts which ordinary learners of both English and Korean are not ordinarily aware of, We, however, reduced them to informative questions, assumptive questions, dubitative questions, directive questions, rhetorical questions, and reply questions. Our linguistic findings could be useful to the students of both languages. The method of study relies on discriptive approaches, leaving the formalization of linguistic findings to the task of formalists. Descriptivism has its own merits, because it provides data for formalists.

Lee, Sang-oh. 1998. Auxiliary Inversion of Wh-interrogative Questions and Checking. Studies in Modern Grammatical Theories 12, 125-139. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the auxiliary inversion and its checking relation of wh-interrogative questions in English in the light of various assumptions made by minimalist theory in linguistics. Following the basic hypothesis that the auxiliary inversion in wh-questions depends on the strength of the head C of CP, the requirement that the C of CP be filled by some element fulfills the operation of auxiliary inversion by being attracted (adjoined) to the question affix(Q). Furthermore, the data drawn from Belfast English and the successive cyclic A´-movement of wh-expressions are used to discuss the function of the specifiers of CP containing overt or null elements, which play important roles in explaining the auxiliary inversion in wh-interrogative questions. The constructions such as subject questions, non-interrogative embedded clauses, and non-interrogative questions are also discussed for the aim of suggestion that only the head feature of C of CP containing overt wh-specifiers is strong enough to attract the auxiliary into the question affix.

Hong, Se-Il. 1997. Pragmatic Function of Questions: Their Illocutionary Forces and Social Hierarchy. Studies in Modern Grammatical Theories, 11: 143-161. Questioning is a speech act which affect the way of conveying meaning and the meaning of questions must be partly dependent of rules governing social relationships. The primary purpose of this paper is to show the relationship between the pragmatic functions of questions and social hierarchy between speaker and listener. Three oral corpus of English and two TV drama scripts of Korean were examined and three different kinds of relationship (intimacy, authority, social distance) were assumed. The findings are as follows: 1) Questions can be classified in the modes of their pragmatic function: information questions, examination questions, rhetorical questions, requests, statements. 2) According to the English data, when information is requested, we have the expression of immediate concern. The function of examination questions is to control the respondent`s knowledge, while questions of indirect requests function as requests. Formality characterizes the use of questions of indirect requests and social relationships the use of rhetorical questions. 3) Korean data show that social hierarchy influences more heavily on the speaker`s discourse strategies in choosing the mode of questions. < Table 2 > manifests that information is easily obtained by friends or close family members, while it is rarely or indirectly obtained by senior members or authority figures.

This article accounts for the formation of wh-questions and yes-no questions in English within the Minimalist Program of Chomsky (1993). Wh-words and such auxiliaries as do, have, be, and modal verbs in interrogative sentences are a -moved according to the economy principle of movement theory. In an interrogative construction wh-fronting and auxiliary movement arise from the necessity of fixing parameters and word order through morphological checking processes. To be checked off morphological properties of an interrogative sentence, lexical categories expressing meaning structure move to functional categories parameterizing syntactic structure. Constraints based on the economy principle, of course, are applied in the course of the morphological checking in a checking domain. With respect to morphological properties that should be checked off in wh-questions and yes-no questions, we propose that there exist three combinations of WH-feature and Q-feature in complementizer(=C) : [+ WH, +Q] for wh-extraction from an object or an adjunct, [+WH, -Q] for wh-extraction from a subject, and [-WH, +Q] for yes-no question formation. Other important condition for the formation of an interrogative sentence is that C has a tense operator which must be checked off by the tense operator feature of the tense verb in the tense domain C.